International and Regional Organizations PDF

International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS States | 5 countries member-states of CCNR – Primary Actors in Inte...

International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS States | 5 countries member-states of CCNR – Primary Actors in International Relations 1. Belgium → Sovereignty - starting point of 2. Germany international organizations 3. France 4. Switzerland | 2 types of Sovereignty 5. Netherlands Internal External Main Function: Freedom of Navigation state’s power and State’s capacity to - To create policies for the navigation absolute control to participate and of the Rhine River implement rules, make influence in policies and law international arena Basic Characteristics of International over its inhabitants Organizations and territory without Recognition of the - Not absolute characteristics but interference and state as part similarities of organizations influence of foreign international - Varies depending on agreements states. community 1. Set up by States Acknowledgment 2. Treaty/ Agreements as Independent 3. Atleast (1) one organ States. 4. Will of the States that created the organization 5. Atleast 3 member states Note: “Not all territories have equal degree 6. Activities in Several States of sovereignty.” Ex. Thailand vs Taiwan INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Central Commission for the Navigation of the Brechin and Ness (2013: 17) Rhine (CCNR) → scholars of international organizations - First International Organization "seem to typically focus on created in 1815 (still active) “intergovernmental organizations.” - Created under Congress of Vienna ✓ primary distinction: members are states (1814-1815) ✓ Systematized rule for diplomacy Dijkzeul and Beigbeder (2003) ✓ Restoration of power balance in Europe → claim that "sometimes the term international organizations is used to include: International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 ✓ multinational corporations 4. Non-profit organizations ✓ bilateral organizations 5. Social Movements ✓ Multilateral organization 6. Paramilitary Forces ✓ International non- governmental 7. Banks organizations Main Function of IOS: 2 Basic distinction for International 1. Cooperation Organizations 2. Security/ Peace 3. Humanitarian Aid Intergovernmental International non-governmental 4. Sanction Organizations Organizations 5. Lawmaking (INGOs) 6. Information 7. Monitoring Categories of IOS: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ✓ Inclusive Organizations ✓ Exclusive Organizations → refer to "all forms of non-state actors working at international or global levels" SUPRANATIONAL PRIVATE (Brechin and Ness 2013) TRANSNATIONAL GOVERNANCE → formal organizations, with a permanent secretariat, and three or more member ✓ a group of ✓ Not controlled states." (Pevehouse and Borzyskowski, countries that (1) by the central 2020: 102) come together to foreign policy (2) work together organs of for a common good government → organizations that are created by agreement among states rather than by ✓ Wider policy and ✓ Specialized private individuals. activities agencies and implementation networks → entities established by formal political agreements between their members that ✓ Entities or Social Movements have the status of international treaties; their existence is recognized by law in Ex: Movement for their member countries; they are not the Youth, Labor treated as resident institutional units of Movements, etc. the countries in which they are located. (OECD) NON STATE ACTORS 1. Corporations 2. Individuals 3. Private Sectors International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Created by agreement among states Founded upon a: (1) treaty (2) multilateral agreement ✓ Has a legal personality separate from its member states ✓ "talking shops" —places where representatives of states meet to discuss and ideally manage their mutual relations ✓ can legitimizes a state’s action and policies if its inline to org’s rule ✓ can undermine policies created if its not align to the organizations’ rules NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS → Organizations such as: (1) private voluntary organizations (2) civil society organizations (3) nonprofit organizations → private voluntary organizations whose members are: a. individuals b. Associations that come together to achieve a common purpose → NGOs play an important role in global social development-work that has helped facilitate achievements in human development as measured by the UN Human Development Index International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 TRADITIONS OF INTL. ORGS REALIST INTERNATIONALIST UNIVERSALIST State of Nature State of War Harmony among Global Civil Society - Power and Anarchy states - Bounder by rules Main Actors States States Population Purpose of Alliances Regulation of State’s Universal International Conduct and Expression- Organizations Expressions Globalization Created by: States States People Purpose: Balance of Power To create rules → Expression of Regulate Conduct People’s Intention and rules created of people Sovereignty States (No surrender States (No Surrender States has lessened of Sovereignty) of Sovereignty) sovereignty (partial surrender) Powers: 1. Military 2. Power to Tax 3. Currencies International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 Arguments: INTL Community x 4 THEORETICAL APPROACHES Organizations ★ states should be bound together by 1. Functionalism a network of international agencies 2. Constructivism (different organizations) that built on 3. Liberalism common interests and had authority 4. Realism in functionally specific fields – IOs are created for common interests but FUNCTIONALISM recognize the differences of their functions based on the needs of a state. David Mitrany- Father of Functional Theory in International Organizations (period of ★ greater integration would also WW2) produce cognitive and value changes ✓ Limited resources - main reason for the – global integration (presence of creation of relationship between states IO/agency) would somehow influence the → Interest and needs (of a states) - states motivating factors ★ Such awareness would erode the ✓ Nationalism- main reason for conflicts limited national loyalties often – specifically: extreme nationalism assumed as the basis of the war – exposure to the needs of other countries, cooperation and greater peace realizations EXTREME NATIONALISM a country asserts or maintains detrimental FUNCTIONALIST view of the function: hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION: violent coercion) to pursue its specific ✓ executive bodies with autonomous interests. powers and would perform some of the same tasks of national government, Aims of Functionalism: only at a different level 1. Peace through global integration ✓ “policy networks” 2. Enhanced Welfare ✓ international organizations would lead to greater world integration in relatively ★ “is inspired by the need for noncontroversial areas in several international cooperation and by the economic sectors or sector of industry. conviction that the sovereign State is no longer able to deal with a Functionalism believes: growing list of cross-border | State sovereignty declines and will be issues alone.” (Blokker, 2008) replaced by international organizations – transfer of some powers in a different level ex: Universalist International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 RATIONAL FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH Constructed reality in the International Community – states use international organizations for: – belief because it is existing 1. producing collective goods – the idea of social construction: will you be 2. collaborating in prisoner’s dilemma afraid if the PH wages war on China and 3. solving coordination problem declares the creation of Nuclear Weapons? → IOs are used by states, transfer of work to IOs (DELEGATION) NOTE: It is not actually the action of the State – ability to explain the reasons for the that would threaten another state but it is creation of international organizations actually the way how we perceive, how – relationship between international these states would perceive the state that organizations and the member states: is threatening. principal-agent model Principal-agent model International organizations are seen as: – explores the possibility for international ✓ norms entrepreneurs organizations to become actors in their ✓ entities for norm diffusion own, although subordinated to states ✓ having monitor and sanctioning duties ✓ organs for legitimating disputes Principals- Government/ States Agents- International Organizations Constructivists are focused on: (1) how the framing of rules and norms → Principal hires an agent to do some of its place constraints on the different executive tasks for the principal players of the international arena (2) can alter the identities and the Principal-Agent Model – proves that interests of states as a result of their international organizations can acquire interactions over time autonomy by their member states through DELEGATION → Meanings are not fixed, they are socially constructed. CONSTRUCTIVISM CONSTRUCTIVIST BELIEVES: – The constructivist theory was first | International organizations are crucial for: introduced to international relations through 1. furthering normative convergence Nicholas G. Onuf in 1989 2. considering their role a. Creating Arguments: b. Reflecting 1. Interest and identity are a product c. Diffusing normative understanding of social interaction 2. All Norms matter International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 For Finnemore and Sikkink (1998) States are embedded in (1) domestic and – international organizations can be viewed (2) international civil society, which as chief socializing agents in their role of – shapes the underlying preferences upon pressuring targeted actors to: which state policy is based a. adopt new policies and laws b. to ratify treaties Democratic Peace Theory c. monitoring compliance with – asserts that democratic states are highly international standards unlikely to go to war with one another THE CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY 1. democratic states are characterized by – asserts that international organizations internal restraints on power (Cooperation have the role of, inter alia, over war) a. promoting democratization of 2. democracies tend to see each other as member states legitimate and unthreatening and therefore b. Encouraging member states to have a higher capacity for cooperation with pursue peaceful conflict each other than they do with management strategies non-democracies | international norms push states to Cosmopolitanism cooperate internationally – ideology that all humans share a common morality, linking them to a single community. State sovereignty is an inherently social → aims to put the individual— not the construct. state— at the center of moral concern. – The modern state system is not based on (Global Society) some timeless principle of sovereignty, but on the production of a normative conception Over time, the society of states—or a group which links authority, territory, population of states, or governments—will transform (society, nation), and recognition in a unique into societies of people, way, and in a particular place (the state) where international boundaries fade, nationalism falls to the wayside, and ★ states are “normative-adaptive individuals come to think of themselves entities” as citizens of the planet, and not as citizens of particular nations, per se LIBERALISM | International law and agreements are Moral Argument accompanied by international organizations State’s highest goal: The life, liberty, and to create an international system that goes property of an individual significantly beyond one of just states Wellbeing of the individual - fundamental Example is United Nations building block of a just political system – Gives all member states a voice in the ✓ Power of cooperation international community International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 REALISM From fifty (50) member states back in 1945, it had grown in 193 member-states as of National interests, especially in times of this date war, lead the state to speak and act with one voice Official languages: (ACE-FRS) 1. Arabic | State as organization with the most 2. Chinese power 3. English 4. French ✓ International organizations reflect the 5. Russian existing balance of power and the interests 6. Spanish of powerful states – will only succeed with the support of powerful states PURPOSE OF UN Ex: League of Nations Maintain 1. to take effective collective international measures for the prevention peace and and removal of threats to the security peace 2. for the suppression of UNITED NATIONS AND ITS MAJOR ORGANS acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace HISTORY 3. to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with The start of WW2 marked the end of the the principles of justice initiative of the League of Nations, but and international law highlighted the need for a secure and 4. adjustment or settlement stronger organization that could promote of international disputes or global peace situations which might lead to a breach of the peace. Representatives of 50 countries gathered at the United Nations Conference on Develop 1. respect for the principle of: friendly a. equal rights International Organization in San relations b. self-determination of Francisco, California from 25 April to 26 among peoples June 1945. nations 2. to take other appropriate Former U.S. President Franklin D. measures to strengthen Roosevelt universal peace – coined the UN International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 Achieve 1. In solving international GENERAL ASSEMBLY international problems of an – main policy-making organ of the cooperation a. Economic organization comprising all member states b. Social c. Cultural d. Humanitarian KEY DECISIONS character 1. Appointing the Secretary-General on 2. in promoting and the recommendation of the Security encouraging respect for Council human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all 2. Electing the non-permanent members without distinction as to of the Security Council a. Race, b. Sex 3. Approving the UN budget c. Language d. Religion To be a in the attainment of these | The functions and powers of the General center for common ends. Assembly (GA) include: (under the UN Charter) harmonizing the actions of 1. To discuss any question relating to: nations a. international peace and security (except when a dispute or situation is being discussed by the Security Council) PILLARS (PHTD) 2. To make recommendations for the 1. Peace and Security peaceful settlement of any situation 2. Human Rights which might harm the friendly 3. The rule of law relations among nations; 4. Development 3. To discuss and make recommendations on the powers ORGANS/ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES and functions of any organ of the United Nations; 1. General Assembly 4. To request studies and make 2. Security Council recommendations to promote: 3. Economic and Social Council a. international cooperation 4. Secretariat b. the development of international law 5. Trusteeship Council c. the protection of human rights 6. International Court of Justice d. international collaboration on: - economic - social - cultural - educational and health issues; International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 5. To receive and discuss reports from | has 15 Members, and each Member has the Security Council and other UN one vote – (5 permanent and 10 organs; non-permanent members) 6. To discuss and approve the UN budget PERMANENT NON-PERMANENT 7. To elect: a. non-permanent members of the 1. China 1. Algeria Security Council 2. France 2. Ecuador b. the members of the Economic and 3. Russian 3. Guyana Social Council (ECOSOC) Federation 4. Japan 4. United Kingdom 5. Malta c. Additional members of the 5. United States 6. Mozambique Trusteeship Council (when 7. Republic of Korea necessary) 8. Sierra Leone d. Judges of the International Court of 9. Slovenia Justice (jointly with the Security 10.Switzerland Council); elected by the e. and on the recommendation of the General Assembly Security Council to appoint the for two- year terms. Secretary-General. | When the Council considers a threat to NOTE international peace, it first explores ways to settle the dispute peacefully. | Although the General Assembly’s recommendations on global issues are an important expression of world opinion, the 1. It may suggest principles to the Assembly cannot force a Member State parties for a peaceful settlement, to follow its recommendations on a ✓ appoint special representatives particular issue. ✓ ask the Secretary-General to use his good offices SECURITY COUNCIL ✓undertake investigation and mediation. Primary responsibility: maintaining 2. The Council may, in some cases, international peace and security (UN authorize the utilization of military Charter) force by; a. a coalition of member states ✓ The Council may convene at any time, b. a regional organization whenever peace is threatened. c. Arrangement. ✓ ALL Member States are obligated under the UN Charter to carry out the Security Council’s decisions NOTE SC created international tribunals to prosecute those accused of grave human rights violations and serious breaches of International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 4. To translate speeches and distribute international humanitarian law, including genocide. documents into the UN’s official languages 5. To keep the public informed about the ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL work of the United Nations. – 54 members, elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms. THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL 1. coordinates the economic and – At the end of World War I, control over social work of the United Nations territories that had once been part of and the UN family of organizations the German and Ottoman Empires was 1. plays a key role in fostering transferred by the League of Nations to international cooperation for other European countries. development. 2. It also consults with League of Nations Mandates → United non-governmental organizations Nations Trust Territories (NGOs), thereby maintaining a vital – once the UN Charter came into force in link between the United Nations and late 1945. civil society. Article 77 of the Charter THE SECRETARIAT 1. Territories held under Mandates – Carries out the day-to-day work of the established by the League of UN as mandated by the General Assembly Nations after the First World War and the Organization's other main organs. 2. Territories detached from "enemy States" as a result of the Second Secretary-General World War; - Chief administrative officer of the 3. Territories voluntarily placed under United Nations the System by States responsible for - head of the UN Secretariat their administration. Note: Current SG: Antonio Guterres INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE – World Court; Main Judicial Organ of the SECRETARIAT UN COMPOSITION: 15 judges elected to 1. To gather and prepare background nine-year terms of office by the United information on various issues so that Nations General Assembly and the Security government delegates can study Council. the facts and make recommendations; ✓ The Court may not include more than 2. To help carry out the decisions made by one the different organs of the United Nations national of the same State. 3. To organize international conferences International and Regional Organizations Sy, Reese Nichole F. B.A POLIT SCI 4 ✓ In order to ensure a measure of Ethical uses shaming as a technique continuity, one third of the Court is elected to embarrass states every three years. into complying with their ✓ Judges are eligible for re-election. international commitments Should a judge die or resign during his or her term of office, a special election is held as soon as possible to choose a judge to fill the unexpired part of the term. ICJ FUNCTIONS: 1. To settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. 2. Decides disputes between countries, based on the voluntary participation of the States concerned. Note: If a State agrees to participate in a proceeding, it is obligated to comply with the Court’s decision. MAIN AVENUES FOR ENFORCEMENT of International Regimes Juridical use of international courts or tribunals Political allows individual states to enforce the regime through the traditional mechanisms of state power Economic builds incentives into agreements that make compliant behavior economically beneficial and noncompliant behavior costly