The Contemporary World 7-9 PDF
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This document covers chapters 7 and 8 of "The Contemporary World," focusing on political systems and global governance. It details the concept of the state, its elements, and sovereignty along with international relations. It also briefly touches on economic systems, as well as discusses topics including international organizations (like the UN).
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CHAPTER 7: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM HAPTER 8: POLITICAL DIMENSION OF C GLOBALIZATION TATE S It is a territory with its own instituti...
CHAPTER 7: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM HAPTER 8: POLITICAL DIMENSION OF C GLOBALIZATION TATE S It is a territory with its own institutions and population. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS A state is an independent political entity with clear It is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of geographic boundaries the interaction of the actors in international politics, including states and nom-state actors, such as the Four Elements of a State United Nations, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Territory(geographical area) he study of the relations of states with each other and T with international organizations. Population istory of United Nation H overnment(enforces laws, levies taxes, its own G United States President Franklin Roosevelt coined the currency, postal services, and so on.) name United Nations that was used in the Declaration of the United Nations of January 1, 1942. Sovereignty nly 26 nations representatives pledge their O Internal Sovereignty governments to: It refers to the state's ability to order and regulate the activities of all people, groups, and institutions. 1. E ach Government pledges itself to employ its full resources, military or economic, against xternal Sovereignty E those members of the Tripartite Pact and its Sovereign equality with all other states- it must also have adherents with which such government is at war. the authority and capacity to enter into treaties and other agreements with other states. 2. E ach Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto and not ATION N to make a separate armistice or peace with the It can be defined as a population with a homogeneous enemies. culture. A group of people who have a sense of unity and common consciousness. PECIALIZED AGENCY S Legally independent international organizations that ccording to Benedict Anderson “he termed nation as an A operate under the united nations and have their own set imagined community”. of rules, membership, financial mechanisms, and resources. It means that the country allows one to feel a connection with a community of people even if he or she will never oesn't mean we are part of UN we are part of their D meet them all. For example, when you cheer for Filipino specialized agency athletes at the 2019 SEA Games, it is not because you know them personally. Rather, you imagine your ORLD BANK W connection as members of the Filipino community. The international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects ATION STATE N It is a sovereign state whose citizens are relatively It was established by the United Nations Monetary and homogeneous in factors such as religion, language, etc. Financial Conference or the Bretton Woods Conference. Globalization Vs. Internalization 4 Classifications according to Income Levels LOBALIZATION G ow income countries L More related to the economies of a nation. poorest countries(Asian/African Countries; Afghanistan, Result which is desired by the global economies. Nigeria, Zumalia, Etiopia, Seria) INTERNALIZATION ower middle income countries L More related with the individual,firm, or business, for there are still of things to be considered (Bangladesh, their goods and services. Vietnam, Myanmar, Asian Countries, Nepal, India Is the task or process with which globalization can be achieved. pper middle income countries U developing countries but comparing to the two they are more develop(South America; Brazil, Mexico, Columbia, Thailand) igh income countries H developed countries(Japan, Hongkong, Singapore, USA, Australia, Canada, South Korea (more on the North) WORLD BANK GROUP E nable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems Increase the resilience of International Bank Reconstruction and Development livelihoods to threats and crises (IBRD)offers loans to middle-income countries to develop and improve their economy nited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural U Organization (UNESCO) International Development Association (IDA) To contribute to peace and security by promoting provides loans and grants programs that boost economic international collaboration through educational, growth, reduce inequalities and improve people’s living scientific, and cultural reforms in order to condition increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental International Finance Corporation (IFC) freedom. providing loans for private sectors in developing Contribute to build peace countries to create markets that open up opportunities for all. World Health Organization (WHO) Building a better, healthier future for people all ultilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) M over the world to promote foreign direct investment (FDI) into Concern about public health developing countries to help support economic growth, Prime concern is to eradicate and combat reduce poverty, and improve people’s lives. dangerous diseases like AIDS/HIVS Make researches in medicines and vaccines to International Centre for Settlement of Investment eliminate diseases, and development of Disputes (ICSID) nutritious foods administered the majority of all international investment Responsible for World Health Report and Survey cases. It is the forum for investors in most international investment treaties and in numerous investment laws International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and contracts. To foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to ensure the safe and orderly growth International Monetary Fund (IMF) of international civil aviation throughout the world ensure the stability of the international monetary system. It does so in three ways; keeping track of the global International Telecommunications Union (ITU) economy and the economies of member countries; Connecting all the world’s people lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties Allocate global radio spectrum and satellite and giving practical help to members orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly World Trade Organization (WTO) interconnect, and strive to improve access to Regulates international trade ICT’s to underserved communities worldwide Deals with the rule of trade between nations Ensures the trade will flows smoothly, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) predictably and freely as possible Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of Acts as forum in negotiation trade agreements the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and rganization for Economic Cooperation and O images used in commerce e.g. patents, Development (OECD) copyright and trademarks Consists of 35 member countries Lead the development of a balanced and Stimulate economic progress and world trade effective international intellectual property (IP) Providing a platform to compare policy system that enables innovation and creativity for experiences, seeking answers to common the benefit of all problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its nited Nations Industrial Development Organization U members. (UNIDO) the specialized agency of the United Nations that International Labor Organization (ILO) promotes industrial development for poverty reduction, A UN Agency dealing with labor problems, particularly inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability international labor standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all; promote social justice and human World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) rights decent employment for lasting peace and responsible for the promotion of responsible, prosperity (DOLE; counterpart here in the Philippines) sustainable and universally accessible tourism leading international organization in the field of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) tourism, which promotes tourism as a driver of A specialized agency of the United Nations that economic growth, inclusive development and leads international efforts to defeat hunger. environmental sustainability and offers Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and leadership and support to the sector in malnutrition advancing knowledge and tourism policies Reduce Rural Poverty worldwide Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable orld Meteorological Organization (WMO) W OMMAND ECONOMY C A specialized agency of the United Nations for An economic system in which the government owns and meteorology (weather and climate), operational controls all facets of the economy. hydrology and related geophysical sciences. the UN system's authoritative voice on the state and behavior of ommon economies usually satisfy the needs and wants C the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, of anelite classwhich controls the government and the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of decision making. water resources. In a command economy, thegovernment decides Universal Postal Union (UPU) where to locate economic activities ensure a truly universal network of up-to- date products and services In a command economy, economicdecisions are often sets the rules for international mail exchanges made to further the goals of the government and makes recommendations to stimulate growth in mail, parcel and financial services In a command economy, thegovernment decides what volumes and improve quality of service for prices to charge for goods, including agricultural customers. goods and services CHAPTER 9: A WORLD OF REGIONS ARKET ECONOMIC SYSTEM M Capitalism, Free Market, or Free Enterprise Why are some countries rich while others are poor? efined:relies on free markets and does not allow any D eography (Climate Change, Tropical country), G kind of government involvement in the economy. Overpopulation, History wnership Resources:The government doesn't control O Lack of government support any resources or other relevant economic segments. Instead, the entire system is regulated by the people and CONOMIC SYSTEM E the law of supply and demand. The method used by a society to produce and distribute goods and services. IXED ECONOMY M A mix of all of the other three economies hat to produce? How to produce? For whom to W Government takes of people’s needs produce? Marketplace takes care of people’s wants. Most countries have a mixed economy: United Four Economic Systems States, Philippines, Australia Advantage: Traditional Customs balance of needs and wants met by government Command Central Government and in marketplace Market Individuals Disadvantage: citizens have to pay taxes Mixed Individuals with some government involvement. ORTH-SOUTH GAP N RADITIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM T The economic gap between the rich northern countries An economic system in which decisions are made on the of the world and the south poorer countries of the world. basis of customs, beliefs, religion, habit and so on; most ancient. During Cold War(East and West) - Security and Power Balance In traditional societies, scarce goods are oftenshared evenly, or else on the basis ofage and gender. After Cold War(North and South) - Economic Inequality ound in rural, under-developed countries; F Farming, hunting and gathering are done the same way It was a geopolitical conflict between theSoviet Union as the generation before. Satellite Countries(eastern block) United States(western block) Advantages: People have specific roles Where can we find it? less developed countries Disadvantages: tropical regions and the Southern hemisphere Technology is not used Lack of progress and Lower standard of living HE BRANDT LINE T Philippine Economic Development Most famous visual depiction of the north-south divide, proposed by: West German Chancellor Willy Brandt conomic development E 1980s Improvement of the quality of life or standard of living he socio-economic and political division that exists T T he Philippines is primarily considered a newly between the: industrialized country. GDP – 471.5 billion dollars (2024). he North T World's 32nd largest economy by nominal GDP wealthy developed countries (as of 2024). This is attributed to poor governance that had he South T seen only a minority of the elite families sharing poorer developing countries(least developed countries) the national cake. GDP vs GNP A lthough most nations compromising the North are in fact located in the Northern Hemisphere, ross Domestic Product (GDP) - calculated by location G the divide is not primarily defined by geography. Gross National Product (GNP) - calculated by citizenship A s nations become economically developed, Developing Country vs Developed Countries. they may become part of the “North” regardless of geographical location, while any other nations which do not qualify for developed status are in effect deemed to be part of the South. T he “North” mostly covers the West and the First World, with much of the Second World. ow do we determine which countries are rich and H which countries are poor? Three indicators of Human Development Index: 1. Health index 2. Education index 3. Income index North-South divide can be seen in: conomy E Poverty Development Life expectancy Literacy Poverty Line ow Income Countries - $ 2. 15 L Lower-Middle Income Countries - $ 3.65 Upper-Middle income Countries - $ 6.85 High Income Countries - $ 21.70 ualitative: Hunger, Shelter, Education Health Q Quantitative: Income eveloped countries - Capital intensive D Developing countries - Labor intensive he World Bank assigns the world’s economies to four T income groups Economic Growth vs Economic Development conomic growth E increase/expansion of gdp (output of goods and services) For example: 2017 - 100 billion usd 2018 - 120 billion usd conomic Development E Broader concept that aims to improve the quality of life for citizens:
