Inflammation (2).pdf

Inflammation Definition  Inflammation is defined as the response of a living vascularized tissue to harmful agents.  It consists principally of: vascular changes associated with leukocytes infiltration and systemic reaction.  Inflammation is fundamental and common pathologic p...

Inflammation Definition  Inflammation is defined as the response of a living vascularized tissue to harmful agents.  It consists principally of: vascular changes associated with leukocytes infiltration and systemic reaction.  Inflammation is fundamental and common pathologic process seen in many disease states. Types  Acute inflammation: Rapid in onset (seconds or minutes). Relatively short duration (minutes, hours, or at most a few days). Characterized by the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins. The emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils Ex: Acute Appendicitis, Cholecystitis  Chronic inflammation Is of insidious onset. Longer duration. Associated histologically with the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells. Proliferation of blood vessels and fibroblasts. Ex: Chronic Prostitis  Granulomatous inflammation A special type of chronic inflammation characterized by the presence of activated macrophages known as epithelioid histiocytes. Collections of epithelioid macrophages are known as granulomas. Granulomatous inflammation is associated with foreign bodies, persistent infections (e.g. mycobacteria), and diseases whose cause is unclear (e.g. sarcoidosis). In both forms of inflammation: Tissue necrosis of varying extent occurs. The vascular and cellular reactions of both acute and chronic inflammation are mediated by chemical substances (chemical mediators) that are derived from plasma proteins or cells. Such substances, acting singly, in combinations, or in sequence, amplify the inflammatory response and influence its evolution. Cardinal signs of inflammation  Rubor (Redness)  Calor (Hotness)  Tumor (Swelling)  Dolor (Pain)  Functio laesa (Loss of function) Notice how the bottom limb is erythematous and edamatous Action of inflammatory cells during inflammation Notice the migration and diapedesis of leukocytes Note the presence of numerous WBC Note the normal prostate on left and. The inflammed gland on right with presence of mainly lymphocytes Thank You