Introduction to Psychology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY MYTHS OR FACTS - The 5th one could be Duration since this could also 1. Those people who are diagnosed with depression are be an indicator of whether symptoms are met in weak....

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY MYTHS OR FACTS - The 5th one could be Duration since this could also 1. Those people who are diagnosed with depression are be an indicator of whether symptoms are met in weak. certain durations for the client to have an accurate - MYTH diagnosis. 2. Vaccines cause some disorders like autism. EXPLAIN - MYTH: Autism can be diagnosed from 2-3 years old, - In addition to merely describing it, psychologists are and then specific vaccines should be provided. also interested in explaining behavior. - Autism could also be inherited, and not because of - Why do people do the things they do? What factors parenting styles, but this still matters to help resolve contribute to development, personality, social behavior, issues and mental health problems? 3. Therapeutic intervention is about giving advice. - Causes and Etiology - MYTH: Therapies aren’t about advice to prevent PREDICT being biased - The third goal of psychology is to predict how organisms 4. Studying psychology will heal all wounds. will behave in certain situations. - MYTH: Psychology does not heal all wounds, but - Once we understand more about what happens and therapy could help with it why it happens, we can use that information to make 5. Psychologists, psychometricians, guidance counselors, predictions about when, why, and how it might happen and psychiatrists have the same qualifications again in the future. - MYTH CONTROL PSYCHOLOGY TOPICS: - For some psychologists, the fourth goal of psychology - Testing is to control an organism’s behavior. However, the idea - Genes and The Nervous System of control has both positive and negative connotations. - Conformity - Aggression - Psychology aims to change, influence, or control - Coping Strategies behavior to make positive, constructive, meaningful, - Research Methods and lasting changes in people's lives and to influence - Culture their behavior for the better. PSYCHOLOGY DONNA’S CASE - Not a study of the soul (psyche) - Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental - A multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields disability that can cause significant social, of study such areas as human development, sports, communication, and behavioral challenges. health, clinical, social behavior, and cognitive - Donna Williams wrote a book called “Somebody processes (MacLeod, 2019) Somewhere” about her life. - Psychology is the systematic, scientific study of Two core behaviors of Donna: behaviors and mental processes (Feldman, 1990). 1. Restricted interest and repetitive behaviors - Systematic: follows certain processes 2. Difficulties with social communication - Behaviors: observable or physical activities DSM-5 - Overt: directly observable - In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association released - Covert: mental processes the fifth edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - Mental Processes: thinking, feeling, remembering of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). FOUR GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY - The new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical DESCRIBE Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5) is the product of - The first goal of psychology is to describe the different more than 10 years of effort by hundreds of international ways that organisms behave. experts in all aspects of mental health. - Descriptions help psychologists distinguish between - The newest edition is the DSM-5TR (text revisions) typical and atypical behaviors and gain a more accurate MODERN APPROACHES understanding of human and animal behaviors and - How do psychologists answer questions? thoughts. - An approach refers to a focus or perspective, which o Describing behavior in various contexts (e.g. may use a particular research method or technique. clinical, school, industrial) BIOLOGICAL - Typical: Expected behaviors or Norms - How does the brain/nervous system function? - Atypical: Different from what is expected - Examines how our genes, hormones, and nervous - 4D’s of abnormality(indicators): Danger, Distress, system interact with our environments to influence Dysfunctional, Deviant learning, personality, memory, motivation, emotions, and other traits and abilities. PREPARED BY: YEL :P 1 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY - Psychobiologists, and researchers who use the BEHAVIORAL biological approach, have shown that genetic factors - Analyzes how organisms learn new behaviors or modify influence a range of human behaviors. existing ones - The figure on the right shows that - Burrhus Frederic Skinner’s ideas stress the study of the normal brain uses one area observable behaviors, the importance of environmental (blue—fusiform gyrus) to reinforcers (reward and punishment), and the exclusion process the faces of people and a of mental processes different area - Focus on things we actually see, this excludes mental (red—inferior temporal gyrus) processes/observations to process inanimate objects - Reinforcements (strengthen one’s behavior) and (Schultz et al., 2000) punishments (negative feedback; unpredictable - In children with autism, brain cells outcome) appear to connect irregularly COGNITIVE - No research has uncovered a - Focuses on how we process, store, and use information ‘characteristic’ brain structure for autism and how this information influences what we attend to, - Researchers recently identified a number of genes perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel. involved in autism (Arking et al., 2008; Weiss et al., - Gives importance to mental processes/mindset 2008) and are now using genetic screening to help - Cognitive neuroscience involves taking pictures and identify the causes of autism (Cai et al., 2008). identifying the structures and functions of the living - Studies confirm the genetic influence brain during the performance of a variety of mental or - Tests: Computed Tomography (CT scans), Magnetic cognitive processes, such as thinking, planning, Resonance Imaging (MRI scans), Spinal Tap, naming, and recognizing objects. Angiography - There is a cognitive difference between normal - Phenylketonuria: a rare inherited disorder that is a individuals who can respond simultaneously to more defect in our gene that causes an amino acid called than one sensory input, such as seeing and hearing, phenylalanine to build up in the body, which could lead and individuals with autism who are limited to to hyperactivity, intellectual disability. concentrating on one sense at a time. PSYCHOANALYTIC HUMANISTIC - Based on the belief that childhood experiences greatly - Emphasizes that each individual has great freedom in influence later personality development. directing his or her future, a large capacity for achieving - It also stresses the influence of unconscious fears, personal growth, a considerable amount of intrinsic desires, and motivations on thoughts and behaviors. worth, and enormous potential for self-fulfillment. - One hallmark of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic - Many of humanism’s ideas have been incorporated into approach is the idea that the first five years have a approaches for counseling and psychotherapy. profound effect on later personality development. - seeing a person as a whole and the capabilities of a human to grow (positive approach) - Id: pleasure principle; no matter how unreasonable as long as it brings pleasure EVOLUTIONARY - Ego: reality principle - Studies how evolutionary ideas, such as adaptation and - Superego: idealistic/moralistic principle; be more natural selection, explain human behaviors and mental realistic processes. - Unlike the biological, cognitive, and behavioral - Every time anything evolves, means a different approaches, the psychoanalytic approach would search perspective (gen z’s and millennials) for hidden or unconscious forces. - Humor signifies interest - Melanie Klein suggested that infant (first 5 months) relationships with objects would dictate future relationships and attachment styles. PREPARED BY: YEL :P 2 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY CROSS-CULTURAL FUNCTIONALISM - Studies the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities - William James labored over a book called The and differences on psychological and social functioning. Principles of Psychology (1890). It covers topics - Misdiagnosis because of cultural discrimination could related to learning, sensation, memory, reasoning, lead to wrong intervention for treatment attention, feelings, consciousness, and a revolutionary o The development and severity of test anxiety theory of emotions. appear to be different between Asian and non- - The study of the function rather than the structure of Asian students. consciousness, was interested in how our minds adapt - Autism in the US - Early diagnosis is a priority in the to our changing environment. United States. While the diagnosis of autism usually - Function or purpose of a human’s behavior occurs between ages 2 and 3, the American Academy GESTALT of Pediatrics (2007) is now recommending screening as “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” early as 18 months. - Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka. - Autism in Korea - The disorder has a terrible stigma - Emphasizes that perception is more than the sum of its and children with autism are often kept at home hidden parts and studied how sensations are assembled into from the public. meaningful perceptual experiences. ECLECTIC - Involves the formation of a new theory that is produced from a combination of several other theories. - Most of today’s psychologists use an eclectic approach, which means they use different approaches to study the same behavior. - What are the benefits of an eclectic approach? APPLICATION ON DONNA’S CASE BEHAVIORISM 1. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH - John Watson boldly stated that psychology should be - Studies of people with autism have found considered an objective, experimental science, whose irregularities in several regions of the brain. Other goal should be the analysis of observable behaviors studies suggest that people with autism have and the prediction and control of those behaviors abnormal levels of serotonin or other (Harzem, 2004). neurotransmitters in the brain. (NHGRI, 2019). - The behavioral approach emphasizes the objective, 2. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH scientific analysis of observable behaviors. - According to the psychoanalytic approach, Donna’s CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY first five years with a verbally abusive mother and PSYCHOMETRICIAN (RPm) mostly absent father would profoundly affect her - A psychometrician is a natural person who has been later personality development. registered and issued a valid Certificate of Registration 3. HUMANISTIC APPROACH and a valid Professional Identification Card as a - Even though Donna has serious life challenges, she psychometrician. strives toward reaching her potential, and her - Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology achievements are impressive. - RPm: BS Degree + RPm Licensure Exam BEGINNINGS OF PSYCHOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE - Guidance Counselors: BS Degree + MA in Guidance STRUCTURALISM Counseling + Licensure Exam - Study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations, PSYCHOLOGIST (RPsy) and perceptions, that make up our conscious mental - A psychologist is usually someone who has completed experiences. 4 to 5 years of postgraduate education and passed the - Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for licensure examination for psychologists. Experimental Psychology at the University - RPsy: BS Degree + (MS Psych) Master’s Degree + of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. RPsy Licensure Exam - Trying to break down a person’s experience PSYCHIATRIST (Ph) - Introspection was a method of exploring conscious - A psychiatrist is a medical doctor (MD) who has spent mental processes by asking subjects to look inward and several years in clinical training, which includes report their sensations and perceptions. diagnosing possible physical and neurological causes - Although Wundt’s approach was the first, it had little of abnormal behaviors and treating these behaviors, impact on modern psychology often with prescription drugs. PREPARED BY: YEL :P 3 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY - Psychiatrist: BS Degree + Medical Proper + Licensure - Industrial/organizational psychology examines the Exam relationships of people and their work environments. AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION SUPPLEMENTARY RESOURCES CLINICAL AND COUNSELING - Which type of therapy is most effective? How do people develop phobias? - Clinical and counseling psychology includes the assessment and treatment of people with psychological problems, such as grief, anxiety, or stress. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - Why do some babies cry more than others? What happens to our sex drive as we age? - Developmental psychology examines moral, social, emotional, and cognitive development throughout a person’s entire life. - The study of YOU from womb to tomb. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - How does being in a group affect one’s behavior? How can people make a good impression on others? - Social psychology involves the study of social interactions, stereotypes, prejudices, attitudes, conformity, group behaviors, aggression, and attraction. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY - Why does an animal press a bar to obtain food? Can learning principles be used to discipline children? - Experimental psychology includes the areas of sensation, perception, learning, human performance, motivation, and emotion. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY - How do brain cells change during Alzheimer’s disease? How do genes affect your intelligence? - Biological psychology or psychobiology involves research on the physical and chemical changes that occur during stress, learning, and emotions, as well as how our genetic makeup, brain, and nervous system interact with our environments and influence our behaviors. PSYCHOMETRICS - What do college entrance tests show? What career best fits my abilities? - Psychometrics focuses on the measurement of people’s abilities, skills, intelligence, personality, and abnormal behaviors. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - What’s the best way to learn new information? Do men and women think differently? - Cognitive psychology involves how we process, store, and retrieve information and how cognitive processes influence our behaviors. INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL - How can we increase the productivity of workers? How can we select employees who will be successful? PREPARED BY: YEL :P 4