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ConciliatoryErudition8948

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Saint Mary's University

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World War I Canadian history History review 20th-century history

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This document is a review of Canadian history, focusing on World War I and the 1920s/30s. It includes key terms, people, and questions about the period.

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Unit 1: World War I Terms to Know 1. No Man’s Land: The area between opposing trenches, filled with barbed wire and landmines. It was dangerous and often resulted in heavy casualties for soldiers attempting to cross it. 2. Enemy Aliens: Immigrants from countries that Canada was at war with (e.g., G...

Unit 1: World War I Terms to Know 1. No Man’s Land: The area between opposing trenches, filled with barbed wire and landmines. It was dangerous and often resulted in heavy casualties for soldiers attempting to cross it. 2. Enemy Aliens: Immigrants from countries that Canada was at war with (e.g., Germans, Austro-Hungarians) who were considered a potential threat. 3. Internment Camps: Camps where “enemy aliens” were detained during the war under suspicion of disloyalty. 4. Conscription: Mandatory military service introduced by the government to boost troop numbers when voluntary enlistment declined. People to Know 1.​ Arthur Currie: A Canadian general who led the Canadian Corps during WWI and played a key role in victories like Vimy Ridge. 2.​ Sir Robert Borden: The Prime Minister of Canada during WWI. He introduced conscription through the Military Service Act. Questions 1.​ What were the causes of WWI? MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism. ​ ​ Militarism: Nations built up their armies, leading to an arms race. ​ ​ Alliances: Countries were bound to defend their allies, dragging more nations into conflict. ​ ​ Imperialism: Competition for colonies created tension. ​ ​ Nationalism: Pride in one’s country or ethnic group led to conflicts like the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. 2.​ Details of life in a WWI trench: Trench warfare was miserable. Soldiers dealt with constant shelling, disease (like trench foot), rats, and mud. Conditions were cold, wet, and unsanitary. Sleep deprivation and fear of attacks were common. 3.​ Conscription Crisis and Military Service Act: ​ ​ Crisis: English Canadians supported conscription, while French Canadians opposed it. ​ ​ Military Service Act: Made military service mandatory in 1917. ​ ​ Supporters: English Canadians and soldiers’ families. ​ ​ Opponents: French Canadians, farmers, and laborers. 4.​ Treaty of Versailles: The treaty ended WWI in 1919. It blamed Germany for the war and imposed harsh reparations, reduced Germany’s military, and took away territory. Many believed it was too harsh and contributed to WWII. 5.​ Significance of Ypres, Vimy, and Somme: ​ ​ Ypres: First use of poison gas by Germany in 1915. ​ ​ Vimy Ridge: A major victory led by Canadian troops in 1917, symbolizing Canadian independence. ​ ​ Somme: A costly battle in 1916 with over a million casualties, showcasing the brutality of trench warfare. 6.​ Schlieffen Plan: Germany’s plan to quickly invade France through Belgium to avoid a two-front war. It failed and led to a prolonged conflict. 7.​ War Measures Act: A Canadian law giving the government emergency powers to maintain security, such as detaining enemy aliens and controlling resources. Unit 2: 1920s/30s Terms to Know 1. Prohibition: The banning of alcohol, enforced in Canada in the 1920s to reduce crime and social issues, but it led to illegal trade (bootlegging). 2.​ Autonomy: Canada’s growing independence from Britain, highlighted by events like the Balfour Report and the Statute of Westminster. 3.​ Suffrage: The right to vote. Women in Canada achieved suffrage in stages, starting during and after WWI. 4.​ Relief Camps: Government-run camps during the Great Depression to provide unemployed men with work and shelter. Conditions were poor. 5.​ Black Tuesday: The stock market crash on October 29, 1929, which marked the start of the Great Depression. 6.​ Bloody Saturday: The climax of the Winnipeg General Strike (June 21, 1919), where protests turned violent, leading to deaths and injuries. People to Know 1. Henry Ford: Revolutionized the automobile industry with the assembly line, making cars affordable and changing transportation in the 1920s. 2. Mary Pickford: A famous Canadian actress known as “America’s Sweetheart,” who became a global movie star. Questions 1.​ Winnipeg General Strike: In 1919, workers in Winnipeg went on strike demanding better wages and working conditions. It involved thousands of workers (laborers, tradespeople, etc.). The strike ended violently with Bloody Saturday. 2.​ What was the stock market crash? The crash occurred on Black Tuesday, when stock prices plummeted. It was caused by over-speculation, buying on credit, and economic instability, triggering the Great Depression. 3.​ What was the Dust Bowl? How did it affect farmers? The Dust Bowl was a period of severe drought in the Prairies during the 1930s. Crops failed, leading to massive financial hardship for farmers, forcing many to leave their land. 4.​ Residential Schools: The Canadian government ran residential schools to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Children were taken from their families, often faced abuse, and lost their language and culture. 5.​ Causes of the Great Depression: ​ Overproduction of goods. ​ Stock market crash. ​ Reliance on exports. ​ High unemployment. The depression left many Canadians jobless and in poverty. 6.​ Prohibition: ​ Causes: Alcohol was blamed for crime, domestic violence, and poverty. ​ Results: Rise of illegal bootlegging and speakeasies; eventually repealed as it was ineffective. 7.​ The Person’s Case: In 1929, the Famous Five fought for women to be recognized as “persons” under Canadian law. The British Privy Council ruled in their favor, granting women the right to hold public office. 8.​ The Five Cent Speech: In 1930, Prime Minister Mackenzie King refused to provide federal aid to provinces during the Depression, saying he wouldn’t give “a five-cent piece” to provinces with Conservative governments. This led to his defeat in the election. 9.​ On to Ottawa Trek: In 1935, unemployed men from relief camps protested poor conditions by traveling to Ottawa. The protest ended violently in Regina. Unit 3: World War II Terms to Know 1.​ Aryan: A term used by the Nazis to describe a “pure” German race, which they believed was superior to others. 2.​ Appeasement: A policy of giving in to Hitler’s demands (e.g., allowing him to take over Austria and Czechoslovakia) in hopes of avoiding war. 3.​ War Measures Act: The law gave the Canadian government emergency powers during wartime, including detaining people and controlling resources. 4.​ Acceptable Loss: A term used in military strategy to describe losses considered tolerable for achieving an objective. 5.​ Juno Beach: One of the beaches in Normandy, France, where Canadian forces landed during D-Day. 6.​ Camp X: A secret Canadian training camp for spies and covert operations during WWII. Whitby 7.​ Camp 30: A POW (prisoner of war) camp in Bowmanville, Ontario, for high-ranking German officers.​ 8.​ Manhattan Project: The secret U.S.-led project that developed the atomic bomb. 9.​ Munich Conference: A 1938 meeting where Britain and France allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland) in an attempt to avoid war. People to Know 1.​ Adolf Hitler: Leader of Nazi Germany who initiated WWII and orchestrated the Holocaust. Questions 1.​ Causes of WWII: ​ ​ The Treaty of Versailles humiliate Germany and caused economic hardship, leading to resentment. ​ ​ Rise of dictatorships (e.g., Hitler, Mussolini). ​ ​ Appeasement encouraged aggression. ​ ​ Failure of the League of Nations to enforce peace. 2.​ Blitzkrieg: A military tactic meaning “lightning war,” where Germany used fast, coordinated attacks involving tanks, planes, and infantry to overwhelm enemies. 3.​ Jewish rights under Hitler: ​ ​ Stages of Isolationism: ​ ​ 1933: Jews lost jobs and citizenship rights. ​ ​ 1935: Nuremberg Laws stripped them of rights. ​ ​ 1938: Kristallnacht (violence against Jewish businesses and synagogues). ​ ​ Final Solution: Nazi plan to exterminate Jews, leading to the Holocaust. 4.​ The Holocaust: The mass genocide of 6 million Jews and 5 million others (Roma, disabled people, political opponents) by the Nazis during WWII. 5.​ Difference in how Canada joined WWI and WWII: ​ ​ WWI: Canada automatically entered the war as part of the British Empire. ​ ​ WWII: Canada declared war independently after Parliament voted. 6.​ Dieppe: A failed 1942 raid on the French port of Dieppe. It resulted in heavy Canadian casualties but provided lessons for D-Day. 7.​ Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact: A 1939 non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. They secretly agreed to divide Poland. 8.​ End of WWII: The war ended in 1945 with Germany’s surrender in May and Japan’s surrender in August after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ​ ​ Was it justified?: Opinions differ—some argue it ended the war quickly, saving lives, while others see it as unnecessary and devastating. 9.​ Operation Overlord/D-Day: The Allied invasion of Normandy (June 6, 1944). Canadian forces played a key role on Juno Beach, helping secure victory and liberate France. 10.​ SS St. Louis: A ship carrying Jewish refugees in 1939. Canada refused entry, forcing passengers to return to Europe, where many died in the Holocaust. 11.​ Hitler’s rise to power: ​ ​ Exploited economic problems and resentment over the Treaty of Versailles. ​ ​ Used propaganda and intimidation to gain support. ​ ​ Became Chancellor in 1933, then eliminated opposition. 12.​ Munich Conference: A meeting between Germany, Britain, France, and Italy in 1938. Britain and France allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland, hoping to avoid war. 13.​ Atomic bombs and Manhattan Project (continued): ​ ​ Bombs: “Little Boy” (Hiroshima) and “Fat Man” (Nagasaki). ​ ​ Cities: Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945). ​ ​ Plane: Enola Gay (piloted by Paul Tibbets). ​ ​ Lead Scientist: J. Robert Oppenheimer. ​ ​ Code Name: The Manhattan Project. Unit 4: Post-World War II (50s/60s/70s) Terms to Know 1.​ Suburbs: Residential neighborhoods that grew rapidly after WWII due to the baby boom and increased car ownership. 2.​ NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 to counter the Soviet Union during the Cold War. 3.​ Avro Arrow: A Canadian-made advanced jet fighter in the 1950s. Its cancellation by Diefenbaker was controversial. 4.​ Baby Boom: A period after WWII when birth rates increased significantly (1946–1964). 5.​ Just Society: Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau’s vision for a Canada based on equality, rights, and social justice. 6.​ DEW Line: Distant Early Warning Line, a series of radar stations in the Arctic to detect Soviet bombers during the Cold War. 7.​ NORAD: North American Aerospace Defense Command, a Canada-U.S. partnership for air defence during the Cold War. 8.​ 60s Scoop: The practice of removing Indigenous children from their families and placing them in foster care or adoption. 9.​ Expo ’67: A world’s fair held in Montreal, celebrating Canada’s 100th anniversary and showcasing Canadian innovation and culture. People to Know 1.​ Igor Gouzenko: A Soviet defector in Canada who revealed Soviet spy activity, marking the start of the Cold War. 2.​ Pierre Trudeau: Prime Minister known for the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, official bilingualism, and his “Just Society.” 3.​ John Diefenbaker: Prime Minister known for the Bill of Rights and controversies like the cancellation of the Avro Arrow. 4.​ Lester B. Pearson: Prime Minister known for introducing universal healthcare, the Canada Pension Plan, and peacekeeping efforts. Questions​ 1.​ Causes of the Cold War and Canada’s Role: ​ Causes: ​ ​ Ideological conflict between the U.S. (capitalism) and the Soviet Union (communism). ​ ​ Division of Europe into communist and non-communist blocs. ​ ​ Canada’s Role: ​ ​ Member of NATO. ​ ​ Participated in NORAD and the DEW Line. ​ ​ Accepted Soviet defectors like Igor Gouzenko. 2.​ NATO and the Warsaw Pact: ​ ​ NATO: A defensive alliance between Western democracies (e.g., Canada, U.S., Britain). ​ ​ Warsaw Pact: A Soviet-led alliance of communist countries in response to NATO. 3.​ Cuban Missile Crisis: ​ ​ A 1962 standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. Canada supported the U.S. but hesitated to fully commit troops. 4.​ United Nations (UN): ​ ​ Created in 1945 to maintain peace and promote human rights. ​ ​ Canada was a founding member and contributed to peacekeeping missions. 5.​ Suez Canal Crisis: ​ ​ In 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, leading to conflict with Britain, France, and Israel. ​ ​ Canada’s Lester B. Pearson proposed a peacekeeping force, earning him a Nobel Peace Prize. 6.​ Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Constitution: ​ ​ Introduced in 1982 under Pierre Trudeau, the Charter guarantees rights and freedoms (e.g., equality, freedom of expression). ​ ​ The Constitution Act gave Canada full control over its laws. 7.​ White Paper: ​ ​ A 1969 policy proposal by Trudeau’s government to abolish the Indian Act and assimilate Indigenous peoples. ​ ​ It faced backlash and was ultimately withdrawn. ​ 8.​ Massey Commission: ​ ​ A report in 1951 that recommended supporting Canadian arts, culture, and broadcasting to protect Canadian identity. ​ 9.​ Royal Commission on the Status of Women: ​ ​ A 1967 commission that examined gender inequality in Canada and led to recommendations for equal pay, maternity leave, and education opportunities. Prime Ministers 1.​ John Diefenbaker: ​ ​ Accomplishments: Canadian Bill of Rights (1960), championed the North. ​ ​ Controversies: Canceled the Avro Arrow; faced criticism for indecisive leadership. 2.​ Pierre Trudeau: ​ ​ Accomplishments: ​ ​ Charter of Rights and Freedoms. ​ ​ Bilingualism. ​ ​ Promoted multiculturalism. ​ ​ “Just Society”: Advocated for equality, reducing regional and social disparities. 3.​ William Lyon Mackenzie King: ​ ​ Accomplishments: Led Canada through WWII, introduced unemployment insurance, and helped establish Canadian autonomy. 4.​ Lester B. Pearson: ​ ​ Accomplishments: ​ ​ Universal healthcare and the Canada Pension Plan. ​ ​ Nobel Peace Prize for peacekeeping in the Suez Crisis. ​ ​ New Canadian flag (1965). Themes 1. French/English Relations Key Events: ​ ​ Conscription Crisis (WWI and WWII): ​ ​ In WWI, French Canadians, led by Henri Bourassa, opposed conscription, feeling it wasn’t their war. ​ ​ In WWII, conscription returned after initial promises to avoid it, worsening tensions between French and English Canadians. ​ ​ Separatism and the Quebec Referendum: ​ ​ Growing dissatisfaction in Quebec led to movements for independence. ​ ​ The 1980 Referendum asked Quebecers if they wanted to pursue sovereignty. It was defeated (60% voted “No”). 2. Indigenous Issues Key Events: ​ ​ Indian Act (1876): ​ ​ Allowed the government to control most aspects of Indigenous life, including governance and land use. ​ ​ Residential Schools: ​ ​ Indigenous children were forcibly taken from families to assimilate them into Euro-Canadian culture. Many faced abuse and loss of identity. ​ ​ 60s Scoop: ​ ​ Indigenous children were removed from their families and placed into foster care or adoption, often with non-Indigenous families. ​ ​ White Paper (1969): ​ ​ Proposed to eliminate the Indian Act and reserve system. It faced backlash and was withdrawn. 3. Women’s Rights Key Events: ​ ​ Suffrage Movement: ​ ​ Women gained the right to vote in stages. Manitoba was the first province to grant suffrage (1916), followed by federal suffrage in 1918. ​ ​ Famous Five and the Persons Case (1929): ​ ​ Women were legally recognized as “persons,” allowing them to hold public office. ​ ​ Royal Commission on the Status of Women (1967): ​ ​ Advocated for equal pay, better maternity leave, and access to education and work. ​ ​ Divorce Laws: ​ ​ Early laws made it hard for women to get divorced, but reforms in the 1960s improved access and fairness. 4. Canada’s Road to Autonomy Key Events: ​ ​ Vimy Ridge (1917): ​ ​ Canada’s military success symbolized its growing independence. ​ ​ Chanak Affair (1922): ​ ​ Canada, under Prime Minister Mackenzie King, refused to automatically support Britain in a military conflict, showing autonomy. ​ ​ Halibut Treaty (1923): ​ ​ Canada negotiated its own treaty with the U.S. without British involvement. ​ ​ Balfour Report (1926): ​ ​ Declared Canada and other dominions as equal to Britain in status. ​ ​ Statute of Westminster (1931): ​ ​ Gave Canada full control over its laws, except for changes to the Constitution. ​ ​ Treaty of Versailles (1919): ​ ​ Canada signed the treaty independently, marking its emergence as a nation on the world stage. ​ ​ Constitution Act (1982): ​ ​ Gave Canada full control over its Constitution and included the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Essay Question Thesis Statement Canada became independent through its military contributions, political decisions, and legal advancements, each showing its evolution from a British colony to an autonomous nation. 1. Military Contributions Key Idea: Canada’s participation in major wars, especially World War I, proved its strength and helped solidify its independence. ​ ​ Vimy Ridge (1917): ​ ​ Canadian troops captured this heavily fortified position after other Allied forces failed. ​ ​ The battle is often called a turning point for Canadian identity because it showed Canada could succeed independently. ​ ​ This victory earned Canada a separate signature on the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. ​ ​ WWII Contributions: ​ ​ Canada declared war on Germany independently in 1939, unlike in WWI, when it entered automatically as part of the British Empire. Significance: These contributions boosted Canada’s international reputation and showed it could stand as a sovereign nation. 2. Political Decisions Key Idea: Canada gradually reduced its reliance on Britain through political decisions. ​ ​ Chanak Affair (1922): ​ ​ Britain asked Canada for military support during a crisis in Turkey. Prime Minister Mackenzie King refused, showing Canada would no longer automatically back British foreign policy. ​ ​ Halibut Treaty (1923): ​ ​ Canada negotiated a fishing treaty with the U.S. without Britain’s involvement, setting a precedent for independent diplomacy. ​ ​ Balfour Report (1926): ​ ​ Declared Canada and other dominions as equal in status to Britain, laying the groundwork for full independence. Significance: These decisions demonstrated Canada’s growing control over its own foreign and domestic policies. 3. Legal Advancements Key Idea: Legal changes ensured Canada gained full control over its laws and governance. ​ ​ Statute of Westminster (1931): ​ ​ Formally gave Canada control over its laws and ended Britain’s power to legislate for Canada (except for the Constitution). ​ ​ Allowed Canada to make its own decisions without British approval. ​ ​ Constitution Act (1982): ​ ​ Transferred full control of Canada’s Constitution from Britain to Canada. ​ ​ Included the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, guaranteeing Canadians’ rights and freedoms. Significance: These legal advancements marked Canada’s full independence as a self-governing country. Conclusion Canada’s journey to independence was gradual but significant, with its military achievements, political decisions, and legal advancements each contributing to its sovereignty. These milestones reflect the nation’s growth into the strong and independent country it is today.

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