CHC 2D1 Final Exam Review Package PDF

PINE RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL CANADIAN & WORLD STUDIES DEPARTMENT CHC 2D1 FINAL EXAM TERMS REVIEW PACKAGE COURSE: ​ CHC 2D1​ ​ ​ DATE: Wednesday, January 22nd ​8:00am LENGTH: ​ 1.5 Hours ​ ​ ​...

PINE RIDGE SECONDARY SCHOOL CANADIAN & WORLD STUDIES DEPARTMENT CHC 2D1 FINAL EXAM TERMS REVIEW PACKAGE COURSE: ​ CHC 2D1​ ​ ​ DATE: Wednesday, January 22nd ​8:00am LENGTH: ​ 1.5 Hours ​ ​ ​ LOCATION: 2063​ EXAM VALUE: 15% of your overall mark ​ ​ SECTIONS​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ MARKS Part A:​​ True/False​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 15 Part B: ​ ​ Multiple Choice​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 50​ Part C: ​ ​ Matching​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 35 Part D: ​ ​ Short answer​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 25​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 125 TOTAL MARKS INSTRUCTIONS 1. ​ Part A requires that you identify whether the statement posed is correct or not. 2.​ Part B requires that you identify which statement is the correct answer from the list provided. 3.​ Part C is a series of terms that requires students to match up to the corresponding explanations, 4.​ Part D is the short answer paragraph response. You must complete all five questions in ​ this section (1 from Each Unit). Make sure you write in full sentences. REVIEW UNIT ·​ Residential Schools (Purpose & Conditions): -​ Residential Schools were institutions set up in Canada by the government and religious organizations to assimilate indigenous children and get them into Western culture (European). The primary goal was to erase Indigenous languages, cultures, and traditions, forcing children to adopt Christianity, the English language, and Western social norms. -​ The conditions in these schools were harsh and often abusive. Many children were subjected to physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. They were also deprived of their cultural identities, forbidden from speaking their native languages, and endured overcrowding, malnutrition, and poor healthcare. Many students died from disease, neglect, or harsh living conditions. ·​ Confederation: -​ Confederation refers to the process through which the provinces and territories of Canada united to form the Dominion of Canada in 1867. The British North America Act (now the Constitution Act, 1867) legally united Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia into a single nation. Over time, other provinces and territories joined, expanding the country. -​ Confederation was influenced by the desire for economic growth, national unity, and defense against potential threats, especially from the United States. However, Indigenous peoples were not included in the process and their lands and rights were often ignored. ·​ Dominion: -​ The term "Dominion" referred to Canada’s status as a self-governing colony of the British Empire. When Canada became a Dominion in 1867, it had limited self-rule but was still under the British Crown. Over time, Canada gained full sovereignty, particularly after the Statute of Westminster in 1931 ·​ The Indian Act: -​ A Canadian law passed in 1876 that gave the government control over many aspects of Indigenous peoples' lives, including their land, governance, and culture. The Indian Act has been a tool for controlling and assimilating Indigenous peoples, limiting their rights and freedoms. It continues to affect the lives of Indigenous Canadians today and has been widely criticized for its paternalistic and discriminatory approach. ·​ Assimilation (Intergenerational Trauma): -​ The forced process where Indigenous peoples were pressured to adopt European culture, while their own cultures and languages were suppressed, leading to trauma passed down through generations. Assimilation policies, including residential schools, caused lasting harm to Indigenous communities, including cultural loss and psychological damage. Intergenerational trauma  continues to impact Indigenous peoples' mental health, relationships, and social well-being. UNIT #1 (THE FIRST WORLD WAR) ·​ MAIN Causes of WWI: M – Militarism ○​ Armies of France and Germany doubled between 1870 and 1914 after the French lost to Germany ○​ The army and military forces are given a high profile by the government ○​ Franco - Persian war which was a preview of what world war I would be ○​ Competition between British and German navy ○​ The British empire was created based on the Navy ○​ The German started to grow their army as they also wanted control and power like the British ​ THE DREADNOUGHT (example of militarism) ○​ The British introduced the HMS Dreadnought battleship in 1906 ○​ It was heavily armed and nearly invincible battleship that was able to destroy any ship and withstand any barrage currently available ○​ The Germans followed introducing their own battleships ○​ This again caused an arms race. A – Alliances ○​ An agreement made between two or more countries to give each together help if it is needed. When an alliance is signed, those countries become allies ○​ A number of alliances had been signed by European countries between 1879 and 1914 (German, Austria and Hungary were the first to have an alliance) ​ As the other countries saw the alliance other countries also started to join which soon made many alliances and it grew in size ○​ Some countries had no option but to declare war if one of their allies declared war first quickly increasing the size of any conflict ​ During this time it was called the great war which was a name that didn’t show the size of the war; it later became called the World War Two sides (example of Alliances) ○​ Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879. Italy joined in 1882 which made the triple alliance ○​ France allied with Russia and England to counterbalance this new threat = The Triple Entente (Canada also later joined this as Britain joined it) ○​ As the war began, Italy switched sides and the Ottoman Empire joined the Triple Alliance I – Imperialism ○​ The practice of maintaining or extending power over foreign nations, through military expansionism. Focus on establishing a formal empire ○​ Colonies provided resources and markets to sell their products, resulting in increased power and wealth (a great example of this is the relationship between England and India) Conflict (example of Imperialism) ○​ (1750 - 1900) Many European nations took control over large areas of foreign territory through military conquest particularly Africa and Asia ○​ Germany, who united in 1871 entered the race for colonies late. ○​ Jealous and wanted to achieve the power ($) which went along with an Imperial Empire, Germany actively supported rebellions in the territories of other European nations, increasing tension and rivalries N – Nationalism ○​ Being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of one’s people/country at the expense of others. Led to greater support for the political independence of a particular nation or people (Especially in Austria and Hungary ) ​ Austria Hungary wouldn't let the smaller groups become their own nations as if they did, they would have to let the others become their own nations as well. This created some problems. ○​ Led to reunification of Germany (1871) and Italy (1861) Effects (Example of nationalism) ○​ The Austria-Hungarian empire had taken control over a large area of Eastern Europe, incorporating a large number of different ethnic groups within its borders ○​ Many of these groups wanted independence because they felt their interests would be better served by a nation primarily composed of their ethnic group, some groups were willing to use violence to achieve this group (assassinations) ○​ They didn't want to be told what to do and didn’t want to be in wars they didn’t have to/want to be in ·​ Triple Entente and Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Triple Entente Included The united Kingdom, Russia and France – Italy joined later betraying the Triple Alliance The primary purpose of the Triple Entente was to counteract the growing power of Germany and Austria-Hungary, protect the colonial empires, establish naval superiority, and grow spheres of influence of the members. Triple Alliance Included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy A secret alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy signed in May 1882 at the instigation of Bismarck. The three powers agreed to support each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five‐yearly intervals, but Italy reneged in 1914 by not coming to the support of the Central Powers ·​ Valcartier: -​ The training base in Quebec for Canadian soldiers going overseas to war in Europe ·​ Conscription & the Conscription Crisis: The election of 1917 and the conscription crisis (How did Borden ensure a Union government victory?) ○​ This was the first time women were able to vote in a federal election making it super significant to Canadian history.  ○​ Women's contribution to the war changed their role in society as their worth was displayed much more. ○​ Borden added women as voters because he thought he would gain more support for conscription. ○​ He was able to ensure a union government victory by adding and taking away voters who would benefit his views. Conscription: French/English division, Reasons for? Results of? Meaning – mandatory enrollment in the war enforced by the government. ○​ Conscription was created as Prime Minister Borden thought it was necessary due to the new opinion men had on war. ○​ It was known that there would be more men needed then there was for Vimy. ○​ As a result of this, men were forced to fight in the war. ○​ Conscription created a division between the French and English because they had different views on the subject. ·​ Franz Ferdinand & Gavrilo Princip: -​ Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Was an heir of the throne in Austria-Hungary but was killed on 28 June 1914 by a young Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip. The Austrian government couldn't provide evidence but was persuaded that the Serbian government was part of the assassination plan. Even though there were more underlying causes, the assassination of Franz was the immediate cause of WW1. ​ -​ Gavrilo Princip - He was a young Serbian nationalist, A part of the Black Hand Group who made a plan and killed Archduke Francis Fernandez. Because of the assassination he and his crew had planned and executed, it was the immediate cause of the first World War. This was the last effect that caused the war. ·​ 2nd Battle of Ypres: -​ In August of 1914 there were only 3,00 men in the Canadian army, until three weeks later. There were a total of 36,000. -​ In October soldiers began training at Valcartier. -​ In March of 1915 soldiers went to France. -​ Troops attacked Russia in the east and had defense on the west. -​ The German's begin attacking local troops and test their new weapon of chlorine gas. -​ In April 1915 Canadian soldiers were sent to Ypres in Belgium. nd -​ On April 22 the Germans released chlorine gas against the French division. -​ A large green-yellow gas cloud, several kilometers long, drifted towards the French line. -​ Due to the gas French troops suffocated or their eyes and throat would burn. -​ The German's missed their opportunity after the gas missed the Canadian's. -​ However Canadians were unprepared without gas masks and shifted positions to cover the gap, the Germans attacked the Canadian's yet did not have enough space to cover the gap. -​ Outnumbered, outgunned, and outflanked, the Canadians fought through the battle till the next day to prevent a German breakthrough, yet this was at a terrible cost.  -​ As the Germans realized their mistake they launched another Chlorine gas attack before reinforcements and masks could be found. -​ The attack was launched against the Canadians and they were able to hold out until the British reinforcements arrived. Results: ○​ Canadians established a reputation as tough and dependable troops. ○​ There were over 6,000 Canadian casualties and more than 2,000 died during the four day battle. ·​ Treaty of Versailles (Purpose & long term results): The Treaty of Versailles (1919) officially ended World War I and aimed to punish Germany, prevent future wars, and reshape Europe. Purpose: 1.​ Punish Germany: Hold Germany responsible for the war and limit its military power. 2.​ Establish Peace: Create a new world order with new borders and nations. 3.​ Disarmament: Reduce Germany’s military and prohibit certain weapons. 4.​ Create the League of Nations: Promote peace and resolve conflicts. Key Provisions: ​ War Guilt Clause: Germany was blamed for the war. ​ Territorial Losses: Germany lost land and colonies. ​ Military Restrictions: Army limited to 100,000 men; no air force, tanks, or submarines. ​ Reparations: Germany had to pay massive war reparations. ​ League of Nations: Aimed to prevent future wars, though Germany was initially excluded. Long-Term Results: 1.​ Economic Hardship: Germany faced severe inflation and economic instability. 2.​ Rise of Extremism: Resentment over the treaty fueled the rise of the Nazi Party and Hitler. 3.​ Weak League of Nations: Ineffective without U.S. participation and enforcement power. 4.​ New National Tensions: The redrawing of borders created new conflicts. 5.​ World War II: The treaty's harsh terms contributed to the conditions leading to World War II. ·​ Battle of Vimy Ridge (Significance to Nationalism): The Battle of Vimy Ridge (April 9–12, 1917) was a significant World War I battle where Canadian forces achieved a major victory. It holds deep national importance for Canada and is considered a key event in the development of Canadian nationalism. Significance to Nationalism: 1.​ National Identity: ○​ The victory at Vimy Ridge is often seen as a defining moment in the development of Canadian national identity. For many Canadians, it marked the first time that the country, rather than just the British Empire, was recognized as a capable and independent military force. 2.​ Unified Effort: ○​ The battle involved all four Canadian divisions, representing English, French, and  other Canadian communities. Their successful teamwork despite diverse backgrounds reinforced a sense of unity and pride in being Canadian. 3.​ Canadian Autonomy: ○​ Though part of the British Empire, Canada’s success at Vimy Ridge helped foster a growing sense of autonomy. The victory showed that Canada could handle significant military responsibilities on its own, contributing to the country's eventual push for greater independence from Britain. 4.​ Symbol of Sacrifice and Pride: ○​ The battle became a symbol of sacrifice, as more than 10,000 Canadian soldiers were either killed or wounded. It solidified the Vimy Ridge Memorial as a national landmark, commemorating the courage and sacrifices of Canadian soldiers. ·​ Battle of Passchendaele: The Battle of Passchendaele (July-November 1917) was a brutal World War I battle near Ypres, Belgium. Led by British General Sir Douglas Haig, it aimed to capture high ground and disrupt German supply lines. Key Points: ​ Conditions: The battle was plagued by mud from heavy rain, making movement difficult and causing many casualties. ​ Casualties: The battle resulted in about 275,000 Allied casualties, including 15,000 Canadians, and 200,000 German casualties. ​ Outcome: The Allies gained limited land, including Passchendaele Ridge, but at a high cost. Significance: ​ Canadian Contribution: The Canadian Corps played a major role in the final victory, bolstering Canada's national identity. ​ Controversy: The battle is criticized for its high casualties and questionable strategic value. ·​ Sir Arthur Currie: Sir Arthur Currie (1875–1933) was a key Canadian military leader during World War I, known for his leadership of the Canadian Corps and his strategic brilliance. 1.​ Leadership in WWI: ○​ Currie was appointed commander of the Canadian Corps in 1917 and led Canadian forces through several major battles, including Vimy Ridge, Passchendaele, and the Hundred Days Offensive. 2.​ Tactical Genius: ○​ He was known for his meticulous planning, focus on minimizing casualties, and use of innovative tactics. He advocated for careful preparation, careful reconnaissance, and limited objectives to ensure success. 3.​ Notable Achievements: ○​ Under his command, the Canadian Corps achieved remarkable victories, particularly at Vimy Ridge (1917), where Canadian forces captured key positions, strengthening Canada’s national identity.  ○​ At Passchendaele (1917), despite difficult conditions, he led the Canadians to victory, though at a high cost. 4.​ Legacy: ○​ Currie is regarded as one of the most successful commanders of WWI and a key figure in the development of Canadian nationalism, as his leadership contributed to Canada's growing military independence from Britain. ·​ Halifax Explosion: The Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917, in the harbor of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and remains one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history. Key Facts: 1.​ Cause: The explosion was caused by a collision between two ships—SS Mont-Blanc, a French munitions ship carrying explosives, and the SS Imo, a Norwegian vessel. The crash ignited a fire aboard the Mont-Blanc, leading to a massive explosion. 2.​ Impact: The explosion devastated much of the Halifax waterfront, killing an estimated 2,000 people and injuring around 9,000. The blast flattened buildings, shattered windows up to 50 miles away, and created a large crater in the harbor. Significance: 1.​ Humanitarian Response: The explosion prompted an outpouring of aid from across Canada and the United States. Halifax was overwhelmed by the scale of the disaster, but the response showcased the strength of national and international solidarity. 2.​ Long-Term Effects: The explosion had lasting effects on the city, including widespread trauma, and led to improvements in safety regulations for shipping and handling explosives. ·​ Changing role of women during WWI (Homefront & Suffrage Movement): During World War I, the role of women underwent significant changes, both on the homefront and within the context of the suffrage movement. Homefront Role: 1.​ Labor Force: ○​ As men enlisted in the military, women took on roles traditionally held by men. They worked in factories, farms, and offices, producing munitions, uniforms, and other wartime goods. Women's involvement in these industries was crucial to the war effort. 2.​ Nursing and Volunteering: ○​ Many women served as nurses in military hospitals or on the frontlines, either in organizations like the Canadian Nursing Sisters or as part of the Red Cross. They also volunteered in various civilian organizations, supporting soldiers and war-related activities. 3.​ Economic and Social Changes: ○​ Women's participation in the workforce and public life led to changes in social  attitudes. They began to gain more economic independence, and many women found new opportunities for work that had previously been closed to them. Suffrage Movement: 1.​ Expansion of Voting Rights: ○​ The contributions of women during the war were recognized by governments, and this helped fuel the suffrage movement. In Canada, women's right to vote was granted in 1916 in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, and by 1918, most Canadian women over 21 gained the right to vote in federal elections. 2.​ Political Empowerment: ○​ The war played a significant role in advancing the cause of women's suffrage, with many countries, including Britain and the United States, granting women the right to vote after the war, recognizing their contributions to the war effort. ·​ Trench Warfare (Description): Trench Warfare was a primary method of fighting on the Western Front during World War I, characterized by the use of long, fortified ditches, or trenches, as defensive positions. Key Features of Trench Warfare: 1.​ Trench Systems: ○​ Trenches were dug to protect soldiers from enemy fire and artillery. A typical trench system included a front line trench, a support trench, and a reserve trench, all connected by communication trenches for moving troops and supplies. 2.​ Living Conditions: ○​ Conditions in the trenches were harsh. Soldiers dealt with mud, rats, lice, foul odors, and lack of sanitation. Many suffered from trench foot (due to standing in water), diseases, and constant threat of attack. 3.​ Stalemate: ○​ Trench warfare often led to a stalemate, where neither side could gain significant ground. Both sides used artillery bombardments, machine guns, barbed wire, and gas attacks to break through enemy lines, but advancing was extremely difficult. 4.​ No Man’s Land: ○​ The area between opposing trenches, known as No Man's Land, was perilous, with soldiers facing machine gun fire, artillery shells, and sniper attacks when attempting to advance. Significance: ○​ Trench warfare resulted in high casualties and long, grueling battles (e.g., the Battle of the Somme and Verdun). It symbolized the deadly and static nature of much of World War I, where technological advancements (like machine guns and tanks) were often countered by entrenched defensive positions. UNIT #2 (Boom & Bust: 1920s/30s) ·​ League of Nations (Purpose & Reasons for its Failure): Purpose: ​ Established: In 1920, after WWI, to promote global peace and cooperation. ​ Primary Goals: ○​ Prevent future conflicts through diplomacy and collective security. ○​ Promote disarmament and humanitarian efforts. ○​ Encourage peaceful dispute resolution through dialogue instead of war. ○​ Improve social and economic cooperation between nations. Reasons for Failure: ​ Lack of enforcement power: The League had no military force or ability to enforce its decisions, which made it ineffective at maintaining peace. ​ U.S. non-participation: The United States, a major world power, never joined the League, weakening its global authority. ​ Key members left or ignored the League: Countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan either left or acted against the League’s decisions. ​ Failure in crises: The League could not prevent aggressive actions by countries like Italy (Ethiopia 1935) and Japan (Manchuria 1931), highlighting its ineffectiveness. ​ Failure to act quickly: Slow decision-making and the inability to act decisively led to the League's inability to curb the rise of dictatorships and prevent WWII. ·​ Winnipeg General Strike: Cause: Triggered by demands for better wages, better working conditions, and the right to unionize, following a post-war economic downturn. Involvement: Over 30,000 workers in Winnipeg participated, including members of transportation, construction, and industrial sectors. Goals of Strikers: ​ Fair wages to match the rising cost of living. ​ Better working conditions and a shorter workweek. ​ Right to unionize and collective bargaining. Key Event - Bloody Saturday: On June 21, 1919, tensions escalated, and the Royal Northwest Mounted Police clashed with strikers, resulting in deaths and injuries. Outcome: Though the strike did not achieve its immediate demands, it significantly raised awareness of the social and economic conditions of workers. It also helped lay the foundation for future labor reforms and the growth of the Canadian labor movement. Aftermath: The government used the military to suppress the strike, but the event catalyzed future unionization and changes in labor laws. ·​ Prohibition:  ​ Cause: Rooted in moral and social concerns, Prohibition sought to reduce alcohol consumption, decrease crime, and improve public health. ​ Key Events: ○​ The ban on alcohol started in Canada in 1918 and was later followed by the United States in 1920 (18th Amendment). ○​ Prohibition was supported by temperance movements and women’s organizations. ​ Consequences: ○​ Led to the rise of illegal alcohol production and distribution (bootlegging), often controlled by organized crime syndicates like Al Capone's operations. ○​ The government lost tax revenue from alcohol sales, a crucial source of funding for public services. ○​ Widespread corruption as law enforcement and politicians were bribed to overlook illegal alcohol trades. ○​ Increased social unrest as people continued to consume alcohol despite the ban. ​ End of Prohibition: ○​ By the early 1930s, the negative consequences became apparent, leading to the repeal of Prohibition. ○​ Canada repealed alcohol bans on a provincial basis (e.g., Ontario in 1927), and the U.S. repealed Prohibition with the 21st Amendment in 1933. ○​ The failure of Prohibition highlighted the complexities of enforcing moral legislation. ·​ Stock Market Crash (Black Tuesday): Event: Occurred on October 29, 1929, with the collapse of the U.S. stock market, often referred to as Black Tuesday. Trigger: ​ The stock market had been overinflated for years, with many investors engaging in speculative buying, borrowing money to invest, and inflating stock prices. ​ An economic downturn, coupled with panic selling, led to a sharp market decline. Immediate Impact: ​ Stock prices plummeted, erasing billions of dollars in wealth. ​ Bankruptcies and massive unemployment followed as businesses and banks failed. ​ Panic selling led to widespread financial collapse. Long-term Effects: ​ The crash was one of the key events that led to the Great Depression, a decade-long economic downturn. ​ Massive unemployment (around 25% in the U.S.), widespread poverty, and a collapse in industrial production. ​ The depression had a global impact, affecting countries around the world, including Canada. ·​ The New Deal: Initiator: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1932, implemented the New Deal to address the Great Depression. Main Goals: ​ Relief for the unemployed and those suffering from the effects of the Depression. ​ Economic recovery through public works programs and financial reforms. ​ Long-term reforms to prevent future economic collapses. Key Programs: ​ Relief: Emergency Banking Act, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and Works Progress Administration (WPA) provided jobs and financial support to the unemployed. ​ Recovery: Public works projects like dams, roads, and bridges aimed to stimulate the economy and provide employment. ​ Reform: Establishment of Social Security, regulation of financial markets (Securities Exchange Act), and labor laws to protect workers. Impact: ​ The New Deal led to major reforms that expanded the federal government's role in the economy. ​ Established the groundwork for modern social welfare programs like Social Security and unemployment insurance. ​ Although it didn’t immediately end the Great Depression, it helped reduce its severity and laid the foundation for future economic recovery. ·​ On to Ottawa Trek (Relief Camps): Cause: Unemployed workers, particularly those in relief camps, organized a protest march from Vancouver to Ottawa. Grievances: ​ Unemployment due to the Great Depression. ​ Poor living conditions and insufficient relief provided by the government. ​ Lack of jobs and inadequate wages in the relief camps (work camps for unemployed men). Route: The protest started in Vancouver and aimed to reach Ottawa to demand better conditions. Government Response: ​ The government, led by Prime Minister R.B. Bennett, responded by sending in the police and military to stop the protest. ​ The protestors were forcibly removed from Ottawa. Outcome: ​ Though the march was shut down, the trek brought national attention to the plight of the unemployed. ​ It helped prompt the Canadian government to introduce more comprehensive social welfare policies, though it wasn’t until later that meaningful change occurred. ·​ Halibut Treaty: ·​ Significance: This was the first treaty that Canada signed independently of Britain, marking a significant step toward Canada’s autonomy in international affairs. ·​ Content: The treaty between Canada and the United States set regulations for the halibut fishing industry in the Pacific Ocean. ·​ Impact: ​Symbolized Canada’s growing independence, as Canada negotiated and signed the treaty on its own without British involvement. ​Marked the beginning of Canada taking greater control over its foreign policy and international relations. ·​ Statute of Westminster (Balfour Report): ​ Context: The Statute of Westminster was a key piece of legislation passed by the British Parliament that solidified the legislative independence of the British Dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa). ​ Key Provisions: ○​ Allowed dominions to make their own laws without British interference. ○​ Acknowledged the equality of the dominions to the United Kingdom in terms of legal authority. ○​ Provided the ability for dominions to amend or override British law within their territories. ​ Significance: ○​ Marked the formal legal independence of Canada from Britain, though Canada remained part of the British Commonwealth. ○​ Provided the basis for full independence in foreign affairs and allowed Canada to control its own legislative and constitutional processes. ·​ Chanak Crisis: Event: A diplomatic crisis where Canada, under Prime Minister Mackenzie King, refused to automatically support Britain in a military conflict against Turkey over control of the Dardanelles. Significance: ​ Canada’s decision not to support Britain marked a key moment in asserting Canadian independence in foreign policy. ​ For the first time, Canada refused to automatically follow Britain into war, a sign of Canada’s growing sovereignty. ​ This shifted Canada toward a more independent approach in global matters, paving the way for future foreign policy autonomy. ·​ Causes of the Great Depression: ·​ Stock Market Crash (1929): A global economic collapse triggered by the U.S. stock market crash, causing a ripple effect worldwide. ·​ Overproduction: Industrial overproduction and agricultural surpluses led to falling prices and business failures. ·​ Bank Failures: Banks failed due to mass withdrawals and loan defaults, further deepening the crisis. ·​ High Tariffs: Protectionist policies like the Smoot-Hawley Tariff reduced international trade, worsening the depression. ·​ Environmental Issues: The Dust Bowl, a series of severe droughts, worsened agricultural conditions in the U.S. and Canada, contributing to the economic downturn. ·​ R.B. Bennett vs. William Lyon Mackenzie King (Responses to the Depression) ​ William Lyon Mackenzie-King R.B. Bennett When First elected in 1921. He was elected again in Elected in 1930 was he 1935 elected? When Defeated in 1930 Defeated in 1935 after taking to long to try to end was he Refused to respond to requests for money the Depression; voters thought Bennett’s ‘New defeated? and to resolve the depression Deal’ was too late and simply and election ploy Why? Which Liberal Party Conservative Party Political Party? What was Thought the Depression should be left to 1.​ ​ his resolve itself. After Bennett could not Raised import tariffs (taxes) to protect response provide any solutions to end the Depression, Canadian Industries / Mackenzie-King was voted back in 1935. 2.​ Gave 20 million to provinces for work solution creation programs=little effect to end the 3.​ 1935 - money to build irrigation and depressio reservoirs for farmers…. Drought and n? poverty already forced many to leave 4.​ Work relief camps=poor pay bad working conditions Bennett’s New Deal Prior to the 1935 election introduced his own version: 1.​ Progressive taxation….you earn more, you pay more taxes  2.​ Unemployment insurance (Pogey) 3.​ A minimum wage and better working conditions 4.​ Old age pensions (65+) ·​ Person’s Case (1929): ·​ Event: A legal case in which women fought to be recognized as "persons" under the law in Canada. ·​ Famous Five: The case was led by five women activists (Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Irene Parlby, and Henrietta Muir Edwards). ·​ Outcome: The Privy Council in Britain ruled in favor of women, recognizing them as "persons" and allowing them to be appointed to the Canadian Senate. ·​ Significance: This victory marked a major milestone in the advancement of women’s rights in Canada and led to greater political representation for women. ·​ Group of Seven: ·​ Who: A collective of Canadian artists, including A.Y. Jackson, Lawren Harris, Franklin Carmichael, and others. ·​ Focus: They emphasized Canadian landscapes, particularly the rugged northern wilderness, as their artistic subject matter. ·​ Style: Known for their vivid use of color and abstract forms that expressed the beauty and grandeur of Canada’s natural environment. ·​ Impact: The Group of Seven played a crucial role in shaping Canadian art and identity, helping to define a distinct Canadian artistic style that set it apart from European traditions. UNIT #3 (THE SECOND WORLD WAR) ·​ Non-Aggression Pact: ·​ What: An agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed on August 23, 1939. ·​ Key Terms: Both countries promised not to attack each other for 10 years, and secretly agreed to divide Poland between them. ·​ Significance: ​Allowed Hitler to invade Poland without fear of Soviet interference, starting WWII. ​Stunned the world since Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union had been ideological enemies (fascism vs. communism). ​The pact lasted until June 1941, when Hitler broke it by invading the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa). ·​ Miracle at Dunkirk: What: The evacuation of over 330,000 British and French troops from the beaches of Dunkirk, France, during WWII. Context: German forces surrounded the Allies after quickly advancing through France. Outcome: ​ British civilian boats, naval ships, and military vessels rescued soldiers under heavy German attack. ​ Despite heavy losses, the operation saved a significant portion of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). ​ The success of Dunkirk boosted British morale and allowed them to continue fighting in WWII. ·​ Blitzkrieg: What: "Lightning war" – a military tactic used by Nazi Germany. Characteristics: ​ Fast, surprise attacks using combined forces of infantry, tanks, and air support. ​ Designed to overwhelm the enemy quickly and cause confusion. ​ Depended on speed, coordination, and using advanced technology. Significance: ​ Used successfully in Poland (1939), France (1940), and other early WWII campaigns. ​ Made traditional defensive tactics outdated and led to rapid German victories early in the war. ·​ Battle of Britain (The Blitz): What: A series of air battles between Nazi Germany’s Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force (RAF). Context: After France fell, Hitler planned to invade Britain. First, he aimed to destroy the RAF and gain air superiority. Blitz: ​ The German air force launched bombing raids on British cities, including London, to break British morale (The Blitz). ​ The RAF successfully defended Britain using radar and fighter planes like the Spitfire and Hurricane. Outcome: ​ Britain’s victory prevented a German invasion. ​ The battle marked the first significant defeat for Nazi Germany and boosted Allied morale. ·​ Battle of Ortona: ​ What: A key battle in Italy, part of the Italian Campaign during WWII. ​ Context: Allied forces (mostly Canadians) fought against German troops in Ortona, a strategic town on the Adriatic coast. ​ Tactics: ○​ Urban warfare: Street-by-street fighting with heavy casualties. ○​ Canadian soldiers used "mouse-holing" (blowing up walls to move between buildings). ​ Outcome: ○​ Canadians successfully captured Ortona after fierce fighting. ○​ The victory helped pave the way for the Allies to move up the Italian Peninsula, though it was costly. ·​ Operation Barbarossa: What: The German invasion of the Soviet Union, launched on June 22, 1941. Objective: Hitler aimed to conquer the Soviet Union and eliminate communism, gaining territory and resources (especially oil). Outcome: ​ Initially successful: German forces advanced rapidly, capturing vast territories. ​ But, the harsh Russian winter, lack of supplies, and fierce Soviet resistance slowed down the Germans. ​ By winter, the Germans were halted at the Battle of Moscow, marking the beginning of the Soviet counter-offensive. ·​ Raid on Dieppe: ·​ What: A disastrous Allied raid on the French port of Dieppe on August 19, 1942. ·​ Objective: To test German defenses and gather intelligence for future invasions (especially D-Day). ·​ Outcome: ​The raid failed: Poor planning, lack of surprise, and inadequate support led to heavy casualties (over 60% of Canadian forces involved). ​The operation highlighted weaknesses in amphibious assaults and helped shape D-Day planning (better preparation and coordination). ·​ D-Day (Normandy) Invasions: D-Day (Normandy Invasion) (1944) ​ What: The Allied invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, known as Operation Overlord. ​ Objective: To open a second front in Europe, weaken Nazi Germany, and liberate Western Europe. ​ Key Elements:  ○​ Over 156,000 American, British, Canadian, and other Allied troops landed on five beachheads in Normandy. ○​ Heavy air bombardment and naval support preceded the landings. ○​ Despite fierce German resistance, the Allies gained a foothold in France. ​ Outcome: ○​ The success of D-Day marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany in Western Europe. ○​ Led to the liberation of France and eventual victory over Germany in 1945. ·​ Fascism (Characteristics): Definition: A far-right political ideology that emphasizes authoritarian rule, nationalism, and the supremacy of the state over individual rights. Key Characteristics: ​ Dictatorship: Power is concentrated in a single leader or a small group. ​ Nationalism: Extreme pride in one’s country, often tied to racial or ethnic superiority. ​ Militarism: A focus on military strength and the use of force to achieve political goals. ​ Suppression of opposition: Political dissent and freedom of speech are heavily restricted. ​ Anti-communism: Hostility towards socialism and communism. ​ State control: Government controls many aspects of life, including the economy, education, and media. ·​ The Axis Alliance (Who?): Who: The Axis Powers in WWII included Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan. Key Members: ​ Germany (Hitler): Led by Adolf Hitler, focused on territorial expansion in Europe. ​ Italy (Mussolini): Led by Benito Mussolini, aimed at reviving the Roman Empire and expanding in Africa. ​ Japan (Tojo): Led by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, sought to dominate East Asia and the Pacific. Allied Support: Other nations joined the Axis at various times (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, etc.), but the main powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan. ·​ Battle of Hong Kong: What: A battle in which Japanese forces attacked the British colony of Hong Kong from December 8-25, 1941. Context: Japan’s expansion in Asia led to the attack on Hong Kong, which was a strategic British outpost in the Pacific. Outcome: ​ Hong Kong fell to Japan after a fierce battle, and British, Canadian, and Indian soldiers were captured. ​ The battle was part of Japan’s broader strategy to control Southeast Asia. ​ The fall of Hong Kong marked a significant loss for the Allies in the Pacific. ·​ The Holocaust and Final Solution: ·​ What: The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews and millions of others (including Romani people, disabled individuals, and political opponents) by Nazi Germany during WWII. ·​ The Final Solution: The Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish population, involving mass shootings, gas chambers, and death camps like Auschwitz, Treblinka, and Dachau. ·​ Outcome: ​Over 6 million Jews were murdered in what is considered one of the darkest chapters in history. ​The Holocaust is a central event in WWII, demonstrating the extreme consequences of fascist ideology and unchecked hatred. ·​ Liberation of Holland: ·​ What: The liberation of the Netherlands from Nazi German occupation by the Allies, particularly Canadian forces. ·​ Context: After D-Day, the Allies advanced into northern Europe. The Netherlands had been under German control since 1940. ·​ Outcome: ​Canadian troops played a crucial role in liberating Holland, especially in the last months of the war (September 1944 to May 1945). ​The operation involved intense battles, including the clearing of German strongholds and the Battle of the Scheldt. ​The Dutch people welcomed the Canadians as liberators. The liberation is often remembered for the humanitarian aid that followed, as many Dutch were starving after years of German occupation. ·​ Leaders of Key Nations (Italy, Germany, Soviet Union, Great Britain, U.S., Canada) Italy: Benito Mussolini ​ Position: Prime Minister (1922–1943) ​ Ideology: Fascism ​ Key Actions: ○​ Founded the Fascist Party, became dictator. ○​ Led Italy into WWII with Germany and Japan. ○​ Overthrown in 1943, executed in 1945. Germany: Adolf Hitler ​ Position: Chancellor (1933–1945) and Führer ​ Ideology: Nazism (extreme fascism) ​ Key Actions: ○​ Started WWII by invading Poland (1939). ○​ Orchestrated the Holocaust. ○​ Committed suicide in 1945 as Allies closed in. Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin  ​ Position: General Secretary (1922–1953) ​ Ideology: Communism ​ Key Actions: ○​ Turned the USSR into a totalitarian state. ○​ Signed Non-Aggression Pact with Germany, then fought Germany after invasion (1941). ○​ Led USSR to victory over Nazi Germany and expanded Soviet influence in Europe. Great Britain: Winston Churchill ​ Position: Prime Minister (1940–1945) ​ Ideology: Conservative ​ Key Actions: ○​ Led Britain during WWII, especially in the Battle of Britain. ○​ Key ally in the fight against Nazi Germany. ○​ Helped shape post-war world and the beginning of the Cold War. United States: Franklin D. Roosevelt ​ Position: President (1933–1945) ​ Ideology: Liberal (Democratic Party) ​ Key Actions: ○​ Led U.S. through Great Depression with New Deal. ○​ Led U.S. into WWII after Pearl Harbor (1941). ○​ Played key role in Allied strategy and founding of the UN. Canada: William Lyon Mackenzie King ​ Position: Prime Minister (1921–1926, 1926–1930, 1935–1948) ​ Ideology: Liberal ​ Key Actions: ○​ Led Canada during WWII, supporting Britain. ○​ Advocated for Canada’s increasing independence in foreign policy. UNIT #4 (Post War Canada 1946-Present) ·​ FLQ and the October Crisis: ·​ The United Nations (Purpose & Peacekeeping): ·​ Cold War (NATO): ·​ The Korean War: ·​ Lester B. Pearson: ·​ The Repatriation of the Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms: ·​ Tommy Douglas ·​ Terry Fox: ·​ 1995 Referendum: