HIST 151: Section 1 - Shifting International Environment - PDF

Prior Information: Monarchy: little to no concept of rights of the people one person in power, unequal Social Inequality: landowning elites’/nobles’/ aristocrats atop the hierarchy Rural (farm, village, country) peasants are often the largest part of the population...

Prior Information: Monarchy: little to no concept of rights of the people one person in power, unequal Social Inequality: landowning elites’/nobles’/ aristocrats atop the hierarchy Rural (farm, village, country) peasants are often the largest part of the population Predominant agrarian economy: animal/human muscle, wind, wood, water, provided energy goods made by handicraft techniques Female subordinate was assumed to be natural: women rarely held much economic or political patterns The West was less advanced: China (leader) and Islamic (close second) powers maintained large, prosperous empires Closer to the Indian Ocean = more power Slave trade in Africa before this time Empire buildings existed across the globe: Qing Dynasty of China pushed deep into Central America Central Asian Muslim warriors conquered India and created the Mughal Empire Western European exploration led to the creation of Empires in the Americas HISTORY 151: SECTION 1 “Shifting International Environment” TRADING POST EMPIRE- Trading ports/system created by the people of Portugal COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE- Introduces variety of trade goods to global market (food- involved the exchange of crops between the Old and New Worlds, diseases- to the New World that killed many natives) TRIANGULAR TRADE-Europeans = wealthy, trade between Europe (manufactured goods), Africa (slaves, gold) and the Americas (tobacco, furs, cotton). Increased slave trade overall. MIDDLE PASSAGE-Part of the Triangular Trade, African slaves were forced across the Atlantic MERCANTILISM- A view that your state/country sees others as rivals, attempting to make your country as self-efficient as possible by controlling trade and imports of your country. GREAT DYING- Loss of Indigenous (Natives) lives which affected climate JESUITS- Order of Catholics, priests & missionaries, went into China and Japan CLOSED COUNTRY EDICT- Japan’s isolationist stance to control the spread of Christianity, restriction of western influence and trade, no ships docking allowed, suppression of Christianity What motivated European expansion? Asian silks & spices, economic and Christian/ religious motivations. Gold and silver in the east. (money), **Economics: they desired more advantages of the trade** What technologies and innovations helped European expansion? **Chinese compass, gunpowder**, Arab lateen sail, Muslim portolan charts and maps, and the Chinese sternpost rudder. How did European countries compete to build colonies and secure wealth? Portuguese improved navigation and ship building, then attempt to sail south and establish trading posts along Africa and Asia displacing the Muslims. Portuguese then venture out to the western side. Spanish mine and dig for gold and silver from the Americas and brought to Spain which brings in great wealth. French and English fight over control of present-day Canada. French and Spanish fight over Caribbean Islands. The first wave: Portugal & Spain are the first to expand Portuguese leave Lisbon to find the Indian Ocean (Asia) (East), following down Africa Columbus, crosses the Atlantic, saying he found gold Portugal colonized Brazil, monoculture *** (1 crop-sugar) *** Northern wave: France, Dutch Republic, England Search for northern passage Settle in Canada- furs Colonies of North America mainland Sufficient strength to compete with Spain and Portugal Fierce competition over the Caribbean Islands-*** sugar production*** Silver makes the most money Golden age of the Dutch Republic-not ruled by a king, 17th century: 1600s, brand new country, access to the water = advantage, don’t take a lot of land, make money from trade, great port areas What were the impacts on people of other continents: Africa, Americas, Asia? The people of the empires settled there (Inca & Aztec) face challenges when others establish plantations. Africans are used as slaves under the Islamic control by empires. Africans are traded across countries. Africa faced negotiations to be able to use for resupplying. American people are transformed, Natives/ Indigenous had no immunity to the diseases Europeans brought, plenty died. Indigenous people are used as laborers for the Spanish and Europeans. Americans (Aztecs) face destruction of their temples (by the Spanish Catholics), cultural destruction/way of life. Asia: can hold their own, won’t give up, using similar technology to China, disease Indian Ocean Trading: spice trade, cinnamon, cloves, peppers Portugal: seized control from Muslims, trading-post empire in decline by 1600 Dutch: East Indian Company gained control by late 17th century Increasing British East Indian Company influence in India, eventually Dutch colonized Indonesia while the British colonize India Chrisitan Missionary: activity in China and Japan, many convert, China bans Christianity Limited trade in China and Japan: China sold high volumes of goods, but bought little What were some of the immediate as well as long-term effects of this expansion? Many changes occurred with the trade routes… Silk Road sees a decline; the Indian Ocean is used much more. Columbia Exchange introduces more and new goods across the market (food, animals, diseases people.) Increased competition leading to colonial wars for control of North America. The Americas are divided, and new countries are created. Europeans: Reaped great rewards from control of Atlantic trade and colonization of the Americas Continued efforts in Asia, but posed little real immediate threat to the great Asian powers Africa & America: People experienced social disruption, cultural loss, slavery, disease, and death  Islamic World Powers Islam: very old religion practiced by Muslims, began in Arabia, one God (mono) Main Points: Three Turkic-Muslim states used gunpowder technology to create large, culturally advanced empires  Each empire ruled over large numbers of non-Muslim subjects All faced challenges and decline by the 18th century Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires: all had access to the Indian Ocean ISLAMIC WORLD POWERS TURKS- from Central Asia, headed towards Africa and converted to Islam used gunpowder technology to expand in 15th century migrated into Anatolia, 14 h century, much population converts nomadic people: on the move often tolerant of other states non-believers faced restrictions and higher taxes created large/ culturally advanced empires experienced decline and territorial losses in 18th century, Islamic empires fought each other, suffered due to growing strength of European states OTTOMANS- of anatolia longest lasting empire settle near Anatolia then expand down and across North Africa encounter other Muslims absorbed Muslim Arab lands conquered the Balkans, few Christians convert (1st) Sultan Mehmet II, gave Muslims Constantinople (important for land, trade routes, not just religion) Constantinople: the bridge/ meeting of 2 counties (gateway to Europe: Christian World), need it, last piece of the Byzantine Empire (defender of Christianity) (2nd) Sultan Suleiman I: greatest extent Power of Sultan: authority, Bureaucracy, Nobels (high rank) not own land Slavery was different, slaves served in the army for the empire Isam as a unifying element SAFAVIDS- of Persia Shi’a Muslims Utilized skills of urban bureaucrats, made them an essential part of civil machinery of government, secured loyalty/military support of nomadic Turks, and the Shi’a branch of Islam Often warred with Ottomans, but lacked wealth to compete militarily MUGHALS- of India, **Muslim** (minority) biggest empire, largest, wealthiest, most populous pointed into the Indian Ocean issues with the Hindus, religious divide in India (Britain uses this to an advantage) rules 1/4th population Muslim (minority), rest already living there practice Hinduism early rulers even protected Hindus & allowed them to help administer empire decline in 18th century, increasing restrictions/punishments of Hindus prompted opposition movements & faced much intrusion from the British (East Indian Company) SULTAN- Ruler of Ottoman Empire, supreme military ruler BALKANS- region, peninsular, southeastern Europe, few Christians convert MEHMET II- (1st) ruler of the Ottomans/Byzantine, gave Muslims Constantinople (important for land, trade routes, not just religion) ISTANBUL- formally known as Constantinople, imperial capital city of Ottomans, adorned with palaces, schools, libraries. Thriving port SULEIMAN I- second ruler, greatest extent DEVSHIRME- system where sultan’s agents took a set number of boys every three years from Christian families in the Balkan’s (didn’t apply to girls enslaved women and girls entered the empire as prisoners of war through slave trade) JANISSARIES- elite soldiers, serve the Sultan (Ottoman) JIZYA- (unbelievers’ tax): Christians pay taxes (if not Muslim) RISE OF STRONG EUROPEAN STATES The Protestant Reformation splintered the religious uniformity of Catholic Europe- can practice their religion their way Many European monarchs attempted to increase their authority to restore order following long periods of religious, social, and economic crisis Rulers’ increased control over their subjects coincided with their empire building outside their traditional borders-made them extremely wealth to have more land PROTESTANT REFORMATION- major theological (religious) movement, Europe challenged teachings of Catholic church, led by Martin Luther, results in warfare in European continent Catholicism: had been a unifying force across much of Europe for about 1,000 years o Religious beliefs and institutions dominate daily life o Popes held much power MARTIN LUTHER- Monk, well known against Catholicism, leads Protestant Reformation o Martin Luther & other reformers criticized the Catholic Church o Eventually, Luther and followers split from the Church and formed new religions o Protestant- protested against the Pope, Martin said he was wrong o Numerous wars of religion occurred across Europe Religious transformation often provides a source of power to rules o Henry VIII & the creation of the Church of England (Anglican- English) Religion motivated and shaped European expansion and colonization o Catholics such as the Jesuits exported the faith around the world o Persecuted religious minorities sought refuge in colonies Eastern Orthodox: Christians, not Catholic, not associated w/ the Pope, believe they’re the truth Western Christian: followed the Pope, Roman Catholic church (Rome is here) LUTHERAN- ideas were mostly readily accepted by the mid-1500s in the Germanic states, fought the King for the toleration to practice their own religion **If you lived in England, you did NOT have religious freedom** *Bloody warfare of religion* Calvinists: reformed, Scotland practiced, like Lutheran practices HENRY VIII- married a lot, 6 wives, King of a kingdom, created the Church of England, answered/explained to anyone, especially outside (sovereignty) ANGLICAN- church of England/English ABSOLUTISM- the goal, complete centralization of power in the hands of the monarch Theory of Absolutism: Sovereign power rested in the hands of the monarch, no outside opinions, no questions o Divine Right of Kings- God’s divine will for someone to be King, revolt against King is the same as revolting against God Powers of the monarch: King makes and enforces laws by using his military, negotiates treaties, decides imports and exports, controls economy & religion Not same as modern totalitarian dictators o Lacked resources to achieve that amount of control Limits of Absolutism: Local courts: appoint duties to some, arguing over cow ex., nobles Religious authorities: can’t upset Pope *** Nobles: privileges, liberties, and exemptions- own lots of land = wealthy o Nobility exempted from many taxes LOUIS XIV- best example of absolutism, King of France*, very wealthy/power King personally involved with councils Revoked the Edict of Nantes by Henry o Ministers from the new nobility ▪ Owe everything to King Never called Estates-General: (group in France, like English Parliament, helps King make law) (has no power since never called) (shows absolutism) Palace of Versailles spent a lot of French money on it, one of his many houses, brings in so much money (money comes from taxes*) o Court ceremony o Nobility Takes all of peasants’ money and spends it all on war Required Catholicism, enforces, some fled France b/c of this o No toleration for Huguenots: French Protestants, had their rights eliminated by Louis XV High taxes Large professional army o War throughout most of his reign o Add territory to northeast o Costly Russia: stuck between places, no access to anything, reach out for farmland, warm water, becomes a powerhouse overtime  Westernization of culture: make Russia like France, more European (model) Lifetime service for all nobles Creation of a navy Control Russian Orthodox Church Extension of serfdom/Serfs: type of Russian peasant, bound to land works for Peter, controlled, can make you labor for him, build buildings, basically slavery, shows more control compared to France o Peasants bound to land of noble o Also forced to labor for the state Extended Russian territory o Building St. Petersburg as a new capital, gives Russians access to water to connect with rest of Europeans England: Limitation of Monarchy Stuart Kings, try to be absolute, faced challenges to their attempts at absolutism o Parliament: group of men that chat about law, problems for English Kings, King and Parliament go to war, chopped Stuart’s dad’s head off Civil War in England o Charles I executed, 1649, lost Restoration of the Monarchy, 1660 o Stuart Kings continued to defy Parliament o Feared Kings attempting to restore Catholicism Glorious Revolution: o Parliament invited William of Orange and wife Mary (daughter of James II) to take the throne, 1699 English Bill of Rights, 1689 o Limitation of power of English monarchs o Affirmed the role of Parliament EDICT OF NANTES- issued by Henry IV, allows Huguenots (French protestants) the right to worship in 150 traditionally protestant towns throughout France MOSCOW- claims to political and religious inheritance of the Byzantine Empire, princes of Moscow saw themselves as heirs after the fall of Constantinople TSAR PETER THE GREAT- Russia, reaches over to the west, wants Westernization, Russian military, territorial expansion, conquered Ottomans, his foreign policy had a primary goal to gain a port accessible to Europe PURITANS- wanted to take Reformation further by "purifying" the Anglican Church of Roman Catholic elements