Untitled

• Summarized study notes for world history.

Prior Information

• Monarchies involved little to no concept of the rights of people, instead featuring one person in power who was unequal.
• Social inequality had landowning elites/nobles/aristocrats at the top of the hierarchy.
• Rural peasants made up the greatest part of the population.
• The predominant agrarian economy relied on animal/human muscle, wind, wood, and water for energy.
• Goods were made by handicraft techniques.
• Female subordination was assumed to be natural, with women rarely holding economic or political power.
• Western countries were less advanced.
• China and Islamic powers maintained large, prosperous empires.
• More power was held by those closer to the Indian Ocean.
• Slave trade occurred in Africa.
• Empire-building existed across the globe.
• The Qing Dynasty of China pushed into Central America.
• Central Asian Muslim warriors conquered India and created the Mughal Empire.
• Western European exploration led to empires in the Americas.

Shifting International Environment

• The Trading Post Empire was created by Portugal.
• The Columbian Exchange introduced various trade goods to the global market.
• This involved exchanging crops between the Old and New Worlds.
• Diseases introduced to the New World killed many natives.
• The Triangular Trade was a trade system where Europeans traded manufactured goods, Africa provided slaves and gold, and the Americas provided tobacco, furs, and cotton.
• It increased overall slave trade.
• The Middle Passage involved African slaves being forced across the Atlantic as part of the Triangular Trade.
• Mercantilism is the view that states/countries see others as rivals and attempt to become self-sufficient by controlling trade and imports.
• The Great Dying refers to the loss of Indigenous lives, which affected the climate.
• Jesuits, an order of Catholic priests and missionaries, went into China and Japan.
• The Closed Country Edict refers to Japan's isolationist stance to control the spread of Christianity.
• This move restricted western influence and trade, prohibited ships from docking, and suppressed Christianity.
• European expansion was motivated by Asian silks and spices, economic factors, and religious motivations.
• They desired more advantages of trade, including gold and silver in the east.
• Technologies and innovations like the Chinese compass and gunpowder, Arab lateen sail, Muslim portolan charts and maps, and the Chinese sternpost rudder helped European expansion.
• European countries competed for colonies and wealth through improved navigation and shipbuilding.
• The Portuguese attempted to sail south, establish trading posts along Africa and Asia, and displace the Muslims.
• The Spanish mined for gold and silver in the Americas, bringing wealth to Spain.
• The French and English fought over control of present-day Canada, as well as the French and Spanish over the Caribbean Islands.
• Portugal and Spain were the first to expand.
• The Portuguese left Lisbon to find the Indian Ocean, following down Africa.
• Columbus crossed the Atlantic, claiming he found gold.
• Portugal colonized Brazil for monoculture, primarily sugar.
• France, the Dutch Republic, and England searched for a northern passage, settled in Canada for furs and established colonies along the North American mainland.
• They had sufficient strength to compete with Spain and Portugal and engaged in competition over Caribbean Islands for sugar production.
• Silver was the most profitable.
• The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic wasn't ruled by a king and had access to water, didn't take a lot of land, made money from trade and had great port areas.

Impacts on Other Continents

• In Africa, Americas, and Asia the people of the empires face challenges when others establish plantations.
• Africans were used as slaves under Islamic control, and traded across countries.
• Africa faced negotiations to enable resupplying.
• American indigenous populations, lacking immunity to European diseases died in large numbers and were used as laborers by the Spanish and Europeans because they Americans/Aztecs face destruction of their temples (by the Spanish Catholics), cultural destruction/way of life.
• Asia can hold their own since they won't give up

Indian Ocean Trading

• Included spices like cinnamon, cloves, and peppers.
• Portugal seized control from Muslims, leading to a trading-post empire in decline by 1600.
• The Dutch East Indian Company gained control in the late 17th century.
• The British East Indian Company increased its influence in India. While the Dutch colonized Indonesia.
• The British colonized India later.

Additional Impacts & Information

• Christian missionary activity occurred in China and Japan, leading to conversions though China banned Christianity.
• Limited trade occurred in China and Japan, with China selling many goods but buying little.
• This expansion led to changes in trade routes, with the Silk Road declining and the Indian Ocean becoming more used.
• The Columbian Exchange introduced more goods across the market, including food, animals, and diseases with increased competition leading to colonial wars for control of North America.

Europeans, Africa & America

• Reaped rewards from Atlantic trade and colonization of the Americas.
• Continued efforts in Asia, but posed little threat to the Asian powers.
• People experienced social disruption, cultural loss, slavery, disease, and death.

Islamic World Powers

• Islam started in Arabia as a religion practiced by Muslims worshipping on God
• Three Turkic-Muslim states used gunpowder technology to create large, culturally advanced empires.
• Each empire ruled over large numbers of non-Muslim subjects faced challenges and declined by the 18th century.
• The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires had access to the Indian Ocean.
• The Turks, originating from Central Asia, headed towards Africa and converted to Islam, expanding in the 15th century using gunpowder technology.
• They migrated into Anatolia in the 14th century with much population converting and Nomadic people were often on the move.
• They were tolerant of other states, with non-believers facing restrictions and higher taxes while creating large/culturally advanced empires.
• The Ottomans, originating from Anatolia, had the longest-lasting empire.

Islamic Empires

• Experienced decline and territorial losses in the 18th century, where they fought each other and suffered due to the growing strength of European states
• They settled near Anatolia, then expanded down and across North Africa.
• They encountered other Muslims and absorbed Muslim Arab lands while conquering the Balkans, with few Christians converting.
• Sultan Mehmet II gave Muslims Constantinople, an important place for land and trade routes.
• Constantinople was the bridge/meeting point of two countries and the gateway to Europe/Christian World, the last piece of the Byzantine Empire.
• Sultan Suleiman I's reign marked the greatest extent of the empire.
• Authority was held by the Sultan, alongside a bureaucracy and nobles without land ownership.
• Slavery was different, with slaves serving in the army and Islam acting as a unifying element.
• The Safavids were Shi’a Muslims who utilized the skills of urban bureaucrats, secured loyalty/military support of nomadic Turks, and often warred with Ottomans, but lacked wealth to compete militarily.
• Mughals, who were Muslim (minority) in India, built the biggest, largest, wealthiest, most populous empire pointing into the Indian Ocean.
• Mughals declined in the 18th century due to increasing restrictions/punishments of Hindus prompting opposition and intrusion from the British East Indian Company

People and Taxes

• Sultan was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire and supreme military ruler.
• Balkans is the southeastern European region
• Mehmet II (1st) ruler of the Ottomans/Byzantine, gave Muslims Constantinople
• Istanbul, formally known as Constantinople, imperial capital city of Ottomans with palaces, schools, and libraries, was a thriving port
• Suleiman I was the second ruler.
• Devshirme: It was a system where the sultan's agents took boys every three years from Christian families in the Balkans.
• Janissaries: were the elite soldiers who served the Sultan.
• Jizya: An "unbelievers' tax" where Christians paid taxes if they were not Muslim.

European States

• The Protestant Reformation splintered Europe's religious uniformity and monarchs attempted to increase their authority to restore order.
• The increasing control that the rulers have over their subjects coincided with their Empire building outside their borders where wealth was obtained.

Protestant Reformation

• Major move in the church that led to warfare in Europe.
• Catholicism: had been a unification force (religious beliefs and daily life) for Catholic popes for 1000 years.
• Martian Luther: criticized Catholicism and led the Protestant Reformation and many reformers split and formed religions over Luther being wrong.
• War over religion then happened because religious transformation offered source to rules Henry VIII & creation of the Church of England: religion motivated and shaped expansion Catholics exported faith while persecuted sought refuge. Orthodox- Christians not Catholic (not associated with the Pope) and believe that they are the truth Western Christian: that follow the Pope

Christianity and Religion

• Lutherian beliefs included the toleration to practice own religion and if in England didn't have freedom and faced religious warfare
• Calvinist was reformed ( Scotland practice the Lutherian way of life) Henry VIII- had 6 wives, became the King to create his own Church and can do anything Anlican- Is the Church of England

Theory of Absolutism

• Complete centralization of power in the hands of the monarch.
• Sovereign power in the hands of the monarch and the Divine Rights of King- Kings being divine will for somebody to be king and revolt against Kings is revolt against God.
• Kings make and enforce laws and had to control economy and religion and its not same as dictatorship
• King appointed duties due to arguing and religion and couldn't upset the people/ Pope (nobles/ wealthy had privileges)
• Louis XIV: best example and was very wealthy

France

• Kings involved in council and he revoked the Edict of Nantes and had to give everything to king.
• Never called estates due to no power but the Palace of Versailles were spent due to taxes and war.
• Catholic was required and no toleration for French Protestants that leads to taxes and army
• Russia then became a powerhouse

Monarchy & Nobility

• Wanted France culture for Russia and created the Navy.
• The monarchy extension was peasant (controlled labor/slavery) and building a new capital was gave Russians water access to connect with Europe.
• England monarchy had a Civil War due to England and kings being continued to defy and try to restore the throne.
• English Bill of Rights- Limiting Power and affirmed role.

Churches and States

• EDICT OF NANTES- allowed churches and states.
• Moscow claimed to be the heir to the Constantinople,
• TSAR PETER THE GREAT wanted to westernize.
• PURITANS- wanted a Reformation pure of Roman Catholics elements church.