Colonialism and Imperialism in 1800s - PDF

Colonialism in 1800 British Colonies I. BUILDING OVERSEAS EMPIRES A. Motives During the New Imperialism*: 1. Economic Interests Spur Expansion a. Industrial Revolution: raw materials needed i. Examples: rubber, cotton, palm oil b. New markets to s...

Colonialism in 1800 British Colonies I. BUILDING OVERSEAS EMPIRES A. Motives During the New Imperialism*: 1. Economic Interests Spur Expansion a. Industrial Revolution: raw materials needed i. Examples: rubber, cotton, palm oil b. New markets to sell goods to c. Ways to make profit d. Immigration to colonies 2. Political & Military Motives a. Naval bases needed around the world b. Nationalism=too much pride in your own country c. Prestige (biggest bully on block) 3. Humanitarian & Religious Goals a. Spread Christianity b. Racism: “White Man’s Burden” 4. Applying Social Darwinism a. European sense of racial superiority b. Used Social Darwinism to justify: --”if we can do it, then we should, & that means it is the right thing to do.” B. The Rapid Spread of Western Imperialism 1. Weakness of Non-Western States (=+ strength of Europe) a. Many older civilizations in decline: 1. Ottomans 2. Mughal in India 3. Qing in China 4. African kingdoms 2. Western Advantages a. European advantages: i. Strong economies ii. Organized govts iii. Powerful armies & navies iv. Superior technologies: telegraph, weapons, medical knowledge 3. Resisting Imperialism a. Western-educated resistance leaders i. Ex: Bolivar, Gandhi 4. Facing Criticism @ Home a. Anti-Imperialists i. Too expensive ii. Racism iii. Not practicing Democracy C. Forms of Imperial Rule (3 types) 1. Direct Rule: (soldiers/govt officials sent to colonies to run govt) ex. France a. Goal: Impose French culture & turn the colonies into French provinces =Rule OVER the Colony 2. Indirect Rule: (use native leaders of their own people= ruling WITH the native population) ex. Britain a. Children of native rich sent to Britain to be educated b. Protectorate* i. Cost less=cheaper ii. Not as much military needed 3. Sphere of Influence* a. Dominating through trade/economy i. =controlling a nation by controlling it’s imports/exports ex. USA (in China, Hawaii) II. THE PARTITION OF AFRICA (3x size of Europe) A. Africa in the Early 1800s 1. North Africa a. Muslim 2. Islamic Crusade in East Africa a. Islamic Revival that inspired followers to overthrow Christian Europeans 3. West Africa a. Profitable slave trade was ending in port cities b. Now exporting ivory, copper 4. Southern Africa a. Zulu v. British in South Africa i. Shaka Zulu* b. The Great Trek* of the Boers to escape British rule=pushing into Zulu lands  Shaka dismissed firearms as ineffective against the quick encirclements of charging spearmen. Although ultimately failing against modern rifle and artillery fire in 1879, his theory achieved some success at Isandlwana 5. Impact of the Slave Trade a. Early 1800s=slave trade outlawed b. Sierra Leone—colony of freed British slaves c. Liberia—colony of freed American slaves B. European Contact Increases 1. Keeping Europeans from interior of Africa: a. Resistance by African tribes b. Difficult terrain (mts., rivers, jungles) 2. Explorers Advance Into Africa a. Mungo Park b. Richard Burton 3. Missionaries Follow Explorers a. Goal: convert Africans to Christianity b. Paternalistic* view of Africans by Europeans 4. Livingstone Blazes a Trail a. Dr. Livingstone b. Henry Stanley C. A Scramble for Colonies 1. Belgium Hires Livingstone a. To make treaties w/ Africans b. Belgium claims the Congo 2. Berlin Conference* in 1884 a. Recognized Belgium’s claim to the Congo b. Free trade on Congo & Niger rivers c. Must have govt in lands that Europeans claimed  Cecil Rhodes, Britain’s Prime Minister 3. Horrors in the Congo a. Brutal treatment of natives 4. France Extends Its Influence a. Algeria b. Tunisia c. =French colonies in Africa size of U.S. 5. Britain Takes Its Share a. Huge amount of land but scattered b. South Africa acquired from Dutch i. =Boer War*=Dutch settlers (Boers) vs. British (WON) 6. Others Join the Scramble a. Portugal: Angola, Mozambique b. Italy: Libya, Ethiopia c. Germany: Cameroon, Togo Imperialism in Africa video III. EUROPEAN CLAIMS IN MUSLIM REGIONS A. Stresses in Muslim Regions 1. 3 Muslim Kingdoms (“Gunpowder Empires”) ruled much of the world: a. Ottoman in Middle East b. Safavid in Iran (Persia) c. Mughals in India  2. Empires in Decline a. Decline of those 3 Muslim Empires i. Govt lost control ii. Guilds grew powerful iii. Corruption in govt iv. Intolerance of other religions  3. Rise of the Muslim Reform Movements a. Stressed Islam & subservience b. The Wahhabi* Sunni movement: i. Return to Mohammed’s teachings ii. Want to purge Islam of all impurities ii. #1 in Saudi Arabia today  4. European Imperialism a. Through diplomacy & military threats=treaties w/ favorable economic terms for Europe b. Special rights for Europeans living in Muslim lands=favoritism B. Problems for the Ottoman Empire 1. Pashas*--provincial governors had increased & abused their powers 2. Nationalist Revolts Break Out a. In Africa, Balkans, Middle East b. Native peoples wanted their own country, not to live as a colony 3. European Pressure Increases a. France, Russia, Germany, Britain all ready to take parts of the Ottoman Empire  4. Efforts to Westernize a. Built railroads, improved education, hired Europeans to train military, better farming, improved medical knowledge b.= population explosion c. Sultans* (Ruler or Capliph) rejected Western reform 5. Young Turks Demand Reform a. 1908—Young Turks overthrew the Ottoman sultan  6. Armenian Genocide* (=the systematic extermination of an entire ethnic group) a. Young Turks singled out Christian Armenians i. They were wealthy, educated, Christian in a Muslim country b. =over 1,000,000 Armenians slaughtered & denied by the Turkish govt Armenian civilians are marched to a nearby prison in Mezireh by armed Turkish soldiers. Kharpert, Ottoman Empire, April 1915 “Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?” Adolph Hitler, 1939 System of a Down: a rock group who is Armenian Americans This song, Holy Mountains, is about the Armenian Genocide. “Holy Mountains” by System Of A Down  C. Egypt Seeks to Modernize 1. Muhammad Ali Introduces Reforms a. ”Father of Modern Egypt” b. Improved Egypt’s: tax collection, reorganized land, created more irrigation projects c. Egypt becoming more of a power d. Expanded Egyptian territory Muhammad Ali’s Flag 2. Building the Suez Canal* a. Ferdinand de Lesseps: idea to build the canal to connect the Red Sea w/ the Mediterranean Sea=shortcut b. Canal controlled by British once it was built=toll $ 3. Becoming a British Protectorate a. 1882—Egypt becomes an official protectorate of Britain Egypt’s Population Density What is the pattern? IV. THE BRITISH TAKE OVER INDIA A. East India Company & Rebellion 1. Exploiting Indian Diversity a. Britain used the Muslim v. Hindu rivalry against India 2. Implementing British Policies a. East India Company’s #1 goal: to make money i. =owners/investors grew rich b. +s: improved roads, preserve peace, reduced crime, introduced Western education, tried to end slavery c. Banned Sati* 3. Growing Discontent (1800s) a. Bad moves by East India Company: i. Sepoys* to serve in British military anywhere, not just India ii. Hindu widows could remarry iii. New rifles to sepoys w/ animal fat in cartridge casing (Hindu violation) 4. Rebellion & Aftermath a. Rebellion by Sepoys v. British b. East India Company replaced by British govt. B. Impact of British Colonial Rule 1. British Raj*--set up by British parliament to rule India a. Viceroy of India b. India absorbed into British economy c. British expected India to be happy w/ modernizing & accepting British custom 2. An Unequal Partnership a. +: British built roads, improved education, built factories, improved communications & farming b. --=deforestation, only Britain profiting economically, ruined India’s hand-weaving industry 3. Population Growth & Famine a. Medical improvements b. New farming methods c. =rapid population growth d. =trouble feeding the Indian people due to cash crops exports like tea 4. Benefits of British Rule a. Peace b. Revised legal system=justice c. Railroads d. Telegraph e. Postal system f. National Pride & unity C. Indian Nationalism Grows 1. Indian National Congress a. Believed in peaceful protest b. Wanted more democracy c. Wanted eventual self-rule 2. Muslim League a. Muslims & Hindus work together at first b. Muslims formed own political party & wanted own Muslim state in India V. CHINA & THE NEW IMPERIALISM A. Trade Between Britain & China 1. Before 1800s: a. European trade only in ports b. =Chinese trade surplus* c. =trade deficit* for Europe 2. The Opium War a. Chinese Opium traded for Indian tea b. British wouldn’t stop trading the drug c. British defeated Chinese in war 3. Unequal Treaties a. Treaty of Nanjing*--1842 i. China had to pay Britain for losses in the Opium War ii. Hong Kong to Britain until 1996 Extraterritoriality* to British citizens living in China C. The Taiping Rebellion Weakens China 1. Qing Dynasty weakened: a. Poor irrigation systems b. Flooding c. Starvation d. Extravagant court e. Govt Corruption f. =Taiping Rebellion 1850-64 i. 20-30 million Chinese killed ii. Qing stayed in power, but weak D. Launching Reform Efforts 1. Self-Strengthening Movement a. Imported Western technology b. Built factories for modern weapons c. Improved education 2. War With Japan a. Japan allied with West, went to war with China (lost) b. Japanese took over Taiwan 3. Carving Spheres of Influence a. British in East, French in South b. U.S. in several ports c. =Open Door Policy* 4. Hundred Days of Reform a. Guang Xu--emperor who tried to reform China E. Qing Dynasty Falls 1. Boxer Uprising*--1899 “Society of the Righteous & Harmonious Fists” a. Chinese Boxers tried to get rid of all Westerners & their ideas, culture=failed 2. Aftermath of the Uprising a. More Chinese supported Westernization b. =Reforms: i. Chinese women now educated ii. More science & math instead of Confucianism iii. More Chinese students sent abroad to study iv. Economic Expansion in mining, shipping ,railroads, banking v. Exports of cash crops 3. Three Principles of the People= a. Chinese Nationalism b. Democracy c. Economic security for the Chinese 4. Birth of a Republic a. Early 20th century: constant civil war=a weakened China The 1912-1928 flag of the Republic of China: 5 Races Under 1 Union Boxer Rebellion Video