World Events & Exploration: 15th-16th Centuries PDF

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COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER No part of this material may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the owner, except for personal academic use and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Prof. Jemma M. Gonzales A. World’s Events  A. World’s Events From the 8th until the 15th century, the Republic of Venice and neighboring maritime republics held the monopoly of European trade with the Middle East. The silk and spice trade, involving spices, incense, herbs, drugs and opium, made these Mediterranean city-states phenomenally rich. Spices were among the most expensive and in-demand products of the Middle Ages, used in medicine. They were all imported from Asia and Africa. Venetian merchants distributed then the goods through Europe until the rise of the Ottoman Empire, that eventually led to the fall of Constantinople in 1453, barring Europeans from important combined land-sea routes  A. World’s Events Two powerful countries to explore and rival the routes: 1. Spain 2. Portugal -Due to fall of Constantinople that resulted closing trade routes to the east and scarcity of valued spices such as pepper and cinnamon. - Same happened with Italian market that valued slaves, silk, gold, and silver.  A. World’s Events What is the significance/use of Spices in the history of the world??? 1. The strong preservative quality of many spices made them ideal for embalming 2. Fragrance that curry the favor of gods. 3. Mystical properties for ingesting and smoking 4. Medicine 5. Cooking  Portugal -First to discover trade routes in Asia thru its navigators: 1. Prince Henry (Henry the Navigator)- navigation shool in 1419 2. Bartolome Diaz- discovered the Cape of Good hope (next slide) 3. Vasco de Gama- sailed in Cape of Good Hope and discovered Calicut, India; that led to formation of Portuguese trading centers in Malaca (Malaysia now), Moluccas (Indonesia now), China and Japan Portugal Cape of Good Hope Spain -Explored the routes in the west 1. Christopher Columbus- discovered American continent 2. Vasco Nunez de Balboa- discovered Pacific Ocean  Papal Bull -To settle the rivalry between the 2 countries -Issued by Alexander VI -Papal Bull divided the world in imaginary line 483 kms west of Azores -Lands in the East should belong to Portugal and West for Spain -But being biased, and giving Spain the rights to lands conquered in the East, Portugal opposed, and the Treaty of Tordesillas was made. Papal Bull Azores Treaty of Tordesillas Treaty of Tordesillas -Signed by Spain and Portugal on June 7, 1498 with the ff. Provisions: 1. A new demarcation line of 100 degrees west of Cape Verde Islands and Azores 2. All lands discovered in the west belong to Spain and East belong to Portugal 3. In cases, Spain discovered a land in the East, it must be given to Portugal and vice versa. 4. Spain is not allowed to trade with lands under Portuguese jurisdiction and vice versa.  B. Ferdinand Magellan -Noble and intelligent man -Portuguese sailor who served King Manuel I of Portugal -Because of disappointment to King Manuel of Portugal for new discovery, chose to serve the King of Spain King Charles V. -King Charles approved his recommendation going to east with new route passing American continent. B. Ferdinand Magellan Magellan in the Philippines TRIVIA Magellan’s slave, Enrique, however, was born in either Cebu or Mallaca and came to Europe with Magellan by ship. Ten years later, he then returned to both Cebu (with Magellan) and Mallaca (after Magellan died) by ship on the armada’s westward route. So Enrique was the first person to circumnavigate the world in one direction, from point A to point A. MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI - 1564- 1575 -King Philip II inherited the throne and instructed Fray Andres de Urdaneta to lead an expedition to the east -Urdaneta chose Legazpi to be the Captain general of the 6 ships and 350 men with 6 priests Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – EL DELANTADO (the governor) - EL VIEJO (the Elder) - founded Cebu in Philippines - reached Samar and had blood compact with Chief Camutuhan Legazpi and Sikatuna Legazpi Conquers Cebu April 1565 the Armada left for Cebu with the help of Sikatuna and Legaspi -Conquered Cebu and decided to establish settlement - The chieftain of Cebu Tupas (son of Humabon) refused peace terms and fought. Tupas lost the game and was forced to sign an agreement - It was a challenge in Cebu due to natives and Portuguese who claimed - Not feared, decided to move in Panay and sent Martin de Goiti in Manila Conquest of Manila -October 1566, Spanish reinforcements of Legazpi arrived for Cebu and Panay - First is with grandsons Felipe de Salacedo and Juan de Salcedo -Next is 2 ships with soldiers arrived in Cebu to augment the troop - Because of overwhelming support from Visayans, Legazpi decided to sent expeditions throughout the country, that led to Manila. MANILA - Manila situated at the bank of the river was fully guarded - Head was Rajah Soliman with Rajah Matanda - Goiti wanted to talk to Soliman but the rajah refused any agreement that led to battle on May 24, 1570. - Soliman was defeated and Goiti returned to Panay to report to Legazpi what happened - May 16, 1571 after a year, Legazpi conquered Manila for the 2nd time, and all the local leaders (Laya and Lakandula even with hesitation Soliman) made peace with him. - In few days, thousands of warriors from Agonoy and Macabebe met in Tondo to refused Spaniards. Conquest of Manila -June 1, 1572 a Royal decree was made with the 3 chieftains to organize a city council (2 mayors, 12 councilors and secretary) - Legazpi ordered the establisment of walled city (Intramuros) - His grandsons continued conquering provinces -Successive colonies made them plan for colonial government which lasted for 333 years. -Legazpi died of heart failure, poor in 1572 -His body was laid to rest in San Agustin Church