SAR Ground Staff Foundation Course PDF

Ground Staff Foundation Course July 2024, Fright Operation Training Department SAR.COM.SA SECTION 1 Definitions  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Air Ho...

Ground Staff Foundation Course July 2024, Fright Operation Training Department SAR.COM.SA SECTION 1 Definitions  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Air Hose The flexible pipes that are fitted to the headstocks of vehicles and are connected between vehicles by means of a coupling head. When connected, the hoses allow pressurised air to flow between (and into) each vehicle. This is to enable vehicle mounted, air-operated equipment to function (i.e. air brakes / door operating systems) 3  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions A Position of Safety You are in a position of safety if you are at least 2 metres (6 feet 6 inches) from the nearest line on which a train can approach. 4  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Air Pipe Cock A valve fitted at the fixed end of the air hose and operated by a rotating handle. When opened, the rotating handle will allow air to flow through (Angle cock/Isolating cock) the air hose. When closed, it will prevent the flow of air through the hose 5  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Automatic Coupling A vehicle coupling device whose operation requires no manual handling. It is operated by a single (release) lever, which is controlled by the shunter, providing he is standing in a safe position to the side of the vehicle headstock. 6  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Limit of Shunt A location that defines the boundary of shunt between more than one department. Draw Gear A generic term used to describe mechanical coupling and draft components. 7  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Dead Locomotive A locomotive that cannot be operated under its own power and needs to be towed by another operable locomotive. 8  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Dummy Coupling A fitting that is attached to an air hose coupling head when the air hose is not in use. It secures the air hose and prevents dirt and moisture from getting into the hose. 9  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions TILT A device used to detect train line power faults. This can be used when going down a train to establish where in a train there is an interruption in train line power. 10  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Foul Vehicles left in such a position that they may come into contact with vehicles moving on an adjacent track are referred to as Standing Foul. A location where this may occur is known as a ‘Fouling Point’. 11  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Ground Staff The person in control of a specific shunting movement. Hauling A rail movement when the locomotive (and driver) is leading. Direction of Travel 12  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Local / Field / Operations Panel (LFOP) A panel which will allow the operator to move switches for the desired route to be set. 13  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Locomotive A self-propelled motive power unit. 14  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Loose Shunting Shunting of vehicles which do not remain attached to the locomotive (Absolutely forbidden by SAR). Mobile / Communications Device A radio, GSM-R handset, telephone or any other device which permits two-way communications. 15  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Multiple Unit Two or more locomotives coupled together and configured for operation from the leading unit. For the purposes of this instruction, multiple unit operation will include the towing of ‘dead’ locomotives. 16  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Not to be Moved Board A sign which indicates that the vehicle must not move under any circumstances. Only the person who applied the Board must remove it. 17  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions On or Near the Line You are on or near the line if you are: within 2m of the nearest rail You are on or near the line if you are: within 2m of the nearest rail on the line, itself. Operational Railway The term Operational Railways include the area called on the lineside and the area called On or Near the Line. 18  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Operator For the purposes of this work instruction, the person in charge of a Locomotive or Track mobile. Person in Charge The person responsible for rail activities and ensuring a safe system of work is in operation. The PIC is responsible for the Yard Shunt Team’s activities. Pilot The employee, on duty on a train, who is responsible for the performance of certain specified duties relating to the safe and efficient working of such train Propelling Pushing vehicles by a traction unit. 19  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Radio A (hand-held) radio handset permitting two-way communication. Rolling Stock Wheeled vehicles that run on railway lines that are either self- propelled (i.e. a locomotive) or vehicles that require attaching to a self-propelled vehicle (i.e. a wagon) to enable them to be moved. RSM Zone The area which falls under the operational supervision of the RSM supervisor or foreman. Shunter The employee engaged in coupling and uncoupling vehicles and the movement of trains or vehicles within prescribed limits. The person in control of a specific shunting movement. 20  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Shunting Movement Any movement of a train or vehicle other than a train passing normally along a running line. Solebar The load bed of the wagons. 21  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Stop Board Indication of limit of movement where you may not pass without further authority. 22  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Switch Indicator A visual Aid to indicate to a shunter and loco driver which way a switch is set and if the switch is facing or trailing. 23  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions The lineside You are lineside if you are: More than 2 metres from the nearest rail and Inside the railway boundary fence. You are not lineside if you are on a station platform. You are not lineside if you are outside the railway boundary fence 24  Ground Staff Foundation Course Definitions Driver Qualified locomotive operator or machine operator. Vehicles An item (or items) of rolling stock. Within the rail corridor You are in the rail corridor if you are 10m from the nearest line unless a boundary fence has been established. 25 SECTION 2 Abbreviations  Abbreviations You are going to come across these abbreviations throughout this course and during the course of your duties in the Rail Yard. It is important you understand the meaning of these abbreviations when communicating with your colleagues during safety critical communications  Ground Staff Foundation Course Abbreviations Abbreviations CTC Chief Train Controller-This person is situated within OCC (Operations Control Centre which is currently based at Riyadh. The PIC (Person In Charge) that you may liaise with from time to time report to the Chief Train Controller CTP The Control Transfer Point –This will be the point where any wagons or locomotives are collected or delivered to the RSM as required by the business. GSM-R Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway. This is a means of communication by radio so that shunters and OCC can communicate with locomotive drivers LFOP Local Field Operations Panel. This is a panel operated by the shunter that moves a switch in the direction required. LMS Locomotive Maintenance Shop. This is where locomotives are maintained and repaired. This department falls under the RSM (Rolling Stock Maintenance) department OBS On Board Supervisor. This person is responsible for On Board (Main Line) operations LWI or Local Working Instructions or Local Working Arrangements. This is a document available to you where LWA you will find details of your local working practices and methods of work. 28  Ground Staff Foundation Course Abbreviations Abbreviations OCC Operation Control Centre. This department controls the movement of all SAR trains and is currently based in Riyadh. All yards and Terminals will liaise with OCC when accepting and/or departing trains to/from the network. PIC Person in Charge This person is responsible for rail activities and ensuring a safe system of work is in operation. The PIC is responsible for the Yard Shunt Team’s activities. PPE Personal Protective Equipment This is equipment issues to you personally which you must wear. It will prevent you having an injury. You will use it to ensure you are safe when carrying out your duties RAT Run-Around Track This is the term used for a type of track used within a yard. In Nariyah we have RAT1, RAT2 and RAT3 RSM Rolling Stock Maintenance This is the department responsible for maintaining and repairing Rolling Stock. Within this department is WMS and LMS, the Wagon Maintenance and Locomotive Maintenance departments SAR Saudi Railway Company SCC Security Control Centre This control Centre controls all matters relating to the Security of SAR assets and operation. 29  Ground Staff Foundation Course Abbreviations Abbreviations WMS Wagon Maintenance Shop This facility is where all our wagon maintenance and repair activities take place CPD Continual Professional Development This applies to all of us within the Rail Industry. Our competence management system ensures we continually develop our compentency. PDR Performance Review This is a review conducted by your line foreman, supervisor or manager when assessing your performance. REC Railway Emergency Group Call This is an emergency call made which needs to involve more than 1 participant HOT Hidden Obvious and Typical MOW Method of Work There will be a Method of Work in your workplace for every task you undertake. These can be found within your LWI’s or LWA’s RFID Radio Frequency Identification Device This is a device attached to an asset so that it can be identified. You will hear the term RFID tags. These are fitted to rolling stock so when an wagon and/or loco is passing a RFID reader it can be identified. The RFID readers are situated on the rail network. 30  Ground Staff Foundation Course Abbreviations Abbreviations EOT End Of Train device This device is placed at the end of the train so that the loco can detect where the end of the train is. This is always placed on the very end (rear most) wagon ICC Inter Car Connector. This is a cable used to connect the electrical supply from one wagon to another. ICC Inter Car Connector. This is a cable used to connect the electrical supply from one wagon to another. CCID Car Control and Identification Device This is a device fitted to a wagon that communicates with a locomotive when connected. The locomotive will identify this wagon on the fire screen when they are connected via the ICC 31  Ground Staff Foundation Course Abbreviations EOT ICC CCID 32 SECTION 3 FATIGUE AND LIFESTYLE  Fatigue and Lifestyle The rail industry has specific challenges relating to sleep. Fatigue has been identified as a factor in 21% of high-risk incidents, and insufficient sleep and long periods of being awake are known to be two key contributors to fatigue. In 2019, the UK Rail Safety Board carried out an industry-wide fatigue survey, which collected data from over 7800 rail workers. Over 40% reported getting six hours or less sleep when working day shifts and this figure was even higher (over 60%) when working nights. This matters because getting six hours or less of sleep has been linked with impaired performance in safety-critical tasks. Most worrying, 11% of shift workers surveyed reported that, by the time they finished work, they had been awake for 18-24 hours at least once during the previous week. Being awake for 18-24 hours is equivalent to drink-driving. So for these workers that means there’s been at least one occasion in the last week in which some aspects of their performance have probably suffered impairment equivalent to drinking and driving. 34 Fatigue and Lifestyle Feeling tired? Fatigue and Lifestyle Here is some advice from doctors, scientists, and other shift workers on how to manage and avoid fatigue. By following these small steps, you can make sure that you are as rested as you can be and fit for duty. Sleep Well Get enough, good quality sleep. Most people need about 8 hours' sleep in every 24 hours and getting less than 5 or 6 hours can cause safety problems.  Ground Staff Foundation Course Fatigue and Lifestyle How to improve your chances of getting good sleep: Avoid daylight and bright light before bed. Light can make you alert. Avoid looking at devices with backlit screens, such as touchscreen phones and tablet devices. Use blackout curtains, blinds, or a sleeping mask to block light when sleeping. Plan your food and drink. Do not eat a large meal, fatty or spicy foods, just before you sleep. But do eat enough so that your sleep is not disturbed by hunger. Avoid caffeinated drinks (coffee, tea, cola, energy drinks). Have your last caffeinated drink at least 6 hours before bed. Don't get dehydrated: drink water. Do not smoke, vape or use alcohol to help you sleep. Alcohol and nicotine disturb the typical sleep pattern and will make you more tired in the long run. A stroll before bedtime can help, but don't do exercise. A good exercise programme can improve your sleep but exercising close to bedtime can disturb your sleep. Reduce your chances of being woken up by the noise. Switch off phones, ask the family to help by keeping quiet, and use earplugs if you can't eliminate the noise. Make sure your sleeping conditions are as comfortable as they can be and the room is cool. 37  Ground Staff Foundation Course Fatigue and Lifestyle Wind down. Find a bedtime routine that works for you and stick to it. If you have a work phone, laptop or other devices, avoid using them before bed. Try to let go of work. It may sound obvious, but… Lie down in bed and relax. You will sleep best in bed, not on a chair or sofa. Take your mind off things by imagining lying outside on a sunny day or taking a relaxing stroll somewhere you like. Don't stress about sleep. Know your facts and do what you can to get enough sleep, but if you can't sleep, worrying will only make it worse. Try getting up, doing relaxation exercises or listening to calming music, and then going back to bed. 38  Napping Before Work Taking a nap can increase your alertness, improve your mood and reduce sleepiness. It can improve your performance and safety. Even short naps of 20 minutes are effective. But if you are preparing for a night shift, try for an afternoon sleep of 90 minutes or more. If you nap for more than 20 minutes, you may be groggy when you wake up and feel tired for another 20 minutes. Plan for this (set an alarm clock), and don't do anything safety critical at this time, including driving a car. Our body clock programmes us to be alert in the morning, late afternoon or early evening. If you find it difficult to nap in at these times, try napping during the 'post-lunch dip' in the early afternoon. The advice on getting good sleep can also help you nap.  Ground Staff Foundation Course Fatigue and Lifestyle Plan your Food and Drink If you work nights, plan ahead. Eat your main meal before you leave for work. It can be difficult (and expensive) to find healthy food at night, so bring healthy food and snacks with you. 40  Fatigue and Lifestyle At Work: Regular breaks Take all breaks that are available to you. Avoid work activities during your break. Regular, healthy food and drink Avoid eating high-fat, greasy or spicy foods, especially during the night. Skip the sweet snacks. Remember, sugars can affect digestion and leave you craving more. Try to eat in a relaxing environment, and chew your food well. Drink plenty of water. Invest in a stainless-steel water bottle. Avoid caffeine if possible, particularly late in the shift. Avoid energy drinks that are high in sugar. These will give you a sugar rush but then leave you feeling worse. Light Spending time in daylight or bright areas can help you feel alert. This may not be possible for everyone on a night shift, but if you can take a break in a bright room, you might find it helps.  Ground Staff Foundation Course Fatigue and Lifestyle After Work Your journey At the end of your work, you might be suffering from fatigue, which can affect your safety on your way home. If your company has provided accommodation close to your work, remember that this is for your safety, health and livelihood. Always use it. Don't drive tired. If you feel tired, consider taking a nap or exercising before driving home. If you are a passenger, try to avoid sunlight or bright light as much as possible. Wrap-around sunglasses may help to block out light. When you get back When you return from a night shift, have a very light snack and go to bed immediately. The sooner you get to bed, the better you will sleep. If you're going back on a night shift, sleep as long as you can (lie in till noon), and then sleep again in the afternoon before your shift. If you have had your last night shift, have a shorter sleep, get up, and go to bed early in the evening. We do not recommend sleeping pills because they have hangover effects and are addictive. Always talk to your GP before using them. 42  Ground Staff Foundation Course Fatigue and Lifestyle Your Health Sleep disorders (e.g., You may lose alertness and get tired insomnia and sleep quickly if you suffer from health issues. For apnea) can significantly impact sleep and example: fatigue. Diabetes, depression, Some common anxiety, underactive illnesses like cold and thyroid and chronic Some medications can flu can also disrupt fatigue syndrome can make you drowsy. sleep and cause all lead to a lack of fatigue. energy. If you are suffering from sleep problems or extreme sleepiness at work, you should contact your Occupational Health Department and your doctor for advice. 43 Fatigue and Lifestyle Your commute Driving can make you tired before you even start work. Long journeys to and from work can cause fatigue. Even if you don't drive, a long commute can make it more challenging to nap or sleep before work. Long journeys will impact your safety, health and livelihood. Think about this when choosing where to live and work. It may be safer for you to use public transport. If you are driving, be aware of the risks. Leave plenty of time, don't rush, drive defensively and stop if you feel sleepy.  Ground Staff Foundation Course Fatigue and Lifestyle Take the fatigue quiz and see if you could improve your fatigue levels. 45 SECTION 4 General Duties and Responsibilities  Introduction Objective: Understand the essential duties and responsibilities for ensuring safety and operational efficiency.  Ground Staff Foundation Course Reporting for Duty You are healthy and well-rested. You are not under the influence of alcohol or drugs. You have declared any medications to SAR. You have your PTS card, SAR ID, and PPE. Before starting You have your approved spectacles or hearing aids your shift, (and a spare). ensure: You have all necessary equipment and publications. Your SAR Mobile Communication device (Phone or GSM-R handset) is fully charged. You have signed all relevant notices. You have all required operational forms. 48  Ground Staff Foundation Course Medical Guidelines Medical Condition: Medication: Corrective Lenses: Inform your Terminal Master of Notify the OCC of any new any new medical conditions Wear your lenses while on duty. medication. ASAP. Inform your Terminal Master of Carry a spare pair if needed for any prescribed medication distance vision. before your shift. Tell your doctor about your safety-critical work for appropriate prescriptions. 49  Ground Staff Foundation Course Sunglasses You may wear sunglasses when exposed to direct sunlight or glare. 50  Ground Staff Foundation Course Work Methods and Wagon Briefs Familiarize yourself with all relevant work methods and SAR wagon briefs. 51  Ground Staff Foundation Course Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Always wear the appropriate PPE for your role and location. Minimum requirements for High-visibility vest, jacket, or coat (with reflective strips) railway work: Steel-toed boots Follow site-specific PPE requirements as per local instructions. Additional PPE: Keep PPE clean and in good condition. Safety boots High visibility vest safety glasses Head light Safety gloves Snake gaiters 52  Ground Staff Foundation Course Personal Equipment Always carry your company ID and necessary equipment: Hand Notebook and Train Mobile phone Radios Defect Cards Clamp Keys lamp/torch pen documentation 53  Ground Staff Foundation Course Publications Maintain and carry these documents while on duty: Site method of work or local working Special instructions relevant to your SAR rule book instructions post 54  Ground Staff Foundation Course Health and Safety Your Responsibility: Ensure the safety of yourself, Protect company and public Safeguard the environment employees, and the public property 55  Ground Staff Foundation Course Safe System of Work Follow work methods for protection: Never place your hand in Use the correct tools only if trained Do not perform tasks without the machinery that is not shut down and competent correct tools and secured 56  Ground Staff Foundation Course Accident/Incident Reporting Report all accidents/incidents and unsafe conditions Report immediately: Do not assume any injury is too small to report 57  Ground Staff Foundation Course Accident/Incident Management Stop all train movements and activities Protect the train to prevent further involvement (emergency call to OCC if needed) Call emergency services if necessary If an accident Inform the Terminal Master or representative occurs Follow all local emergency procedures Complete an interview with your Line Manager Submit a written report before booking off duty Take photos if possible After making Record any valuable information for the investigator the site safe Do not interfere with evidence, except to help the injured or prevent further harm 58  Ground Staff Foundation Course Safe Walking Routes Use designated routes: Stick to authorized Safe Walking Routes as published locally 59  Ground Staff Foundation Course Lifestyle and Professional Operations Dangers of being tired at work: Loss of concentration Poor judgment of speed and distance Slow reactions Rest and Risk of falling asleep Fatigue Signs of drowsiness: Frequent yawning and wandering thoughts Sudden realization of lost concentration Eyes closing or going out of focus Difficulty keeping your head up 60  Ground Staff Foundation Course Lifestyle and Professional Operations What to Do if You Feel Drowsy Temporary steps to increase alertness: Inform your Drink cold water; Manager/Supervi Ensure you are Rinse your face eat a sandwich or sor if you can't well-rested with cold water fruit handle before duty drowsiness 61  Ground Staff Foundation Course Lifestyle and Professional Operations Heat Exposure Precautions in hot climates: Avoid direct sun Wear light Apply SPF 30 Drink plenty of from 10am to clothing and a sunscreen and water 4pm; stay in the wide-brimmed reapply every 2 shade hat hours 62  Ground Staff Foundation Course Lifestyle and Professional Operations Before duty: Ensure you are fit for work Know the method of work for your location Carry all necessary documents and working equipment Be aware of any location-specific restrictions Personal Preparation Returning from leave or illness: Familiarize yourself with any changes or updates affecting your work 63 SECTION 5 Non-technical Skills(NTS)  Ground Staff Foundation Course Non-technical Skills (NTS) 65  Ground Staff Foundation Course Non-technical Skills (NTS) What are non-technical skills? Technical skills and underpinning knowledge describe what you need to do and what you need to know for a given safety critical task. Non-technical skills describe HOW you will do that task. For example, undertaking a shunt around the yard requires certain technical skills such as moving switches, or stopping the train 5 meters from another vehicle. These tasks also require non-technical skills such as maintaining concentration, checking and communication. Non-technical skills complement technical skills and underpinning knowledge and help you understand your approach to tasks, the risk and errors that can occur, and how your approach can be enhanced to mitigate against risk and errors. 66  Ground Staff Foundation Course Non-technical Skills (NTS) NTS Categories 67  Ground Staff Foundation Course Non-technical Skills (NTS) 68  Ground Staff Foundation Course Non-technical Skills (NTS) What link do NTS have with your tasks? Most tasks or actions you do whether in work or outside of work follow a general pattern of observing, understanding, deciding what to do and then picking an action. This is represented by the action model below: UNDERSTAND OBSERVE DECIDE ACT (KNOWLEDGE) The first thing that happens is a person observes something (eg, a signal displaying a red aspect or a pan that is boiling over) What they have observed is processed in some way and sense is made of it (eg, the train needs to be stopped at the red signal or a SPAD/movement authority exceedence will result or take the pan off the boil or a mess will be made) Following this ‘understanding’ process, a decision is made about what action to take (to stop the train or take the pan off the boil) Finally, an action is carried out. 69  Ground Staff Foundation Course Non-technical Skills (NTS) Examples using the action model; Driver approaching a red signal aspect- The driver will observe the aspect and will understand (using their knowledge) what the red aspect means. The driver will then decide what action to take and then the driver will act. During this example, to ensure the task is carried out correctly, there is a use of many non-technical skills. The driver observed the signal but the driver was able to do this because he showed good use of the following NTS: Overall awareness- if the driver didn’t use overall awareness, then the driver would not have known the train was on the approach to a signal Maintain concentration- if the driver didn’t maintain concentration, then the driver will not have observed the signal as their mind was elsewhere. Anticipation of risk- using drivers route knowledge, the driver will know that a signal is approaching. Anticipating the risk of a red signal aspect will reduce the risk of a SPAD as the driver will be able to react to the signal quicker and therefore approach the signal cautiously. Prioritising- the driver prioritised observing the signal rather than for example, taking a bottle of water out of their bag. 70  Ground Staff Foundation Course Non-technical Skills (NTS) Shunter shunting a train from A to B- Using their knowledge, the shunter will check that the route is set correctly. The shunter will then decide if it is safe for the driver to be given authority to make a movement. The shunter will use good communication skills to speak with the driver to issue instructions for the movement. During this example, to ensure the task is carried out correctly, there is a use of many non-technical skills such as: Systematic and thorough approach- The shunter should use a logical and thorough approach to ensure no steps in the method of work is missed. Follows rules and procedures- Complies with the rules and procedures which you are taught during training. Checking- The shunter should check that the route is set and that switches are secured. If in doubt- CHECK AGAIN. Communication- Using good communication to ensure messages are repeated back and most importantly UNDERSTOOD. Overall awareness- Taking a step back from the detail and having an overall look at the situation to ensure the move can be made safely. 71  Ground Staff Foundation Course Non-technical Skills (NTS) Summary Without good use of non-technical skills, you are at higher risk of having an incident. Think about some of the day to day duties you do and how you can link the non-technical skills with these. 72  Ground Staff Foundation Course Non-technical Skills (NTS) 73 SECTION 6 Communication Protocols and Procedures  Introduction Objective: Understand the essential communication protocols for safety and efficiency in railway operations. Communications Ground Staff Foundation Course 76  Ground Staff Foundation Course Communications Safety critical communications are an extremely important part of the safe and efficient running of the Saudi Arabia Railway. Communications have long been known to be a key contributory factor in safety incidents across the network. What are some communication errors? No communication at all Wrong information given Incomplete information given Unclear communication Badly expressed information Misheard message Not listening to the message Failure to reach a clear understanding Not repeating back the message Not using correct communication protocol 77  Ground Staff Foundation Course Communications How can we 1. Make sure you are speaking to the right “Hello train controller, this is the driver of XXXX reduce errors in person; stood at your XXXX signal” communication? “Hello driver of XXXX stood at XXXX signal, this is the train controller ” 2. Give your exact location; “Hello driver, this is the shunter at Nariyah yard” “Hello shunter at Nariyah yard, this is the driver stood on WMS4 line, Nariyah yard” 3. Come to a clear understanding about the task you are carrying out 4. If necessary, let the person know how you can be contacted 5. Ensure you use the phonetic alphabet, especially if trying to spell out names and locations that are difficult to understand. 6. Ensure you say numbers one at a time such as “one, two” rather than “twelve” 78  Ground Staff Foundation Course Communications Never use the words ‘not clear’ to describe a line which is obstructed. Always use the term ‘line blocked’ Repeat the message back (this is very important as it will prove to the person giving the message that you have heard the message correctly) IF THE PERSON DOESN’T REPEAT YOUR MESSAGE BACK THEN ASK THEM TO REPEAT WHAT YOU HAVE SAID! Ensure you understand the message. If you do not understand what the message means, then you MUST ask for them to clarify what they are saying before you act! DO NOT FEEL EMBARESSED TO ASK THEM TO EXPLAIN WHAT THEY ARE ASKING YOU TO DO! 79  Ground Staff Foundation Course Communications Communication Methods: Always use approved communication methods (phone, radio, hand signals). Ensure your message is clearly understood. Repeat back any received message to confirm understanding. Do not allow train movement unless instructions are fully understood by both parties. Use the phonetic alphabet to prevent misunderstandings, especially when establishing your location. 80  Ground Staff Foundation Course Communications A reminder of some safety critical communication phrases that you can use 81  Ground Staff Foundation Course General Emergency Call In the event of an accident or serious incident, follow these steps: Start with: "This is an Emergency Call.“ Provide Your name and job title Your current location Your phone contact details (if applicable) Exact location and details of the incident State the required action for the OCC to take. Ensure the train controller reads back your message for confirmation. 82  Ground Staff Foundation Course Rail Dangerous Goods Emergency Call For incidents involving Dangerous Goods (DG): Follow the general emergency call steps. Additional information: Advise OCC to stop all trains on adjacent lines (unless the incident is minor with no damage). Provide: Wagon numbers (if known) Positions on train or in siding UN numbers on the wagons Describe protection arrangements applied. 83  Ground Staff Foundation Course Mobile Phones Use your mobile phone only if your duties require it and you Usage Guidelines: are in a safe position. Operating controls of a moving train, engine, or machine Prohibited use of In the controlling cab of a moving train or engine (unless call mobile phones: is duty-related and not distracting the driver) Controlling a company vehicle 84  Ground Staff Foundation Course Correct Use of Radios Using a radio/GSM-R handset: Press the 'transmit' button fully before speaking and release after finishing. Ensure the channel is free before speaking. Speak directly into the mouthpiece at a normal volume and rhythm. Use clear sentences and standard railway terminology. Spell difficult words using the Phonetic Alphabet. Avoid slurring words and hesitation sounds like "um" and "err". Repeat back messages to confirm understanding. Request repetition if you do not understand the message. Safety-critical communication must be in English. 85  Ground Staff Foundation Course Shunting Communications Safe Practices: Before starting work: Follow safe communication practices Inspect your radio for sufficient battery during shunting operations. power. Ensure the radio is turned on, set to the Use two-way radio or GSM-R handsets correct frequency, and volume is set for as the primary methods. clear hearing 86  Ground Staff Foundation Course Hand Signals A radio is not available Short formation shunting by All parties have a clear understanding hand signal is allowed if: A suitable method of work has been agreed upon 87  Ground Staff Foundation Course Telephone Use in Emergencies If a radio is not available in an emergency: Use a mobile phone Ensure continuous communication can be maintained 88  Ground Staff Foundation Course Controlling Train Movement When using radio or phone to control train movement: Stand in a safe position Clearly identify the train and driver Maintain constant communication with the driver Speak continuously (every 5 seconds) during propelling movements Instruct the driver to stop if transmission fails Ensure the driver stops immediately if there is a break in transmission; restart only on instruction During shunting: Do not interrupt unless it is an emergency Use "Break, Break" before speaking Keep messages brief and to the point Avoid inappropriate language Emergency stop procedure: Say "EMERGENCY STOP, STOP, STOP" immediately Explain the issue after the movement stops 89  Ground Staff Foundation Course Stopping Trains Provide adequate warning to the driver: Ensure clear communication and focus on the stopping point Avoid distractions, especially near signals, fouling points, other vehicles, and buffer stops Controlled countdown for stopping: Long-distance propelling: Use meters: 300m, 200m, 100m, down to 10m 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 "Prepare to Stop" "Stop, standby" Splitting wagons or clearing switches: Use wagon lengths: 4 wagons, 3 wagons, 2 wagons, 1 wagon - last wagon "Prepare to Stop" "Stop, standby" 90  Ground Staff Foundation Course Hand Signals 91  Ground Staff Foundation Course Hand Signals 92 SECTION 7 Shunting Procedures and Safety  Introduction Objective: Understand essential shunting procedures and safety protocols to minimize risks and ensure smooth operations.  Ground Staff Foundation Course Personal Safety Responsibilities: Safety of Operations Staff is overseen by the Yard Master or Terminal Team Leader, but each individual is responsible for their own safety. Personal Safety Guidelines: Ensure clear understanding of current and intended actions with all personnel involved in shunting movements. Be aware of limited clearances and never take risks. Always keep a good lookout. Prohibited Actions: Do not get on or off a moving rail vehicle. Do not ride on any vehicle other than a locomotive. Do not go between vehicles unless absolutely certain they cannot move. Do not remain between vehicles during any movement (ease-up, coupling-up, detaching locomotive). 95  Ground Staff Foundation Course Personal Safety Going Between Vehicles: Wait until the vehicles have stopped completely. Inform the driver you are “going in between.” Instruct other staff not to move wagons or the locomotive until you are clear. Crossing Tracks: Stay 7 meters away from any stationary vehicles in case they move unexpectedly. When crossing from one side of a train to the other, use the steps and access platform; do not climb over or under the coupler. 96  Ground Staff Foundation Course Reducing Shunting Risk Prior to the Movement Clear Understanding: Communicate with all involved parties (Driver, Pilot, RSM, and other staff) to establish: Who will control the movement How the movement will be controlled The purpose of the movement Check and Confirm: Sidings involved and current conditions (capacity, vehicles, scotches, lighting) Type of vehicles and any degraded mode of working (isolated brakes, propelling movements) Presence of people working on or near the track or vehicles Involvement of road or foot crossings Depot protection status and necessary authority to proceed Correct authority before starting movement Safe coupling and uncoupling procedures (track curvature) Visibility restrictions End position of the movement to avoid fouling points or risks to subsequent movements 97  Ground Staff Foundation Course Reducing Shunting Risk Reducing the Risk of Derailment: Switches and Track Conditions: Check all switches for proper fitting and blade damage (do not assess from a distance) Ensure trailing switches are correctly set for the direction of travel Verify that vehicles stabled over switches have not been moved Comply with speed restrictions (excessive speed increases derailment risk) Check for scotches or debris fouling the track, especially in poor lighting LFOP Operations: Do not operate an LFOP unless trained and authorized 98  Ground Staff Foundation Course Reducing the Risk of Collision Preventing Collisions: Communicate with others in the yard to understand all movements. Ensure all switches are set correctly. Keep a lookout for any obstructions left on the line (e.g., wagons, road vehicles). Do not leave wagons/locos foul of switches; ensure they are clear. Use ‘Safe Clearance Markers’ as a guide. 99  Ground Staff Foundation Course Reducing the Risk of Uncontrolled Movement Preventing Uncontrolled Movements: Apply the required number of handbrakes to all stabled wagons. Do not remove scotches or release handbrakes unless wagons are attached to secured wagons or a loco. Do not buffer up to wagons or a loco until confirming they are correctly secured. 100  Ground Staff Foundation Course Controlling Speed Ensure the train does not exceed speed limits. Be prepared to instruct the driver to slow down if moving too fast. Take extra care when approaching hazards and reduce speed in degraded Speed visibility (e.g., sandstorms). Control: Always comply with local speed limits. 101  Ground Staff Foundation Course Propelling Movements Guidelines for Propelling Movements: Always be in advance of the propelling movement unless local Method of Work (MOW) states otherwise. If unable to proceed on foot, move to a safe position, then call the train to you. Stop, then move again if necessary. You may ride on the designated platform on the leading locomotive if the safety barrier is in place and functional. Maintain constant communication (every 5 seconds). Keep a lookout for hazards (crossings, trespassers). Warn others of approaching movements. Monitor the train to ensure it is moving correctly. Stop 5 meters from any vehicles, stop-blocks, or shed doors. 102  Ground Staff Foundation Course Attaching or Detaching a Wagon/Locomotive General Safety Guidelines: Stay in a safe position and watch for hazards that could cause tripping or falling between vehicles during coupling/uncoupling. Ensure clear communication with the driver and any other involved personnel before going between vehicles. Always stop short of coupling to prevent heavy impacts. Verify with the driver that train line power is off before handling the ICC. Inform the driver you are "going in between" and wait for acknowledgment. Check for potential movements on adjacent lines or sidings before getting out from between vehicles. Understand the location and hazards, and never take shortcuts. Always wear gloves. 103  Ground Staff Foundation Course Attaching or Detaching a Wagon/Locomotive Coupling Sequence 1. Prepare 2. Align 3. Test 4. Secure 5. Equalize Pressure Perform a pull Stop vehicles at Set and line up test by instructing Open air cocks least 5 meters the couplers, the driver to draw halfway, wait for Release pressure to apart to safely then complete forward. If the handbrakes. equalize, then prepare the the movement to coupling is coupler. engage correctly. locked, the train fully open. won't move. Then, stop the Open the coupler movement. Connect air pipes and the ICC in this order: jaw by pulling the release lever and Door Air Pipe For coupling on a curve, Brake Air Pipe ensuring the open the jaws on both locking pin fully wagons to prevent ICC (Check with the driver that train-line disengages. premature closing. power is off before touching the ICC) 104  Ground Staff Foundation Course Attaching or Detaching a Wagon/Locomotive Uncoupling Sequence: 1. Prepare: Ensure vehicles are completely stopped. Inform the driver you are "going in between" and wait for acknowledgment. 2. Disconnect: Close the air cocks. Disconnect the ICC, ensuring train-line power is off before handling. Secure hoses and ICC cables with appropriate retainers. 3. Secure: Apply handbrakes to stabled vehicles. 4. Release: Move to a safe position, pull the coupling release lever, and instruct the driver to "ease off." If the locking pin is tight, ask the driver to "ease up" to release tension on the pin. 105 SECTION 8 Handling and Safety Procedures for Dangerous Goods  Introduction Objective: Understand the classification, identification, hazards, and safety measures related to Dangerous Goods transported by rail.  Ground Staff Foundation Course Classification of Dangerous Goods Definition: Goods classified as Dangerous due to posing unreasonable risks to health, safety, and property. Hazard Classes: Class 1: Explosives Class 2: Gases Class 3: Flammable Liquids Class 4: Other Flammables Class 5: Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances Class 7: Radioactive Material Class 8: Corrosive Substances Class 9: Miscellaneous Items SAR Transported Goods: Molten Sulfur: Class 4.1 – Flammable Solid Phosphoric Acid: Class 8 – Corrosive 108  Ground Staff Foundation Course Identification - Hazard Placards Description: When transported in a molten state, sulfur is extremely hot (150°C) and is classified as a flammable solid. Molten Sulfur: Hazard: At high temperatures, sulfur reacts with hydrocarbons (such as diesel) to give off Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas. Placard: Display the appropriate hazard placard indicating a flammable solid. 109  Ground Staff Foundation Course Identification - Hazard Placards Description: A corrosive, viscous liquid that reacts with most metals to form flammable hydrogen gas. Hazard: The reaction with metals poses a significant fire and explosion risk. Phosphoric Acid: Placard: Display the appropriate hazard placard indicating a corrosive substance. 110  Ground Staff Foundation Course Identification - United Nations (UN) Number In addition to warning placards, wagons and containers must display an orange plate with the UN Number identifying the dangerous goods contained. Wagons transporting Molten Sulfur and Phosphoric Acid will display the following placards: UN Number: 2448 Placard: Flammable Solid Molten Description: An orange plate with the number Sulfur: "2448" indicating Molten Sulfur. UN Number: 1805 Placard: Corrosive Phosphoric Description: An orange plate with the number Acid: "1805" indicating Phosphoric Acid. 111  Ground Staff Foundation Course Identification - United Nations (UN) Number Identification - Other Markings (Elevated Temperature Hazard) Adverse symptoms may include the following: Ingestion: Toxic if swallowed. Inhalation: Respiratory tract irritation, coughing. Skin: Irritation, redness, especially under repeated or prolonged contact or when moisture is Molten present. Sulfur Eyes: Pain or irritation, watering, redness. Adverse symptoms may include the following: Ingestion: Digestive tract burns including mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Inhalation: Respiratory tract irritation, coughing. Phosphoric Skin: Severe skin burns with permanent damage (scarring). Acid Eyes: Serious eye damage and possible blindness. 112  Ground Staff Foundation Course Actions in Case of an Incident Notification: Notify the OCC immediately via the emergency button on GSM-R radio. Initial Actions: 1. Stop the train in a suitable place considering the type of hazard. 2. Switch off the locomotive. 3. Avoid sources of ignition. 4. Inform OCC with detailed incident information. 5. Keep dangerous goods information readily available for emergency services. 6. Wear prescribed PPE and move away from the incident site. 7. Stay up-wind, avoid spilled substances, fumes, smoke, dust, and vapors. 8. Remove contaminated clothing. 113  Ground Staff Foundation Course Safety Distances Important: Stay Outside These Areas Spillage (Loss of Containment): Stay 100 meters Unless you have permission from a away Dangerous Goods Expert: Fire: Stay 800 meters away 114  Ground Staff Foundation Course PPE Requirements for DG Incidents Do not approach the incident site until a Dangerous Goods specialist gives permission. Hard Hat Safety Glasses with Long-Sleeved Shirt and Side Shields Long Trousers Required PPE Hi-Vis Vest H2S Monitor (for Molten Sulfur Incidents only) Safety Boots (6” High Gloves Lace-Up) 115  Ground Staff Foundation Course First Aid Measures Eye Exposure: Inhalation: Flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes. Move victim to fresh air. Hold eyelids apart. Keep them comfortable for breathing. Remove contact lenses if easy to do. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Continue rinsing. Get medical help immediately. Get medical help immediately. Ingestion: Skin Exposure: Rinse mouth with water. Flush with water for at least 20 minutes. Drink plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Do not induce vomiting. Get medical help immediately. Get medical help immediately. 116  Ground Staff Foundation Course Tank Wagon Inspection Checklist Inspect wagons for: Any leaks from pipes or valves. Any product spillage. Manway covers, outlet caps, and plugs being in place and secure. Locking pins in all fitting covers. Serial number of any security seals applied. Acceptable Spillage Acceptable Spillage NOT Acceptable Spillage 117 SECTION 9 Additional Operational Procedures  Introduction Objective: Understand the essential procedures for operating and maintaining train components and ensuring safety during rail operations.  Ground Staff Foundation Course Electronically Components of ECP Brakes For a train fitted with ECP brakes, the following components are required: Head End Unit (HEU) (Fire Screen): Located in the driving cab Operated by the driver Inter Car Connector (ICC) Cables: Electrical connections between each vehicle Each Wagon Includes: Car Control & ID Device (CCID) ECP Manifold: Fitted to the brake distributor End Of Train (EOT) Device 120  Ground Staff Foundation Course Inter Car Connector (ICC) Cable Purpose: The ICC cable runs along the train, Connectors: linking: Located at each end of a wagon. Head End Unit (HEU) in the It also provides power (Train-line Each has two locking indicators: locomotive power) to each wagon CCID and a red square and a blue line. Each wagon CCID the EOT. Correct Coupling: Red End Of Train (EOT) unit at the squares hidden; blue lines rear aligned. The ICC cable operates at 230v. Before connecting ICC cables either the connection between the loco and wagons must be broken, or the train line power must be switched off. 121  Ground Staff Foundation Course Inter Car Connector (ICC) Cable Check for Debris: Ensure no sand or debris is present in the connectors. Shake if needed. Connect: Connection Depress the spring tab button until fully retracted. Steps: Slide the connectors together until they click. Depress the spring tab buttons. Pull the connectors apart. Disconnect Properly mated connectors will click when tugged. ion Steps: 122  Ground Staff Foundation Course Car Control and ID Device (CCID) Overview: Each wagon has a CCID that operates using train-line power or internal batteries. Red LED Indicators: Steady Light Flashing Light No Light Train-line Train-line Wagon is de- power is power is off; energized or connected. CCID is running asleep. on battery (batteries last about 4 hours). 123  Ground Staff Foundation Course Manifold Overview: Each wagon has a manifold mounted on the side of the brake distributor. Function: The manifold receives brake commands from the CCID and controls air release to the brakes through the distributor. Standalone: Used In: Phosphate wagons Function: Allows the driver to fully apply or Types of release the brakes in conventional mode. Manifolds Overlay: Used In: Bauxite and all Tank wagons Function: Provides the driver full control of the brakes in conventional mode. 124  Ground Staff Foundation Course End of Train (EOT) Device Overview: The EOT is a portable device placed on the coupler of the last wagon in an ECP-equipped train. Primary Power: 240V DC train-line power for electronics and battery charging. Power Backup Power: Internal batteries if train-line power is lost. Supply Status Message: Transmits an EOT Beacon to the locomotive every second. Communication Loss: Train brakes are automatically applied. Functions Marker Light: Provides a Tail Lamp at the rear of the train. 125  Ground Staff Foundation Course Modes of Operation Brakes on a train can be operated in one of three modes: RUN Mode: SWITCH Mode: CONVENTIONAL Mode: Power: Train-line Power: Train-line power is on. power is off. Power: ECP brake system is not functioning; train-line power may still be live. EOT: Not required. EOT: Required. EOT: Not required. Caution: Driver can turn the power back on. 126  Ground Staff Foundation Course Fitting an End of Train (EOT) Device : Installation Release the securing handle from the lock. 1. Prepare the EOT: Unscrew the handle until the coupler mount hook lies flat. Insert the hook into the top coupler clevis. Tighten the handle clockwise to rotate the hook 2. Attach the upright and secure the EOT unit firmly against the EOT: coupler. Adjust as needed to ensure a secure fit. 127  Ground Staff Foundation Course Fitting an End of Train (EOT) Device : Installation Lock the handle to prevent rotation. 3. Secure the EOT: Optionally, secure with a padlock through the handle clasp. Connect the EOT ‘gladhand’ to the Brake Pipe (BP) end hose and open the BP cock. Connect the EOT train-line cable to the wagon ICC. 4. Connect Components: Turn on the ECP to pulse the train-line. Press the test switch and check that the EOT is operational. Note: If brake pipe pressure is present, the EOT may activate the High Visibility Marker if ambient light conditions are suitable. 128  Ground Staff Foundation Course Fitting an End of Train (EOT) Device : Removal Prepare for Removal: Pressurized air is present in the brake pipe. Ensure train-line power is off. Injury may occur if it is not released. Disconnect the EOT train-line cable from the wagon ICC. Close the BP end valve. Release Pressure: Depress the Pressure Relief Valve on the EOT ‘gladhand’ until all air has been exhausted. Detach the EOT: Disconnect the EOT ‘gladhand’ from the brake pipe end hose. Remove the padlock’s clasp from the coupler handle lock. Support the EOT and turn the handle counterclockwise to release it from the coupler clevis. Set the unit on its back or side for transport. 129  Ground Staff Foundation Course Operating a Wagon Handbrake Overview: Each wagon has a manual handbrake at the ‘B’ end. Apply the Brake: Turn the wheel to the right. Operating the Release the Brake: Turn the wheel to the left. Handbrake: Safety: Always wear gloves. Use two hands and grip the outer rim of the handbrake to avoid trapping fingers. Release the Brake: Push the handle up. Quick Release Note: Do not hold the handbrake wheel while using the quick release Handle: handle to avoid preventing the brake from releasing and potential injury. Applied: Links of chain closest to the handbrake wheel are not Handbrake Status visible (painted a different color). Indicator: Released: Links are visible. 130  Ground Staff Foundation Course Operating a Wagon Handbrake Quick Release Handle- Quick Release Hand Brake Wheel- In the pressure-holding Handle-In the When the hand brake is position. released position. released, a length of different colored chain is exposed. 131  Ground Staff Foundation Course Operating a Wagon Handbrake YOU MUST RECEIVE PERMISSION FROM EITHER THE DRIVER OR THE PERSON IN CHARGE OF THE MOVEMENT BEFORE YOU GO BETWEEN THE WAGONS TO APPLY/RELEASE THE HANDBRAKE Ensure Safety: Make sure the vehicles have stopped. Communication: Inform the driver you are “going in between” and wait for a response. Check All Wagons: When releasing handbrakes, check all wagons on the train, not just those you expect to have brakes applied. Verify Handbrake Status: Coloured Links: Inspect the links on the handbrake chain. Tension: Check the tension on the handbrake chain. Piston Travel Indicator: Review the indicator. Brake Block Clearance: Measure the clearance. Roll-By Examination: If possible, perform a departure roll-by examination to ensure all wheels are turning freely 132  Ground Staff Foundation Course Isolating Wagon Brakes When to Isolate If the brakes are damaged or defective, they need to be isolated to move the Brakes: wagon. 1. Consultation: Before isolating the brakes, consult the RSM. 2. Isolate the Brakes: Turn the Cut-Out Cock: Rotate it to the closed position. Release Air: o Pull the release valve pull rod (located on each side of the wagon) and hold it until all air is exhausted. This will automatically release the brakes. 3. Verify Brake Release: Check Piston Travel Indicator: Ensure it shows the brakes have released. Check Brake Blocks: Physically confirm that the brake blocks are not touching the wheels. Note: The procedure is the same for all bulk cargo wagons in the SAR fleet, although pull rod handles may differ. The photographs provided are of a Phosphate wagon. 133  Ground Staff Foundation Course Isolating Wagon Brakes Brake System Cut-Out Cock- In the OPEN position Brake System Cut-Out Cock- In the CLOSED position Brake Valve Pull Rod 134  Ground Staff Foundation Course Point Clamps Purpose: Point clamps secure switches in case of equipment failure by holding the switch blade against the stock rail. Attaching the Clamp: 1. Prepare the Clamp: Rotate the hand wheel anti-clockwise to retract the threaded bar, allowing the clamp to fit under the rails. 2. Position the Clamp: Place the clamp so it fits around both the stock rail and the switch blade. Ensure it is not fitted to the end of the switch rail (to prevent dislodging). Position the clamp approximately 25 cm from the end of the blade. 3. Secure the Clamp: Turn the hand wheel clockwise to tighten the clamp firmly. 4. Lock the Clamp: Slide the locking bar through one of the holes in the hand wheel. Secure with a padlock. 135  Ground Staff Foundation Course Bearing Inspection Pre-Departure Inspection: Be Alert: Carefully inspect wagons before they leave. Key Focus Areas: Pay close attention to the following aspects during the inspection. Check BOTH bearings. Looks for signs of a bearing collapse – does it look the same as the one next to it? Are there signs of damage to the end caps – holes or cracks? Are all 3 bolts secure, they should all be done up tightly? 136  Ground Staff Foundation Course Bearing Inspection Is the locking plate in place? Are the locking tabs folded up stopping the bolts from coming undone? Is there any sign of leaking grease? Are there signs of burnt paint – the result of extreme heating? 137  Ground Staff Foundation Course Pre-Departure Check Visual Coupling Pipes Wheels Springs Handbrake Manways spillage Checks: Checklist: Complete Pre-departure and Roll-by Checklist 138  Ground Staff Foundation Course Roll-by Inspection Inspection Points: Springs Look for Listen for Feel for Smell Pipes No air Check for Handbrake Manways Spillage Smoke, Squealing, Extreme Hot metal, leaks, fully broken or Ensure fully Closed and Report leaks glowing grinding heat from cooking fat. open/closed displaced off. secured. immediately. metal. noises. bogie. springs 139 SECTION 10 Local Operation of Switches  Introduction Objective: Overview of the switch control system within the SAR network.  Ground Staff Foundation Course Local Operation of Switches Operations Control Centre (OCC): Controls all switches on the main line. Controls some switches in terminals, mines, and ports. Local Traffic Control (LTC): Switches on the SAR Can be manned (mLTC) or unmanned (uLTC). network can be mLTC (e.g., Nariyah Depot) controls all switches within a site. controlled from three locations uLTC controls one siding. Local Field Operations Panel (LFOP): Allows a shunter or pilot to operate switches locally. 142  Ground Staff Foundation Course Local Operation of Switches Location: Mounted on a pole next to the track. Control Area: Manages up to 3 devices (switches or derailers) nearby. Panel Components: Local Field Identification plate Operations Two buttons for each switch in the area Panel (LFOP) READY button Button States: Dark: Off Flashing On 143  Ground Staff Foundation Course Local Operation of Switches State Function Ready Button Dark Field operations area has not been handed over. Ready Button Flashing Field operations area has been handed over but is not supervised. (*) Ready Button On Field operations area has been handed over and is supervised. Switch Buttons Dark Field operation of the switch has not been handed over or the switch is not available. Switch Buttons Flashing The switch is moving or is not supervised (not fitted correctly). Switch Buttons On Field operation of the switch has been handed over and the switch is supervised (fitted correctly). 144  Ground Staff Foundation Course Local Operation of Switches Switch Indicator Attached to each switch is a reflective indicator that gives the direction in which the switch is set. The indicator displays three symbols. This symbol indicates to a driver that he is approaching a switch (Facing or Trailing) and will remain on the direct route. If a driver is approaching a trailing switch to join the main route but sees this symbol he must STOP immediately as the switch is set against his direction of travel. 145  Ground Staff Foundation Course Local Operation of Switches This symbol indicates to a driver that he is approaching a facing switch and will be leaving the direct route. The indicator can point to the left or the right Turning to the RIGHT Turning to the LEFT 146  Ground Staff Foundation Course Local Operation of Switches This symbol indicates to a driver that he is approaching a trailing switch and will be joining the direct route. Joining from the LEFT Turning to the LEFT 147  Ground Staff Foundation Course Operation of the LFOP Authority Before operating a switch, a Shunter or Pilot must get control of the LFOP released by the relevant controller (OCC or LTC). Communicating with the OCC or LTC Follow this procedure when contacting the OCC or LTC: Identify yourself (e.g., "Name, Yard Shunter or Pilot"). State your location (e.g., "Nariyah" or "Ras-Al-Khair"). Request the Zone and LFOP you need. Example: "This is Shunter [Name] at Nariyah Yard. Operator, please release LFOP 16 Z.2." Note: The OCC releases all LFOPs within a Zone, not just individual ones. Switch Button Operation Once the LFOP is released to the Shunter or Pilot, the READY button and switch buttons will light up. The switches can be operated as needed. Each pair of switch buttons has an identification plate with the switch number printed on the buttons. 148  Ground Staff Foundation Course Operation of the LFOP To operate the switch, press BOTH buttons of the required switch: Duration Activity 1 to 5 seconds. Switch will operate. While the switch is moving the switch buttons will flash. 5 to 10 seconds. No action, the switch will not operate. More than 10 seconds The system will lock out. The switch lights will go out and the Ready light will start flashing. Contact the OCC/LTC to have the system reset. The ideal duration is 3 seconds. Count, do not estimate!! The switches operate slowly, taking between 6 & 9 seconds to move. Ensure that all rail movement is stopped before operating a switch. Do not attempt to operate the switch when a train is approaching. 149  Ground Staff Foundation Course Operation of the LFOP Obstruction Handling: If the switch is blocked by sand or debris and can't reach the end position, the buttons will keep flashing. Press both buttons again to move the switch back to its original position. Switch Failure Clear the obstruction safely. (Bad Switch) Operate the switch again once the obstruction is cleared. Returning Control: To return the LFOP control to the OCC or LTC: Press the READY button for 1-5 seconds (ideally 3 seconds). Return of Contact the OCC/LTC to confirm you are done with the LFOP. LFOP Manual Operation: If the switch motor fails or the switch can't be operated from the LFOP: The switch can be manually wound to the desired position. Failure of A Disconnection Ring and Crank Handle are needed for this task. Switch Motor 150  Ground Staff Foundation Course Operation of the LFOP Disconnection Ring Note the ring has two locator pins Crank Handle 151  Ground Staff Foundation Course Operation of the LFOP Locate the cover for the winding gear. Clear the area of all loose sand to prevent contamination of the internal mechanism when the cap is removed. Using the disconnection ring unscrew the cover. Place the