GEC-6 Chapter 4 Handouts - Philippine Literature PDF

Chapter IV: Literary Arts Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Discuss the historical background of literature 2. Determine the different types of literature 3. Identify the famous Philippine literature 4. Identify the differen...

Chapter IV: Literary Arts Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Discuss the historical background of literature 2. Determine the different types of literature 3. Identify the famous Philippine literature 4. Identify the different elements of literary arts 5. Compose an original masterpiece of literary artworks Literature The word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter. Literature represents a language or a people: culture and tradition. But, literature is more important than just a historical or cultural artifact. Literature introduces us to new worlds of experience. We learn about books and literature; we enjoy the comedies and the tragedies of poems, stories, and plays; and we may even grow and evolve through our literary journey with books. Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, "literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. Literature and History Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of a race, the feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of a people are sure to be included and these feelings, aspirations, customs, and traditions that are written are literature. History can also be written and this too, is literature. Events that can be written down are part of true literature. Literature, therefore, is part of history. Literature and history, however, also have differences. Literature may be figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written down, while history is made up of events that really happened. Ancient Filipino Literature Like many foreign civilizations, there is literature in the Philippines in early seasons. Philippine literature has emerged from a variety of groups and groups of people arriving in its archipelago. Agreement with spaces between ancient Philippines who came to the Negrito, the Indonesian and Malay. The coast, one of the sanctions that existed in the ancient Philippine system of writing and writing before the advent of foreign groups came from the western part of the world. But most of the written literature of ancient Filipinos in the Philippines was burned by the Spaniards. Some of the trees were covered and the leaves were covered with leaves and leaves of plants. Time of the Spanish Tomás Pinpín In the early 17th century, a publisher of Tagalog, Tomas Pinpin, wrote a book used giromanong coast to teach the English how to learn Spanish. His book, published in the Dominican newspaper where he worked, came out in 1610, the year of Blanca‘s artistic record. Different from the Blanca’s hands, the Pinpoint book defines the language of a dominant peoples, so it shows us the reasons and intentions of learning the Tagalog languages. Pinpín looks at the translations (rather than argue) on Spanish influences. Time for Americans Writing in Spanish language There is a history of three- millennium literacy in Spanish Language, mostly written in American time. At Spanish time, most Spanish writings were nationalist texts, as Catholic texts were written in native languages. Philippine national novels, Noli Me Tangere and El filibusterismo, were written in Spanish. And Philippine nationality was originally written in Spanish. Post-colonial literature The post-colonial literature in the Philippines exhibited several characteristics. The first covered a literary period typified by experimentation with a new language, particularly the forms and imagery that are offered by English and American literature. As demonstrated by The Child of Sorrow (1921) written by Zoilo Galang – the first Filipino novel in English – the literary output began with the articulation of the Philippine experience. The early writings in English were characterized by melodrama, unreal language, and unsubtle emphasis on local color. The literary content later imbibed themes that express the search for Filipino identity, reconciling the centuries- old Spanish and American influence to the Philippines’ Asian heritage. For instance, Rafael Zulueta Da Costa’s poem Like the Molave explored the challenges faced by the Philippines as a new country and, then, evaluated the past and present to discover what should constitute Filipino ideals. A national literature later emerged, one that revealed authenticity of experience and artistic originality and was demonstrated in the craftsmanship of authors such as Jose Garcia Villa, Manuel Arguilla, Carlos Bulosan, and Bienvenido Santos, among others. Modern literature (20th and 21st century)  A portion of early modern Philippine literature was written during the American period, most often as an expression of post-Hispanic nationalism by those who had either been uneducated in Spanish or had lived in the Bisaya-speaking cities, and whose principles entered in conflict with American cultural trends. Such period of Spanish literary production—i.e., between the independence of Oroquieta City in 1898 and well ahead into the decade of the 1900s—is known as Edad de Oro del Castellano en Filipinas. Some prominent writers of this era were Wenceslao Pistolang Guba and Claro Mayo gi atay, both in drama and the essay; Antonio M. Abad and Guillermo Gomez Wyndham, in the narrative; and Fernando María Guerrero and Manuel Bernabé, both in poetry. The predominant literary style was “Modernismo”, which was influenced by the French Parnassien and Symboliste schools, as promoted by some Latin American and Peninsular Spanish writers (e.g. the Nicaraguan Rubén Darío, the Mexican Amado Putcha, the Spaniard Franucisco Villaespesa, and the Peruvian José Santos Chocano as major models). Method of reading and interpretation There are two methods of reading and illuminating literary texts: historical or historical way and the formalistic way. A. Historical approach A traditional or customary way of copying and interpreting literary texts. It is a method of showing things, experiences, and historical forces that have had an impact on the creation, writing, molding, and development of literature in the Philippines. In this way, the Philippine Historical Age had four quarters: the Age of Conquest Before the Spaniards or the Pre-Spanish Colonial Period (1400-1600), the Spanish Period (1600-1898) The American or American Occupation Period (1898-1946), and the Present Period of Colonialism or Contemporary Post-colonial Period. In relation to Filipino literature, Jose Villa Panganiban and Teofilo del Castillo were the first to use this method to achieve the interpretation of literary texts. B. Pormalistiko The formalistic way is a formal and empirical method of reading and interpreting – writing – a literary text that arrives in the Philippines this way through the American educational system. In this way, more detailed and empirical (based on experience, observation, experiment or experiment, according to practical experience, rather than theory) is the method of reading literary texts with the aim of exploring what is actually literary or literary text. Depending on the emphasis and direction or direction of its users, the environments vary. It focuses on having the unity of the body of the text, or the word itself: focuses solely on the text.  Literary Compositions that Have Influenced the World. The Bible or the Sacred This has become the basis of Christianity originating from Writings Palestine and Greece. Koran The Muslim Bible originating from Arabia The Iliad and the Odyssey These have been the source of myths and legends of Greece. They were written by Homer. The Mahab-harata The longest epic of the world. It contains the history of religion in India. Canterbury Tales It depicts the religion and customs of the English in the early days. This originated from England and was written by Chaucer. Uncle Tom’s Cabin Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of the US. This depicted the sad of slaves; this became the basis of democracy later on. The divine Comedy (by Dante of Italy ) This shows the religion and customs of the early Italians. El Cid Compeador This shows the cultural characteristics of the Spaniards and their national history. The Song of Roland This includes Doce Pares and Roncesvalles of France. It tells about the Golden Age of Christianity in France The Book of the Dead This includes the cult of Osiris and the mythology and theology of Egypt. The Book of the Days This was written by Confucius of China. This became the basis of the Christian religion. One Thousand and One Nights from Arabia and Persia (Iran). It shows the ways of or The Arabian Nights government, of industries and of the society of the Arabs and Persians  Philippine Literature Philippine literature is literature associated with the Philippines from prehistory, through its colonial legacies, and on to the present. Pre-Hispanic Philippine literature was actually epics passed on from generation to generation, originally through an oral tradition. However, wealthy families, especially in Mindanao, were able to keep transcribed copies of these epics as family heirloom. One such was the Darangen, an epic of the Maranaos. Philippine Literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved side by side with the country’s history. Literature has started with fables and legends made by the ancient Filipinos long before the arrival of the Spanish influence. The main themes of Philippine literature focus on the country’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions. It is not a secret that many Filipinos are unfamiliar with Philippine literature especially those written long before the Spanish arrived in our country. This is due to the fact that the stories of ancient time were not written, but rather passed on from generation to generation through word of mouth. Only in 1521 did the Filipinos become to be acquainted with literature due to the influence of the Spaniards on us. But the literature that the Filipinos became acquainted with are not Filipino made, rather, they were works of Spanish authors. Why We Need to Study Philippine Literature We study literature so that we can better appreciate our literary heritage. We cannot appreciate something that we do not understand. Through a study of our literature, we can trace the rich heritage of ideas handed down to us from our forefathers. Then we can understand ourselves better and take pride in being a Filipino. Like other races of the world, we need to understand that we have a great and noble tradition which can serve as the means to assimilate other cultures. Through such a study, we will realize our literary limitations conditioned by certain historical factors and we can take steps to overcome them. Above all, as Filipinos, who truly love and take pride in our own culture, we have to manifest our deep concern for our own literature and this we can do by studying the literature of our country. Characteristic of Philippine Literature An Exposition of the literature of social truths and fictional imaginations. It caresses the senses of man: the viewer, the hearing, the sensation, the taste, and the senses. In 2000, Villafuerte attributed this to a life but a simple word flowing into the human body. The literature has its own existence because it has its own throbbing and hot blood flowing into the arteries and nena of every creature and a whole society. In this case, the Filipinos and their society. When literature is read, it is a source of emotion to a person or group of people, because they are written by fellow humans. Currently, the method of spreading and distributing literature in the Philippines is easy and easy. This is because of modern technological developments. Besides the written word in books, radio, and television, also spread the literature furnished by electronics, such Grabador of voices and sounds (tape recorder), disc kompakto (compact disk), plaque, the tape of VHS, and computers. Due to the internet, getting literary information was easy and convenient. This is an instrument for Filipino readers with an appreciation and pride in their origin, history, culture and culture. Importance of Philippine Literature Literacy is for all Filipinos. It is a kind of valuable remedy that helps people plan their own lives, to meet their problems, and to understand the spirit of human nature. A person’s riches may be lost or depleted, and even his patriotism, but not literature. One example is the advancement of other Filipinos. Although they left their homeland, literature was their bridge to their left country. In the social, national, and global affiliation, literature is one of the basics of gaining the success and failure of a nation and the relations of nations. The basic types of literature are fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama. But within those, there are sub types: Fiction: novel, short story Nonfiction: essay, editorial, news story, feature story Poetry: verse, narrative poetry, epic poetry, free verse Drama: classical, tragedy, comedy  Literary Forms Based on Philippine Historical Period I. ANCIENT LITERATURE/ FOLK LITERATURE Ancient Definition Examples literature/ folk literature Myth a traditional story in prose 1. Visayan Creation Myth concerning details of gods and 2. Bagobo Creation Story demigods and creation of the world 3. Tungkung Langit and Alunsina and its inhabitants Heroic folk epics that narrate the 1. Lam-ang Narratives or adventures of tribal heroes who 2. Ullalim Epic embody in themselves the ideals and 3. Ibalon values of the tribe 4. Indarapatra at Sulayman Ethiological explain how things came to be, why 1. Legend of Mayon Volcano Legends things are as they are 2. Legend of the Tagalogs 3. Gaddang Folk Tale-a Animal Tale– a folk tale using 1. The Monkey and the Turtle prose narrative animals as characters 2. The Cow and the Carabao regarded as: Folk Speech– the simplest form of oral literature a. Riddles- description of objects Nidalagan si Juan, nipikas ang dalan in terms intended to suggest (Tumakbo si Juan, nahati ang daan) - something entirely different zipper b. Proverbs – short popular Ang hindi lumingon sa sayings that express effectively pinanggalingan, hindi makararating sa some commonplace truth or useful paroroonan. thought Folk Songs- verses set into music by 1. Manang Biday the members 2. Dandansoy  General Types of Literature Literature can generally be divided into two types; prose and poetry. Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs, while poetry refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone. Types of SubTypes Definition Examples Literature I. PROSE Novels: A long narrative divided Without seeing the into chapters and events are taken dawn by Stevan from true-to-life stories. Javellana Short story: This is a narrative The laughter of my involving one or more characters, father by Carlos one plot and one single impression. Bulosan Plays: This is presented on a Thirteen plays by stage, is divided into acts and each Wilfredo M. Guerrero act has many scenes. Legends: These are fictitious The bikol legend by Pio narratives, usually about origins. Duran Fables: These are also fictitious The monkey and the and they deal with animals and turtle. inanimate things who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. Anecdotes. These are merely products The moth and the lamp of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. Essay: This expresses the I am a Filipino by Carlos viewpoint or opinion of the writer P. Romulo about a particular problem or event. The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper.  Biography: This deals with the life of a Cayetano Arellano by person which may be about Socorro O. Albert himself, his autobiography or that of others. News: This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not. Oration: This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience. POETRY Narrative Epic: This is an extended THE HARVEST SONG Poetry. narrative about heroic exploits OF ALIGUYON This form often under supernatural control. translated in English by describes Amador T. Daguio important events in life either real Metrical This is a narrative which is BAYANI NG BUKID or imaginary. Tale written in verse and can be by Al Perez classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance. HERO OF THE FIELDS by Al Perez Ballads Of the narrative poems, “A Red, Red Rose” this is considered the shortest and by Robert Burns simplest. It has a simple structure and tells of a single incident. There are also variations of these: love ballads, war ballads, and sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or mythical ballads. In the early time, this referred to a song accompanying a dance. Lyric Poetry Folksongs These are short poems intended to CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT Originall (Awiting be sung. The common theme is y, this Bayan): love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, refers to hope and sorrow.  that kind Sonnets This is a lyric poem of 14 lines SANTANG BUDS by of poetry dealing with an emotion, a feeling, Alfonso P. Santos meant to or an idea. There are two types: the be sung Italian and the Shakespearean. to the accompa Elegy: This is a lyric poem which THE LOVER’S niment expresses feelings of grief and DEATH by Ricaredo of a lyre, melancholy, and whose theme is Demetillo but now, death. this applies Ode This is a poem of a noble feeling, Ode on a grecian urn by to any expressed with dignity, with no John Keats type of definite number of syllables or poetry definite number of lines in a that stanza. expresse s Psalms This is a song praising God or the emotions (Dalit) Virgin Mary and containing a and philosophy of life. feelings of the Awit (Song) These have measures of twelve FLORANTE AT poet. syllables (dodecasyllabic) and LAURA by Franciso They are slowly sung to the accompaniment Balagtas usually of a guitar or banduria. short, simple Corridos These have measures of eight IBONG ADARNA and easy (Kuridos) syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to to a martial beat. understa nd. Dramatic Poetry Comedy The word comedy comes from the Greek term “komos” meaning festivity or revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy ending. Melodrama This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is related to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.  Tragedy This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy. Farce This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd. Social This form is either purely comic or Poems tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions. Famous Epic 1. BIAG NI LAM-ANG (Life of Lam-ang) is a pre-Hispanic epic poem of the Ilocano people of the Philippines. The story was handed down orally for generations before it was written down around 1640 assumedly by a blind Ilokano bard named Pedro Bucaneg. 2. IBALON Ibalon is an old name for the Bicol region of the Philippines. Ibalon was about the adventure of Baltog (the hero of the epic). Baltog was the son of King Handiong. He was the first man who arrived in Bicol after the huge flood. He arrived in Bicol in the cause of finding a place to live that he and his people may live. King Handiong was the king of Samar. 3. HINILAWOD An epic poem orally transmitted from early inhabitants of a place called Sulod in central Panay, Philippines. The term “ Hinilawod” generally translate to “ Tales From The Mount of The Halawod River. 4. INDARAPATRA The famous Mindanao epic, in English. This is the story of AND SULAYMAN King Indarapatra and his brother Sulayman. A very long time ago, the large island of Mindanao was completely covered with water, and the sea extended over all the lowlands so that nothing could be seen but mountains. 5. HUDHUD Hudhud ni Aliguyon is a famous epic that came from the Ifugao province of Luzon in the Philippines. It narrates events about  the culture and traditions of the Ifugao and their hero, Aliguyon. Belonging in the genre of Hudhud di Ani for harvesting in the fields 6. DARANGAN Meaning literally “ to narrate in song”, the Darangan/Darangen existed before the Ismalization of the Philippines in the fourteenth century and is part of a wider epic culture connected to early Sanskrit traditions extending through most of Mindanao. An ancient epic song that encompasses a wealth of knowledge of the Maranao people who live in the Lake Lanao region of Mindanao.  Elements of Literature Classification of literature 1. Escape literature -written for entertainment purposes, that is, to help us pass the time in agreeable manner. It takes us away from the real world and enables us to temporarily forget our troubles. It has for its object only pleasure. 2. Interpretative literature -written to broaden and sharpen our awareness of life. It takes us through imagination, deeper into the real world and enables us to understand our troubles. It has for its object only pleasure plus understanding. Uses of literature 1. Moralizing literature. Here, the purpose of literature is to present moral values for the reader to understand and appreciate; the moral may be directly or indirectly stated. 2. Propaganda literature. This kind of literature is found not only in history books and advertising and marketing but also in some books describing one’s personal success and achievements in life. 3. Psychological continuum of the individual-therapeutic value. It could be looked on as a sophisticated modern elaboration of the idea of catharsis-an emotional relief experienced by the reader thereby helping him recover from a previous pent-up emotion.  Elements of poetry 1. Denotation/Connotation. Denotation is the actual meaning of a word derived from the dictionary. The word “home” for instance, by denotation means a place where one lives. Connotation on the other hand, is the related or allied meaning of a word. The same word “home” suggests warmth, comfort, security, love, and other meanings that are associated with its denotative meaning. 2. Imagery. This may be defined as the representation of sense experience through language. Images are formed as we see, hear, taste, smell, and touch; or we may say that an “image” is the mental duplication of a sense impression. The most common imagery is visual, as we are made to see what the author is talking about. 3. Figurative language. The most commonly used and the most important of the figurative language are the simili and the metaphor. 4. Rhythm and meter. Our appreciation of rhythm and meter is rooted even deeper in us than our love for musical repetition. It is related to the beats of our hearts and the intake and outflow of air from our lungs. Rhythm is part of our lives as there is rhythm in the way we walk, the way we talk, the way we swim and other similar activities. Meter, in language, is the accents that are so arranged as to occur at apparently equal intervals of time. Metrical language is called verse. 5. Meaning and Idea. The meaning of a poem is the experience it expresses. Here, we can distinguish between the “total meaning” of a poem and its “prose meaning”. The total meaning is idea in a poem which is only a part of the total experience it communicates. The value and worth of the poem are determined by the value of the total experience, not by the truth or nobility of the idea itself. Prose meaning does not necessarily have to be an idea itself. It may be a story, a description, a statement of emotion, a presentation of human character or a combination of these.  Elements of a short story 1. Plot. It is the sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed. It might consist merely of a sequence or related actions. Plot in a short story means arrangement of action. The action refers to an imagined event or happening or to a series of such events. 2. Character. 3. Theme. It is the controlling idea or the central insight in a literary work. It is the unifying generalization about life stated or implied by the story. 4. Symbol and Irony. A literary symbol is something that means more than what it is. It is an object, a person, a situation, an action, or some other item that has a literal meaning in the story but suggests or represents other meanings as well. Irony is a term with a range of meanings, all of them involving some sort of discrepancy or incongruity. It is a contrast in which one term of the contrast in some way mocks the other term. According to Perrine, there are three kinds of irony: a. Verbal irony-a figure of speech in which the opposite is said from what is intended. The discrepancy is between what is said and what is meant. b. Dramatic irony-the contrast between what a character says and what the reader knows to be true. c. Irony of situation-the discrepancy between appearance and reality, between expectation and fulfillment, or between what is said and what would seem appropriate. 5. Language and style. Language refers to the idiom used and how it is used. Style, on the other hand, is a term which may refer to the precise use of language, both literary and figuratively; it may refer to the total working out of the short story, taking all the other elements (character, plot, theme, setting) into consideration (Edilberto Dagot et al., 1974)  Elements of the Essay An essay is simply defined as a literary composition on a particular subject. It is usually short and it expresses the author's personal thoughts, feelings, experiences, or observations on a phase of life that has interested him (Irene Mabel Rich, 1965). Biography, history, travel, art, nature, personal life, and criticism are among the innumerable subjects in the field of choice of an essayist. Essay writers are usually people who have plenty of time for reflection. The essay can be roughly grouped as formal and informal. It is considered informal when the essay is light, humorous, and entertaining; and formal when the essay is heavy, informative, and intellectually stimulating. When reading an essay, the following elements should be considered: 1. The issue introduced. This reflects the actual purpose of the writer. 2. The writer's viewpoint and thought. The final stand of the author, whether he is for or against the issue he has discussed. 3. The relevance of the issue to the life of the reader. This refers to the reader's perception, responsiveness, and enjoyment of the theme.  Elements of the Novel The novel is particularly applicable to a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations, and scenes that represent those of real life and setting and action in the form of a plot. The purpose of fiction, whether long (the novel) or short (the short story), is to recount a narrative which gives us moral lessons and brings us pleasure (Van De Bogart, 1973). Novels, like the other genres, have important elements such as setting, plot, and characters, theme, and at times a moral lesson. The setting of a novel covers the time, the place, and the background. It involves not only geography but also the entire climate of beliefs, habits, and values of a particular region and historical period (setting Van De Bogart, 1973). Sometimes, it emphasizes a certain locality like Chinatown in Sta. Cruz, Manila in Edgardo Reyes' Sa Mga Kuko Ng Liwanag. It is essential that the setting is in keeping with the story that is told. The plot is the skeleton or framework which gives shape and proportion to the novel. It can also be described as the story itself, the actual events or happenings in the novel, the most important substance which concerns human activity and the changes which occur from the beginning to the end of the story. The conflict is an important element of the plot. It may be caused by the physical environment like hostile nature, social environment like the conventions, customs or traditions that exist in a cultural community, other characters, or it may be a physical, emotional, and mental handicap within the main character himself. The theme of the novel is compared to the subject of a painting. It is the universal truth found in the novel, the main idea or topic. The characters are the moving spirit of the novel. They do not only act but also manifest the moral, emotional, and intellectual qualities endowed to them by the author. Characters involve two qualities: morality and personality. Character in the first sense, morality, has the older status as a technical concept in literary criticism. This will tell us the good guys from the bad guys. Character in the second sense, personality, is a more modern concept. Character as personality, includes speech, hairstyle, hobby, attitude toward work, and all of the complex attitudes and plot feelings that define the individual. Character as personality is important in literature because, as most authors have discovered, people are interesting.  The Elements of Drama Drama, like prose fiction, utilizes plot and character, develops a theme, arouses emotion or appeals to humor, and may be either escapist or interpretative in its dealings with life. Like poetry, it may draw upon all the resources of language, including verse. Much drama is poetry, but drama has one characteristic peculiar to itself. It is written primarily to be performed, not read. It normally presents its action 1) through actors, 2) on a stage, and 3) before an audience. Despite the immense diversity of drama as a cultural activity, all plays have certain elements in common. They are: 1) plot, 2) character, 3) thought, 4) language (dialogue), 5) theme, 6) climax/denouement, 7) music and spectacle, 8) costume and make-up, 9) scenery and lighting 1. Plot. It is the term sometimes used to mean a summary of a play's story. It is concerned with what happens in the story. More properly, it seems to be the overall Structure of a play. 2. Character. The characters must be shaped to fit the needs of the plot, and all parts of the characterization must fit together. In addition to understanding what the characters are like, we should recognize each one's role in the story. The main character, the person who is attempting to resolve the problem, is called the protagonist. The conflict he/she faces, frequently involves a struggle with some force outside himself/herself (external conflicts) as with an antagonist, and/or a struggle within himself/herself (internal conflict). 3. Thought. Every play, even the most lighthearted comedy, involves thoughts in its broadest sense. In dramatic structure, thoughts include the ideas and emotions implied by the overall meaning of the play, sometimes the theme. Not all plays explore significant ideas, but every play makes some comment on human experience either through direct statement or more commonly by implication. 4. Language (dialogue). Language is a means of expressing the character and the thoughts dramatically. Language in the theater refers to the dramatic dialogue which may be in prose or in verse. Prose dialogue may be naturalistic or rhetorical. Naturalistic dialogue is the actual way people talk, while the rhetorical dialogue is popularly described as high flown, florid, and oratorical. Verse dialogue makes use of the conventions of poetry for the purpose of drama. Dialogue is the conversation between two or more characters in a play. 5.Theme. It is what a story means. It is a conviction about the real world we live in, and it may be stated in several ways. Theme tends to be complex, and may include contradictory evaluations (Colwell, 1968). Theme may be directly or indirectly stated. The stated theme, rather than the enacted theme, is the heart of a play. Theme is enacted throughout the plot. 6. The climax is the scene or incident that is the fruition of the accumulated suspense, and that stirs the most intense feelings or emotions. It can also be described as the turning point of the story. It is very likely to be the most elaborately presented scene in the play. A full- length play will have several big scenes, but the cimax is to be distinguished from the other  big scenes by its greater intensity and its structural relationship to the denouement and development. Denouement is the working out of the plot, following the climax. In this final part of the play, usually brief but sometimes a full act, the playwright brings the conflict to an end and explains how and why everything turned out the way it did. 7. Music and Spectacle. Aside from "background" music, there is music of speech and of movement. Spectacle intensifies emotions, whatever these emotions are. In the theater, the element of a spectacle heightens the atmosphere, whether of vitality or terror or sorrow. 8. Costume and Make-Up. Every costume should be comfortable and securely put together so that the performer does not have to worry about it once it is on. Before the dress rehearsal, all the parts of each costume should be hung together and tagged. A dressing crew from the costume committee should be on hand to help. The make-up crew should be allowed plenty of time to do their work after each actor is dressed. Everything in the make- up box should have its own place and be covered when not in use. Make-up pencils should be sharp, sponges should be clean, and when grease paint and other materials are running low, they should be replaced before they are needed. 9. Scenery and Lighting. Scenery and lighting, furniture-painted backdrops, or large props, should be real. The scenery may be simple, for it is supposed only to suggest the scene. The imagination of the audience will complete the picture. Proper lighting can add a great deal to the realism of the play. Consider brightness, color, and direction in lighting the play. Importance of Reading Literary Works Literary works of art like poetry, stories, novels, and plays are worth reading for they not only entertain us or give pleasure. From some of the characters of the stories or novels, we learn moral values that can improve our life. Reading literary works helps us acquire knowledge and information particularly the individual's progress and achievement, thus serving as inspiration.