21st Century Literature PDF

**21st century** years of the gregorian calendar, which is currently in use, are counted from ad 1. thus, the 1 st century comprised the years ad 1 through ad 100. the second century started with ad 101 and continued through ad 200. by extrapolation, the 20th century comprises the years ad 1901-2...

**21st century** years of the gregorian calendar, which is currently in use, are counted from ad 1. thus, the 1 st century comprised the years ad 1 through ad 100. the second century started with ad 101 and continued through ad 200. by extrapolation, the 20th century comprises the years ad 1901-2000. therefore, the 21st century will begin with 1 january 2001 and continue through 31 december 2100. **third millennium** similarly, the 1st millennium comprised the years ad 1- 1000. the 2nd millennium comprises the years ad 1001- 2000. the 3rd millennium will begin with ad 2001 and continue through ad 3000 **Literature** A body written (oral) works portraying aesthetic quality ***Latin-** littera **latin-** litteratura* - *Story of man* - *Helps to understand human nature* - *Provides entertainment and pleasure* - *Helps appreciate our literary heritage* **General types of Literature** - **Prose** Utilizes natural language, resembling everyday speech, to convey stories, ideas, and emotions without the structured patterns of poetry. It is written in sentences and paragraphs. Example: ***novel, short story, legend, fables, essay, biography, autobiography.*** - **Poetry** Frequently employs rhythmic and metrical patterns through techniques like rhyme, meter, and syllabic structures, creating a musical quality that distinguishes it from prose. Example: ***epic, ballad, sonnet, elegy, ode, psalm, narrative poetry, lyrics poetry, dramatic poetry,*** - **Dimensions of Philippine Literary History** - **Geography** The study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Location of where the literary text is located. ------------------- --------------------- ***Region I*** Ilocos Region ***Region II*** Cagayan Valley ***Region II*** Central Luzon ***Region IV-A*** Calabarzon ***Region IV-B*** Mimaropa ***Region V*** Bicol Region ***Region VI*** Western Visayas ***Region VII*** Central Visayas ***Region VIII*** Eastern Visayas ***Region IX*** Zamboanga Peninsula ***Region X*** Northern Mindanao ***Region XI*** Davao Region ***Region XII*** SOCKSARGEN ***Region XII*** CARAGA ------------------- --------------------- - **Language** A system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written in symbols by which individuals express themselves. - **Ethnicity** A quality or fact belonging to a population group or subgroup made up of people who share a common cultural background. Example: ***Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Tausug, Igorot*** - **Literary Timeline** - **Pre-colonial** **-**These symbols are called **"Baybayin"** or alsoknown as ***"Alibata"*** which was an old writingsystem widely used in the northern part ofour country during the 16th and 17thcenturies. Since our country has its uniquegeographical structure, we also had variousalphabet symbols which were used by aspecific ethnic group across the archipelago. -The longest period in the history. ***Bugtong-*** isang pahulaan ***Salawikaian-*** mga maiiksing pangungusap na lubhang makahulugan ***Chants/bulong-*** used in witchcraft or enchantment especially in remote places. ***Legends-*** consists of a narrative featuring human actions percieved or believed both by teller and listeners. - **Spanish** **-**Spanish occupied Philippines in early 15th century. The Spanish colonization period has two distinct classifications -- religious and secular. a. **Folk speeches/ riddles** **b. Folk songs** **c. Folk narratives** **d. Indigenous rituals** **e. Mimetic dance** **f. Proverbs/ aphorisms**  - **American** Philippine literature in English, as a direct result of American colonization of the country, could not escape being imitative of American models of writing especially during its period of apprenticeship. a. **Free verse** **-**It is a technique in writing poem where the writer does not follow the rhyme scheme and the regular meter. **b. Modern short story** **c. Novels** **d. Essays** - **Japanese** **-**This period is considered the war years and period of maturity and originality. \- they introduced Niponggo and their literary arts and forms. ***Ikebana-*** art of arranging flowers ***Origami-*** art of folding papers ***Tempura and sushi-*** cuisine **Poetic forms** ***-Haiku, tanka, senryu*** 1. **Haiku-** about nature; 17 syllables; 5 syllables in the first line; 7 syllables in the second line; 5 syllables in the third line. 2. **Tanaga-** quatrain with 7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. 3. **Tanka-** longest among three; has 5 lines and 31 syllables; 5-7-5-7-7 4. **Senryu-** 3 lines similar to haiku has a structure wuth 5-7-5 but differs from the latter in rhyme; the subject is human nature the tone is satirical and ironical. 5. **Karaniwang anyo-** the usual common form of poetry. - **Contemporary/modern period** Many novels in English seem to have been written for literary contests like Palanca and Asia Man. The debate over textual and contextual criticism, balagtasismo and modernism, formalism and historical criticism has persisted to this day in the academe. The more popular but banal issue is called ***"literature (art) and "propaganda."*** **a. Chick lit** **b. Mobile phone text tula** **c. Speculative fiction** **d. Flash fiction** **e. Blog** **f. Hyperpoetry** **g. Hugot lines** **h. Pick up lines** **i. Flip top** **Module 2** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **GENRE** | **SUB-GENRE** | **ELEMENTS** | **STRUTURE** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Poetry** | **Lyric | **Rhyme, meter, | **Written in | | | (sonnet, ode, | figurative | lines and | | | elegy), | devices, | stanzas** | | | dramatic | symbolism** | | | | (soliloquy, | | **2 lines- | | | monologue, | | couplet** | | | dialogue), and | | | | | narrative | | **3 lines | | | (epic)** | | --tercet** | | | | | | | | | | **4 lines -- | | | | | quatrain** | | | | | | | | | | **5 lines - | | | | | cinquain** | | | | | | | | | | **6 lines -- | | | | | sestet** | | | | | | | | | | **7 lines - | | | | | septet** | | | | | | | | | | **8 lines - | | | | | octave** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Fiction | **fantasy,** | **plot, | **Written in | | (stories that | | characters, | paragraphs** | | did not happen | **folklore,** | theme setting, | | | in reality** | | point-of-view,* | | | | **mystery, | * | | | | suspense or | | | | | thriller,** | **literary | | | | | devices** | | | | **historical | | | | | fiction, | | | | | science | | | | | fiction, | | | | | romance** | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Nonfiction | **biography,** | **plot, | **Written in | | (factual | | characters, | paragraphs** | | stories, with | **references | theme setting, | | | real characters | (encyclopedia, | point-of-view,* | | | and setting)** | dictionary, | * | | | | thesaurus), | | | | | autobiography, | **literary | | | | narrative | devices** | | | | (memoir, | | | | | testimonio), | | | | | and periodicals | | | | | (newspapers, | | | | | magazines, | | | | | journal that | | | | | are written | | | | | regularly)** | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Drama** | **tragedy,** | **Literary | **The script | | | | element | serves as the | | | **comedy** | (script),** | text and it is | | | | | performed | | | | **Technical | before an | | | | element,** | audience** | | | | | | | | | **(scenery | | | | | (set),make-up, | | | | | costume, | | | | | lights, and | | | | | sound)** | | | | | | | | | | **performance | | | | | element** | | | | | | | | | | **(acting, | | | | | character | | | | | analysis, | | | | | character | | | | | motivation...)* | | | | | * | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **A. Poetry** is one of the earliest genres of literature. It was either recited or sang back to prehistoric times to call for help from a deity, narrate a hero's life and victories, tell about the love story of their rulers, or describe someone who inspires them. In order to understand or even write a good poem, you must know the elements of poetry: 1. **Rhyme --** it is the identical rhyme if the last words or sounds match each other. **alliteration : f**ollowed**, f**lats, **f**ront **b**other, **b**ack **assonance:** b**i**g, sl**i**pper p**i**cked**,** sl**i**my **2. Meter --** it is also called the rhythm in poetry. It is the pattern of beats ( foot) (stressed and unstressed syllables in a line). It is also called foot. ***There are four basic rhythms in poetry:*** - **Iamb -** unstressed / stressed (buh BUH ) (short followed by long syllable) To[day], / we [live] / - **Trochee-** stressed / unstressed (BUH buh)( long short syllable) BUH uh BUH buh BUH buh [Cap]tain/ [it']s gone/ [hold] it - **Anapest-** unstressed / unstressed / stressed. ( buh buh BUH ) buh buh BUH buh buh BUH (2 short syllable-long syllable) If I [cry]/ If I [leave/] - **Dactyl-** stressed / unstressed / unstressed (BUH buh buh ) BUH buh buh / BUH buh buh / BUH buh BUH (long syllable-2short syllable) [Car]nage is / [ho]rrible / [he]ritage **3.Imagery and Symbolism** **Imagery -** the author's attempt to create a mental picture in the mind of the reader. It appeals to the senses. - *This is the concrete representation of ideas or images that can be seen (visual), touched (tactile), heard (auditory), smelled (olfactory), and tasted(gustatory).* ***Visual imagery -** It was dark in the forest...* ***Olfactory Imagery (smell)** -- She whiffed the sweet aroma of his drink* ***Tactile Imagery (touch) -** She held it with* **Symbols** -It is the use of symbols to convey ideas. A symbol represents various ideas or things at one time. Like darkness or color black may symbolize death, uncertainty, failure, or an end. A white rose may mean purity, freshness, new beginning, or death. **THE COMMONLY USED LITERARY DEVICES IN POETRY:** - **Metaphor** -Direct comparison of two unlike things. Ex. He is a strong lion. - **Simile**- Two unlike things compared to each other using "like" or "as". Ex. He is strong like a lion - **Onomatopoeia-** Words that imitate a sound Ex. The gushing of wind and gnashing of teeth - **Alliteration -**The repetition of the same initial sound of the words. Ex. Be brave, be boundless Beauty is a bouquet of blue baby's breath - **Assonance** -The resemblance of a sound in words or syllable. Ex. Who knows how hollows snore. - **Repetition** -A word, a phrase, or a sentence repeated to emphasize its importance in the entire text. Ex. Not yet Rizal, Not yet.... - **Synedoche -**A part is made to represent the whole or vice-versa Ex. Hundred heads of cattle bought at a good price. - **Personification** Giving human attributes to an object or animal Ex. The wind spoke of hope and redemption - **Hyperbole** It exaggerates the meaning of a sentence. Ex. I am so thirsty that I could drink an ocean. **B. Fiction** is a story of make believe. It is a story made by the author's creative imagination. It has various sub-genres like ***mystery, fantasy, suspense, historical fiction science fiction, realistic fiction and folklore (myths, fables, legends).*** **Fiction** uses the basic elements of a story, namely; ***the plot, setting, characters, and conflict , to convey its ideas.*** ***Freytags pyramid*** 1. **Exposition** tells about the background of the story. The information can be about the setting, characters' back stories, or historical contexts. 2. **Rising action** is the part of the story after the characters and setting are introduced and events in the story begin to reveal probable conflicts that the protagonist must resolve. It also involves events that lead to the climax of the story. 3. **Climax** is the highest point of tension in the story. It is usually the most interesting part. 4. **Falling action** is the part of a story after the climax and before the very end. 5. **The denouement** is the final outcome of the story and it is where other secrets are revealed, if there is any. The **setting** includes the *time or period and place where the event happened.* The **characters** are the *persons/ animals/ or any inanimate object that functions* as the protagonist, antagonist and other minor entities that perform the actions, speak dialogue and moving the story along a plot line. **Conflict** creates tension in the story and it involves the struggle of between two opposing forces/ characters, usually the protagonist and the antagonist. Conflict can be **internal and external. *Internal conflict*** is a psychological conflict which arises when the character experiences two opposite emotions (like love and hate, patriotism and devotion) or aspirations ( like career and marriage, fame and peace of mind) which usually involves good and evil. ***External conflict*** is the struggle of a protagonist against outside forces that hamper his/ her progress and hinders him/her to achieve his/ her goal. C. **Nonfiction** is a literary genre that tells about stories that actually happen in real life. The sub genres of literary nonfiction are biography, memoir, autobiography, journals, diaries, periodicals and references. **D. Drama** **A script** may only come to existence once it is performed before an audience. Its basic elements include the literary element (script), technical element (scenery set, make-up, costume, lights, and sound) performance element (acting, character analysis, character motivation...) **The technical element** of a play is complicated. It includes scenery set, make-up, costume, lights, and sound. **A scenery set** can be chair, a house or a forest and other properties used to identify the location and period of the dramatic production. **Make-up** is used in drama to aid the actors in taking the appropriate appearance of the character they play. **Costumes** are clothes, garments or attires worn by actors on stage to aid dramatic actions and interpretations. There various types of lights used on stage. **Performance element** ***ACTING*** is the enactment of an actor or actress who portrays a character, character analysis is evaluating the character's traits, his/ her role in the story, and the conflicts they experience, character motivation is the element that drives the character to achieve his goal. - **The New Genres of Literature** The various genres of literature and its sub-genres changes through time. The invention of electricity, use of electronics and other modern technology affected how people view life and express themselves differently from their contemporaries 10 years, 20 years, or a hundred years ago. 1. **Hyperpoetry-** It is poetry uploaded in the internet. Its medium is the computer screen. 2. **Mobile Textula** - It is a short poetry in a form of tanaga, that is sent through SMS on mobile phone. It consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables using (/)to end a line and (//) to end the stanza. 3. **Flash Fiction --** It is telling a story in a few words, usually about 100-1000 words or less. A flash fiction can be as short as Earnest Hemingway's 6-word memoir, "For sale: baby's shoes; never worn." 4. **Chick Lit -** It is a heroine-centered fiction narrative; usually focus on the trials of the protagonist. Below is an excerpt of a chick lit taken from Wattpad. One needs to download the Wattpad App and the story to experience reading chick lit. 5. **Blog-** a regularly updated web page or website that is written in conversational style. *Blog* comes in two words: ***web & log.*** It is a log or compilation of thoughts and writing posted on the world wibe web. **Speculative fiction** -- The setting is futuristic and involves supernatural elements. It encompasses horror and science fiction works. **Texttula -** Has its origin in" TANAGA" **Grapic Novel -** Utilizes pictures in narrating a long story; it has growing popularity - **Contexts of 21st Century Philippine Literature from the Regions** - **ABSTRACTION** - **BIOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS** Before you read someone's work, you have to learn some background information about the author's life, including his or her educational background, professional background, or socioeconomic background, which directly or indirectly influence his or her literary work. - **Educational Background** As you read about the life of the author, you will also have a glimpse of his or her educational attainment and academic achievements. Some authors may have earned the highest educational degree while others may have dropped out of school for their own reasons. - **Professional Background** As you continue to read the life of the author you will discover more, like how he or she started his or her career in writing. You will learn his or her milestones as a writer. - **Socioeconomic Background** As you read about the author's life, you will also find out about his or her family. You will know about his or her family background and other significant childhood and adulthood experiences. - **LINGUISTIC CONTEXT** Reading through a linguistic context means you have to focus on the language used in the literary text and how it is used to convey meaning. Knowing how words interplay in a piece of literature will help you understand and appreciate it more. Pay careful attention to sentence structures, grammar patterns, and vocabulary used in the text. - **Literal comprehension** simply means reading the lines. As your read a text, take note of specific details that relate to who, what, when, where, why, and how questions.. - **Inferential comprehension,** refers to reading between the lines. This means you have to determine the meaning of certain words and expressions within the text not by using the dictionary, but by using context clues. Context clues are surrounding words and phrases in the text that are used to give meaning to unfamiliar words - **Evaluative comprehension** takes your imagination outside of the text. It enables you to make generalizations, form new conclusions, or make judgments about certain issues presented explicitly or implicitly in the text. **EXPLICIT**-stated clearly and detail, no room for confusion or doubt. **IMPLICIT-**implied though,not painly expreesed, essentially or very closely connected with. This level of comprehension develops your critical thinking. **SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT** In reading using the sociocultural context, you must focus on understanding the social, economic, political and cultural forces affecting the literary work. - **Multimedia Formats in Interpreting Literary Text** - **Multimedia** Computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted, and processed digitally. **SIX (6) MULTIMEDIA FORMATS** 1. **Blog/ web blog** Is a website containing informational articles about a person's own opinions, interests and experiences. These are usually changed regularly (DepEd 2013, 9)  2. **Mind mapping** Is a graphical technique to visualize connections of ideas and pieces of information. This tool structures information to better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall, and generate new ideas. You ca use Microsoft Word or online mind mapping tools in creating a mind map (Pasuello 2017).  3. **Mobile phone text tula** Is a traditional Filipino poem. A particular example of this poem is a tanaga that consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line (DepEd 2013, 8).  4. **Slideshow/ presentation** With the use of Microsoft PowerPoint, it contains series of pictures or pages of information (slides) arranged in sequence and often displayed on a large screen using a video projector. 5. **Tag cloud** Is a visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as websites, articles, speeches and databases. 6. **Video** Is an electronic device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast, and display moving visual media. - **Andecdote**  **ANECDOTE-(Greek-ávέkoTov meaning unpublished, not given out)** - brief story telling about the character. - usually shortmnarrative of an intersting , amusing, or biographcal incidents. - emphasizes the usefulness of personal experience, next to that of facts or professional perspectives. - always recounting of a real incident involving actual persons and usually in an identifiable place. **Purpose** - the primary purpose is to stir up laughter,disclose the truth in a general way,to discribe feature of a character in such a way that it become humorous and at the same time gives us a better understanding of the character. 1. **To bring cheer** 2. **To reminisce** 3. **To caution** 4. **To persuade or inspire** - **Close analysis and Critical** **Interpretation of Literature** **A literary critical** analysis employs interpretations to understand a piece of fiction, poetry, or theater. The objective of a literary analysis (like any other kind of analysis) is to extend and deepen your comprehension of a piece of Literature. Close reading and critical interpretation of literary texts necessitate two phases in writing: critical reading and critical writing. **While Close Critical** reading is a literary analysis technique that focuses on the elements of a passage of text to uncover hidden meaning, the reader\'s understanding of the passage or text is formed from the careful reading. It tends to operate on the assumption that no details appear in a text by \"accident.\" Because unconscious layers of meaning or even biases can be sublimated into literary works, the author\'s conscious intentions in writing are often irrelevant. Whether an author develops a specific meaning in work deliberately or unconsciously, if details exist supporting that interpretation, it is legitimate **After reading the work the first time, ask yourself the following questions:** - 1\. What is the geographical, historical, and social setting? How do these affect the literary text? - 2\. Who is (are) the main character(s)? Who are the secondary characters, and how are they related to the main character/s? - 3\. Does the main character change? If so, how and why? If not, why not? - 4\. What is the conflict? How does the resolution develop? - 5\. Who is the narrator/persona? How does he/she affect the story/poem? - 6\. In poetry, what is the pattern of rhyme and meter? - 7\. Do you notice any figurative language? What are those? What - imagery have you perceived? How do these literary devices affect the - passage? (e.g., do they add emphasis or connect key ideas?) - 8\. What words are being used here? Are there any words being - repeated? Are any two (or more) words used in this passage connected in some way? - 9\. Is the speaker straightforward, factual, or open? Is he or she taking a less direct route toward his or her meaning? Does the voice state any emotion?