DEN4448 Week 2 Student Notes 2023 PDF

**Week 2** **Body and Facial Growth** Interactions **[Somatic]** Growth = Cumulative increase in our body\'s height and weight as we age - Begins = **[conception]** - Completed = during adolescence Fastest Rate of Growth = **[0-1]** year - Start as a **[single cell]** Within 21 months g...

**Week 2** **Body and Facial Growth** Interactions **[Somatic]** Growth = Cumulative increase in our body\'s height and weight as we age - Begins = **[conception]** - Completed = during adolescence Fastest Rate of Growth = **[0-1]** year - Start as a **[single cell]** Within 21 months grow to 11-12kg Rate of Growth Slows Down = after **** year Second **[fastest]** Rate of Growth = 3 Phases 1. Pre-Pubescent 2. Puberty - **[Develop]** secondary sex characteristics - **[Growth]** spurt 3. Post-Puberty - Reproductive System matures **Growth and Gender Differences** - Shape of growth curve is similar for males and females - There are gender differences in **[timing]** **Girls** **Boys** ------------------------------------------ ----------- ---------- **Enters Adolescence growth spurt 1st?** **Complete Physical Growth 1^st^?** **Therefore: [Boys are taller and heavier]** **Body Proportion** **Influences on Growth:** 1\. **[Genetics]**: Influences: - **[Size]** of body parts - rate of growth - **[Onset]** of growth events such as - beginning of puberty - Development of teeth or tooth eruption etc. 2\. **[Nutrition]** Influences the: - size of body parts - body proportion - chemical balances - quality and texture of **[tissues]** Note: - Malnutrition in childhood delays growth - Improved nutrition may help compensate early undernourishment but often compensation is **[not]** complete 3\. **[Serious]** Systemic Illnesses - Some systemic diseases can affect **[facial]** growth and dentition i.e. rubella and congenital syphilis. 4\. **[Climate]** - People living in colder climate naturally develop a higher percentage of **[adipose]** tissue 5\. Adult **[physique]** - Overall growth predisposition tends to be correlated with the **[timing]** of the onset of growth events 6\. Family Size and **[birth order]** 7\. Secular **[trends]** **Growth and Orthodontics** **Why Do We Assess Growth** A. Identify abnormal **[growth]** B. Recognize deviations from normal C. Aids in **[Tx planning]** **Facial Growth:** - Begins in **[2^nd^]** month in utero - **[Cartilage]** → dense connective tissue → osseous tissue **[Maxilla]** Growth: Principle sites of bone growth are - Maxillary **[tuberosity]** - Nasal **[septum]** - Bone is added to these areas in a superior and **[posterior]** direction - Growth = downward and **[forward]** **[Mandibular]** Growth: Principal sites of bone growth: - Superior surfaces - **[Posterior]** surfaces - Bone is added to these areas in a superior and **[posterior]** direction - Growth = downward and **[forward]** - As the bones of maxilla and mandible grow, alveolar process develops rapidly in breadth, height and length - This growth accommodates development of primary and permanent **[teeth]** - Facial growth tends to follow the growth curve for the rest of the body - Face also undergoes a period of relatively rapid growth in conjunction with adolescent **[growth spurt]** Note: - Where development of a functional occlusion requires balancing of facial growth, it becomes important to **[predict]** the timing of this growth spurt. - Knowing a child's age is **[not]** sufficient information to predict this growth event - In order to determine the appropriate timing for some types of orthodontic interventions we have to consider the individual's "**[age]**" very carefully. - **[Timing]** is everything!! **Concept of Age:** Chronological age: - individual's age measured over units of **[time]** - years, month, days **[Physiological]** age: - degree of physical maturation of the individual - indicators are: height and weight data and bone age - individuals of same chronological age can vary significantly in their stage of **[development]** **[Bone]** age: - defined as the degree of skeletal maturity - Greulich and Pyle discovered that the bones of the **[wrist]** provide useful information regarding the degree of skeletal maturity - They are easy to obtain and, if taken in series for an individual, can show the rate of skeletal development - Developed an atlas of radiographs showing average bone development for individuals of specific chronological ages - Comparison of any child's wrist x-ray with the atlas will help determine their **[stage]** of bone development **[Dental]** age: - degree of crown/root formation of each tooth - Moorees developed radiographic norms for dental development at specific chronological ages - Comparison of a child's dental radiographs with the atlas will help determine the **[stage]** of dental development