Criminological Research PDF

**CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH\ **\ **What is Research?**\ \ It is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions\ \ Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific...

**CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH\ **\ **What is Research?**\ \ It is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions\ \ Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, \"research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.\"\ \ Inductive research methods analyze an observed event, while deductive methods verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis\ \ **Research is conducted with a purpose to** - Identify potential and new customers - Understand existing customers - Set pragmatic goals - Develop productive market strategies - Address business challenges - Put together a business expansion plan - Identify new business opportunities What are the characteristics of research?\ \ 1.Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data. Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.\ 2. The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.\ 3. Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.\ 4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated with it.\ 5. It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more research opportunities.\ 6. It is analytical and uses all the available data so that there is no ambiguity in inference.\ 7. Accuracy is one of the most critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct. For example, laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data, Accuracy measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the experiment\'s final result. What is the purpose of research?\ \ There are three main purposes\ \ 1. **Exploratory**: As the name suggests, researchers conduct exploratory studies to explore a group of questions. The answers and analytics may not offer a conclusion to the perceived problem. It is undertaken to handle new problem areas that haven\'t been explored before. This exploratory process lays the foundation for more conclusive data collection and analysis,\ \ \ 2. **Descriptive**: It focuses on expanding knowledge on current issues through a process of data collection. Descriptive research describes the behavior of a sample population. Only one variable is required to conduct the study. The three primary purposes of descriptive studies are describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For example, study conducted to know if top-level management leaders in the 21st century possess the moral right to receive a considerable sum of money from the company profit\ \ 3. **Explanatory**: Causal or explanatory research is conducted to understand the impact of specific changes in existing standard procedures. Running experiments is the most popular form. For example, a study that is conducted to understand the effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.\ \ Here is a comparative analysis for better understanding. **Exploratory Research** **Descriptive Research** **Explanatory Research** ------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- Approach Used Unstructured Structured Highly Structured Conducted through Asking Questions Asking Questions By Using Hypotheses Time Early Stages of Decision Making Later stages of Decision Making Later stages of Decision Making Research begins by asking the right questions and choosing an appropriate method to investigate the problem. After collecting answers to your questions, you can analyze the findings of observations to draw reasonable conclusions\ \ When it comes to customers and market studies, the more thorough your questions, the better the analysis. You get essential insights into brand perception and product needs by thoroughly collecting customer data through surveys and questionnaires. You can me this data to make smart decisions about your marketing strategies to position your business effectively\ \ To be able to make sense of your research and get insights faster, it helps to use a resource repository as a single source of truth in your organization and is manage your research data in one centralized repository\ \ **Types of research methods and example\ **\ Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative und Quantitative Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.\ \ **Qualitative methods**\ \ Qualitative research is a method that collects data using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a restarchies understand what participants think and why they think in a particular way **Valid** - founded, logical, rigorous, and impartial. **Accurate** - free of errors and including required details **Reliable** - other people who investigate in the same way can produce similar result **Timely** - current and collected within an appropriate time frame. **Complete** - includes all the data you need to support your business decisions\ \ **8 Tips for Conducting Accurate Research**\ \ 1. Identify the main trends and issues, opportunities, and problems you observe. Write a sentence describing each one.\ 2. Keep track of the frequency with which each of the main findings appears.\ 3. Make a list of your findings from the most common to the least common\ 4 Evaluate a list of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that have been identified in a SWOT analysis\ 5. Prepare conclusions and recommendations about your study\ 6. Act on your strategies\ 7. Look for gaps in the information, and consider doing additional inquiry if necessary\ 8. Plan to review the results and consider efficient methods to analyze and dissect results for interpretation.\ \ Renew your goals before making any conclusion about your research. Keep in mind how the process you have completed and the data you have gathered help answer your questions. Ask yourself if what your analysis revealed facilitates the identification of your conclusions and recommendations\ \ **What are the main parts of a research paper?**\ \ 1. Title\ 2. Introduction\ 3. Review of Related Literature\ 4. Research Methodology\ 5. Data Analysis and Interpretation\ 6. Results\ 7. Conclusions and Recommendation\ 8. Reference Page