Society Challenge and Change Exam Review 2025 PDF

Society Challenge and Change Exam Review Know and Define ​ Kinship ​ Discrimination ​ Patrilineal ​ B.F. Skinner ​ Baby Bust ​ Binary ​ Social con...

Society Challenge and Change Exam Review Know and Define ​ Kinship ​ Discrimination ​ Patrilineal ​ B.F. Skinner ​ Baby Bust ​ Binary ​ Social continuity opposite ​ ​ Anomie ​ Materialism ​ Physical anthropology ​ Fertility and ​ Determinism ​ Fecundity ​ Anthropology ​ Id, Ego, Super Ego ​ Extended family ​ Psychology ​ Stimulus ​ Millennium kids ​ Deviance Response ​ Bystander ​ Operant ​ Proletariat effect. conditioning ​ Prejudice ​ baby boom ​ Patriarchy ​ Cognitive ​ Echo boom ​ Diffusion dissonance ​ hierarchy ​ neo-Marxist ​ Clinical ​ Enculturation Psychology ​ Survival of the fittest ​ Acculturation ​ Nuclear Family  ​ Suburb ​ conformity, ​ Technosis alienation, and isolation ​ Proximate ​ school of Determinants of thought fertility ​ bourgeoisie Kinship Kinship is a family relationship based on what is a culture considers a family to be Patrilineal Relationship to the father of descent through male line Binary Opposite Ppl tend to see things in terms of forces that are opposite to each other Materialism Instant gratification and material possession Determinism The belief that events, including human actions and decisions, are ultimately determined by preexisting causes or conditions. Suggests choices we make are not truly free, but rather are the result of a complex chain of cause-and-effect relationship Anthropology Study on humankind around the world and throughout time Anomie Anomie describes the conditions of the industrial workers who had no roots or norms as they struggled in their lives Ppl feel disconnected from societal norms due to lack of direction/shared views Fertility & Fecundity Fertility: Refers to the actual reproduction Fecundity: Means the ability to reproduce Extended Family Not only the immediate parents of a child but also relatives like grandparents, uncles and aunts Millennium Kids Generation Y (born between 1981 and 2000) Bystander Effect An individual is less likely to help a person if they are with a group of people Baby Boom Period after WWII when there was significant increase in birth rates. Psychology The social science discipline that examines people's feelings, thoughts and personality development Deviance Behaviour that is different from societal norms Operant Condition The best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response Patriarchy Societies focus on male dominance. Diffusion Spreading of new ideas When one culture borrows cultures symbol from another (idk what's right) Hierarchy A ranking system used in any environment based on authority or power Enculturation Members of a culture learn and internalize shared ideas, values and beliefs (Ex. cultures other than christians buy christmas trees) Acculturation Assimilation to a different culture, typically the dominant one “The process of acculturation may impact both social and psychological well-being” Echo Boom Generation Y was called this (bc of the high # of birth rate in the 80’s/90’s) Neo-Marxist Neo-Marxists believe the economic system creates a rich class of owners and a poor class of workers Survival of the Fittest ​ Suburb Homes built outside an urban area in commuting distance of them Proximate Determinants of Fertility Conformity, Alienation and Isolation Alienation: an outsider, does not share the major values of society Conformity: maintaining a certain degree of similarity Isolation Isolation: State of being separated from one another B.F. Skinner Believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but it's more productive to study observable material ratchet than mental events Social Continuity Theory of normal aging states that older adults will usually maintain the same activities, behaviours, relationships as they did in their earlier years of life Physical Anthropology Study of human evolution & biology Id, Ego, Super Ego Id – which encourages us to seek physical satisfaction Superego – prompts us to do the moral thing, not the one that feels best Ego – the referee between the two and deals with external reality, this is our most conscious self Stimulus Response Rats received food rewards for pressing specific levers in a complicated sequence leading many theorists to believe that learning was a STIMULUS-RESPONSE effect Proletariat The working class population Prejudice A set of opinions, attitudes and feeling that unfairly causes a group in a negative light without a good reason Cognitive Dissonance the feelings of discomfort that result from holding two conflicting beliefs. Clinical Psychology Addresses behavioral and mental health issues faced by individuals across their life Nuclear Family A method of tracing and organizing families through the mother line​ Discrimination Unfair actions directed against people based on race, gender, ethnicity nationality , language or sexual orientation Baby Bust After the baby boom, where a rapid decline in birth rates occurred School of Thought Sociologists debate among themselves about the real nature of society Bourgeoisie Middle/Ruling Class​ Technosis Feeling of fear, confusion dread etc.brought on by technology 1.​ Know and explain the 3 schools of thought in anthropology Functionalism ​ Functionalism: Individuals have certain physiological needs: Ex. Food, Shelter, reproduction ​ Structuralism: Societies create rules and structures (the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex) for human behavior to function ​ Culturalism: Believe that both economic and technological factors form and influence societies. type of technology used, and economics method, affect the type of society that developed 2.​ What are the 3 major sources of cultural change? Explain. ​ Invention: new products, ideas and social patterns. ​ Discovery: finding something that was previously unknown to a culture. ​ Diffusion: spreading of ideas, methods and tools from one culture to another.  3.​ What are the anthropological theories of social change? -​ Adaptation to change or cultural change takes place through 3 methods ​ Diffusion ​ Acculturation ​ Cultural evolution 4.​ Know the psychology schools of thought Psychoanalytic Theory: personality development and individual behavior are governed by how the three parts of the unconscious mind interact Behaviouralism: the branch of psychology that tries to control / regulate human behavior by identifying the factors that motivate it in the first place. Learning Theory: the school of thought that believes humans are born with little instinct but much learning potential 5.​ Know the significant contribution made by the following: ​ Sigmund Freud - psychoanalytic theory: Believed our early childhood experiences, usually involving our relationship with parents and family, are stored in our unconscious mind. ​ Alfred Adler -inferiority complex Adler believed everyone feels inferior and strives: He believed that difficulties ppl encounter in gaining self-esteem and recognition, if not overcome by the normal means lead to compensatory behaviour and resultant personality orders. ​ Carl Jung -dream analysis: Believed that we are conditioned by a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. He argued that by understanding these symbols, we can better understand the conscious. ​ Charles Watson -behaviorism: Used animal experiments to determine strict or flexible patterns are more effective. ​ Skinner -learning is a stimulus response: Believed that if the subject is correctly stimulated it will give the appropriate response. ​ Abraham Maslov -Hierarchy of needs: Analysis of human needs organized into a hierarchy ranging from basic survival through to the need for love, security and esteem. ​ Alfred Bandura -learning is largely a modeling experience: and much more complicated than a stimulus response effect 6.​ The impact of technology on how people live in society The degree of technology available determines how receptive a culture will be to the need for change.  7.​ What is the impact of seeking equilibrium on creating social change in society? Changes in our society Seeking equilibrium (a balance) *** IMPORTANT FOR TEST AND EXAM Changes in our society occur due to tension and adaptation When there is some tension in society, society seeks some form of change or adaptation, that will create equilibrium. Ex. The creation of welfare state (the government runs programs to protect the health and welfare of its citizenry) during the great depression 8.​ Use the concept of Anomie to explain criminal behaviour of young people. The term anomie refers to the breakdown of societal norms or a lack of shared values. This can explain criminal behaviour in young people. When societal expectations are unclear or not enforced, young people begin to feel lost or unsupported,so they turn to crime as a way to deal with their struggles or get things they cant have (for example money, attention etc.) If they feel left out by society, breaking the rules makes it seem like it the only way for them to have a sense of belonging 9.​ Philosopher that you feel made a significant contribution to the study of sociology. Karl Marx -​ Created neo marxism -​ He believed that economic power lead to political power He emphasized the power imbalance between the bourgeoisie (ruling class) vs the proletariat (working class), which shapes many aspects in society, like the family structures, economics and cultures. What he did contributed to the understanding of power and inequality affects society and institutions. 10.​ Generation X, Y, Z main criteria that differentiates each generation Gen X  1965-1980 Born to the early boomers Had disaffection with the governance, a lack of trust in leadership​ Committed to their professions instead of to a company Value work/life balance Gen Y 1981-1996 nurtured by omnipresent parents, optimistic and focused Respect authority Schedule everything Fell enormous academic pressure Prefer digital aspects while working Prefer to work in teams Gen Z After 1996 Unique and need expectations Highly socially orientated​ Experience seekers Social media, constant connectivity Grew up in a technological environment More racially and ethnically diverse than any other previous generation*** 11.​Use the Perception Pyramid to explain the development of prejudice Perception of the world is key to understanding the development of prejudice Sensory information -> becomes an image -> that is processed through a paradigm  When a person perceives they take that reality and incorporate it into their understanding of the world. For example, if there is an opinion on a group of people that is unfairly just, and makes the group have a negative light without legitimate reasons, a person that hears this would take this and think its true. 12.​ Explain concept of Paradigm (American Psychologist Joel Barker) and how it impacts people’s behaviours. A paradigm is a person's stored rules and conditions that they use to understand sensory experiences. The Paradigm Process of creating the image through steps: (how it affects ppl) 1.​ Sensory information 2.​ Image 3.​ Prior Experience 4.​ Education 5.​ Personal Background 6.​ Influence of friends and other influences E.g. The approach of a stranger can be seen by one person as a possible threat, while someone else may see it as just another passerby How it affects the concept of racism and prejudice -​ People use background and experiences to form images of others -​ If the image of a certain group in society is negative = negative stereotyping -​ If negative feelings are strong- it is prejudice -​ If someone acts on prejudice - then discrimination  13.​ How would Anthropology, sociology and psychology approach health impairing behavior? In anthropology, it focuses on how different cultures understand and practice things that affect their health. For example, some cultures might have traditional eating habits that could be harmful, while others that protect people. Anthropologists also study how the environment, both physical (like food available) and social (like family or social structure), influences a person's health In sociology, they look at how schools, families and workplaces shape behaviors related to health. For example, societal views on smoking/drinking can influence how individuals see this as harmful or acceptable. They also research societies social problems (like poverty) can lead to health impairing behaviours. For example, stress from a lack of resources might lead to unhealthy coping behaviours In Psychology, it focuses on understanding why a person engages in unhealthy behaviours, like smoking or overeating. They look at the mental and emotional reason for it (like stress or anxiety) that might make someone more likely to harm their health 14.​ What are the dangers with voluntary childlessness? Why are some women opting for this lifestyle? There are some dangers involved with voluntary childlessness. There is social pressure to get children, especially if you're in a culture where having children is highly valued.If a woman chooses not to have a baby, they could be isolated, as some societies centre around having children. Moreover, some women might worry who will take care of them when they are older? Women could choose to do this for many reasons. Some prioritize their careers, wealth and education over raising a family, and others may not be financially stable enough to raise one. Changing societal norms also means that women feel free to reject raising a family, especially in the era of Generation Z.  15.​ The differences in the way society looks at men and women who decide to be childless due to cultural constructs. Unmarried people were seen as homosexual, which was wrong at the time. 16.​ Changing Canadian Values Article***** kk 17.​ Pluralism, Equity, Inclusiveness, Sustainability………. How have they been evident in Canada For pluralism - since Canada is a country that is very diverse, with people from different cultures, races and religions. Canada has a community that can coexist Equity - Canada has focused on fairness for all citizens in its country. Especially in areas like healthcare, and employment. Inclusiveness - Canada has many laws that promote equal rights, no matter the race or ethnicity you are. For example, the charter of rights and freedoms. Sustainability - Canada makes efforts to protect the environment for the future generations. Things like reducing emissions and using green energy shows how Canada tries their best to be sustainable 18.​ Baby boom Articles **** kk