ChaCha Exam Review PDF

What is Anthropology? ​ Anthropology is the study of humans: their origins, biological characteristics & cultural development, social relationships, and other topics based on scientific methods Cultural Anthropology - addresses the full range of learned human behavior patterns; the beliefs,...

What is Anthropology? ​ Anthropology is the study of humans: their origins, biological characteristics & cultural development, social relationships, and other topics based on scientific methods Cultural Anthropology - addresses the full range of learned human behavior patterns; the beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals of a society ➔​ Anthropologists focus on the process of ENCULTURATION (members of a culture learn and internalize shared ideas, values and beliefs) What is Sociology? -​ Looks at the development and structure of human society, human institutions, and how they work -​ Sociology is the study of social life/patterns, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior -​ IMPORTANT NAMES: Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber What is Psychology? -​ The study of how and why humans act as they do, with a particular focus on the human mind -​ Psychology focuses on the individual and unique experiences that influence how the individual act and thinks ➔​ Theoretical/Experimental Psychology: sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations to determine the range of human behaviors and/or the reasons for them ➔​ Clinical psychology: develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illness and behavioral disorders ➔​ Others include social psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology, and more Knowledge VS Intuition: Knowledge - empirical evidence that is discovered through research/experiment Intuition - to think based on personal experience or feelings Theories of Deviance:  1.​ Social Control Theory - believes that the onset of criminality is due to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society (social bonds) -​ In other words, people’s relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law -​ The four ties that bind people to the norms of a particular culture are: 1.​ Attachment - sensitivity to and interest in others 2.​ Commitment - time, energy, and effort into conventional activities 3.​ Involvement - insulates people from the lure of crime 4.​ Belief - moral respect for law and social values 2.​ Labelling Theory - explains criminal careers in terms of destructive social interactions and stigma-producing encounters -​ People are given a variety of symbolic labels that define the whole person which are created by social groups -​ Labels may actually maintain and amplify criminal behavior (especially if they are negative) 3.​ Differential Association - views criminality as a function of the socialization process (criminal behavior is learned by interacting with others in intimate groups) -​ Concerns itself with how people become deviant, but does not concern itself with why 4.​ Neutralization Theory - views criminality as a process of learning neutralizing techniques -​ Techniques of Neutralization ★​ Denial of responsibility: unlawful acts are beyond an offender's control (it’s somebody else’s fault) ★​ Denial of offence: offender’s perception is changed (i.e. stealing is borrowing or “taxing”) ★​ Denial/Blaming of the victim: the victim had it coming (i.e. someone left their phone on the table, so it’s “their fault” for leaving it there) ★​ Condemnation of the condemners: shifting the blame to others (i.e. society) The Scientific Research Method: 1.​ Question - something you want to know about 2.​ Background research - what is already known? 3.​ Hypothesis - a new idea on the subject (one sentence, identifies the independent and dependent variable) 4.​ Methodology- what will you do to test your hypothesis? 5.​ Just do it 6.​ Analyze result - what happened? 7.​ Evaluate results - what does it mean? 8.​ Reflection - how does what you have learned apply to what you know/what is known or understood?  9.​ Next steps - what should be done now? Action, change, further research? 10.​Communicate results - usually written, sometimes presented The Demographic Transition Model: STAGE 1 ➔​ High stationary ➔​ High birth rate ➔​ High death rate ➔​ Keeps it stable STAGE 2 ➔​ Death rates drop ➔​ Population rises because the birth rates stay the same ➔​ Early expanding STAGE 3 ➔​ Death rates continue to drop ➔​ Birth rates drop because of contraception & a social trend of smaller families ➔​ Late expanding STAGE 4 ➔​ Birth rates (because women are in the workforce) and death rates are low ➔​ Improvements in contraception ➔​ Longer life expectancy STAGE 5 ➔​ Resources will potentially run out ➔​ World population may continue to increase ➔​ OR the population will decrease ➔​ Birth rates potentially will drop below the death rate Hans Rosling: ➔​ Western countries progressed because of health care - resulted in a longer life expectancy ➔​ The wealthier we get (from working and education) the healthier we get ➔​ Wars and pandemics cause the population and progression of countries to decrease ➔​ Former colonies began to gain independence (like China) and progressed even more ➔​ The historical gap between the west and the rest of the countries is now closing, so we have become an entirely new world ➔​ The way of the West is beginning to be the way of the world Social Change Theory: ➔​ Social Change Theory views the factors that contribute to changes within the structure of  society ➔​ Change HAS to start with society and a belief that change is good and justified ➔​ Has to be accepted by everyone in order for it to work 5 Impediments that Affect Social Change ➔​ Traditional Cultural Values -​ Ideals and values passed from generation to generation in the home, school, and society at large ➔​ Little Cultural Interaction -​ Low exposure to other cultures, practices, and ideas -​ Reduces exogenous factors ➔​ The Expense Of Change -​ Economic change and investment required -​ Social change may require new institutions, systems, and order -​ A fundamental shift in ideologies ➔​ Little Education/Innovation/Emerging Technologies -​ Limited learning and exposure to practices and ideals -​ Looking at things the same way -​ “In the box thinking” ➔​ The Abuse Of Power -​ Workers staying in employment at low wages/power, leaders staying in power, religious leaders as intermediaries between God and man 7 Aspects of Culture: 1.​ Social Organization - the way society organizes itself into small groups 2.​ Language - the core of all culture (can be informal or formal) 3.​ Customs & Traditions - laws, social norms, and the behavioral expectations of a group 4.​ Art & Literature - the way in which a culture expresses itself 5.​ Religion 6.​ Form Of Government - monarchy, democracy, republic, dictatorship 7.​ Economic System - how we generate income and what how it is shared among the community Strain Theory - Robert Merton: ➔​ Views crime as a normal response of people who want financial success (which we are all “supposed to get”), but have limited opportunities to achieve it ➔​ Merton defines our ultimate goal as the attainment of financial success and material wealth, which is also summarized as the “American Dream” ➔​ Anomie - discontinuity between cultural goals and the legitimate means available for reaching them Deviance Typology ★​ Conformity - Individuals accept the cultural, as well as societal goals, and the traditional ways of following them ★​ Innovation - Individuals accept the cultural goals of society but reject the regulated means, instead using unconventional ways to achieve those goals ★​ Ritualism - Individuals abandon the cultural goals but continue to follow the established processes - they follow the rules and routines without aiming for the societal goals ★​ Retreatism - Individuals reject both the cultural goals and the entrenched rules, but they seek to replace them with new goals and rules Marshall McLuhan: ➔​ A Canadian philosopher who foresaw the impact of technology on culture ➔​ Seen as the father of communications and media studies ➔​ “We become what we behold. We shape our tools, and thereafter our tools shape us.” -​ EX: IPhones Variables: Independent variable: the number of people in the room Dependant variable: the reaction time Confounding variables: personality type, gender, age, education, social skills, status Digital Media: ➔​ Is integrated in much of what we do, improving our productivity and advancing how we interact and communicate with each other ➔​ Influences our knowledge, understanding, and memory ➔​ It can introduce us to new ideas, expand our horizons, and shape our perceptions of reality ➔​ Shapes our attitudes and beliefs on various issues (EX: politics) ➔​ Can also impact our behaviours and actions Cognitive Bias: -​ A Cognitive Bias is the human tendency to think in particular ways that lead to systematic deviations from a standard of reality or good judgment  -​ These biases can lead us to extrapolating information from the wrong sources, seeking information from the wrong sources, seeking to confirm existing beliefs, or failing to remember events the way they actually happened -​ There is 188 known confirmation biases They tend to arise from… ➔​ Information processing shortcuts ➔​ The limited processing ability of the brain ➔​ Emotional and moral motivations ➔​ Distortions in storing and retrieving information ➔​ Social influence Schools of Thought: ➔​ When a certain way of interpreting a discipline’s subject matter gains widespread credibility Anthropological Schools of Thought & Questions ★​ FUNCTIONALISM - to understand a culture it is necessary to investigate the social functions of institutions (Questions: What purpose in society does this institution serve? How does this institution contribute to the overall stability of society?) ★​ CULTURAL MATERIALISM - the true explanation of a culture can only be derived by examining members’ decisions regarding human reproduction and economic production : Demographic, Technological, and Economic factors are the most important in moulding a society (Questions: How do population and economic factors influence the type of culture that develops? What are the laws of development that apply to all cultures?) Sociological Schools of Thought ★​ SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM - focuses on a small scale perspective of the interactions with objects, events, ideas, and other people -​ Was compiled from the teachings of George Herbert Mead → believed that the development of the individual and the meanings of individuals assigned to things, was a social process -​ Herbert Bloomer continued Mead’s work → coined the term symbolic interactionism and proposed 3 tenets to explain symbolic interactionism; we act based on the meaning we have given something, there are different meanings for different people, and meanings can change ★​ CONFLICT THEORY - focuses on the inequalities of different groups in a society and models the drastic changes that occur in a society  -​ Based on the ideas of Karl Marx, who believed that a society evolved through several stages (feudalism, capitalism, and socialism) ★​ FUNCTIONALISM - looks at society from a large scale perspective and examines the necessary structures that make up a society -​ Society is made from a bunch of connected structures: ​ Institutions: meet the needs of society like education systems or financial institutions ​ Social Facts: ways of thinking and acting formed by the society that existed before anyone ★​ MACROSOCIOLOGY VS MICROSOCIOLOGY - Macrosociology analyzes large collectives while microsociology analyzes social interactions between individuals or small groups Psychological Schools of Thought ★​ BEHAVIORISM -​ Classical Conditioning (PAVLOV): the response is automatic, involuntary, and/or unintentional - when a neutral stimulus is associated with a meaningful stimulus, the person responds to the former stimulus as if it were the latter -​ Operational Conditioning (SKINNER): a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior ➔​ NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus ➔​ POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: involves presenting a favourable outcome ➔​ NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT: involves taking away something pleasant after a behavior occurs ➔​ POSITIVE PUNISHMENT: applying an unpleasant event after a behavior ★​ SOCIAL LEARNING THERAPY (BANDURA) - theory states that behavior is learned from the environment through observation, but learning can be altered if there are rewards or punishments involved; behaviors is modeled by other people (often parents) and influences (including media & entertainment) Technological Determinism: ➔​ Believes that social change is initiated by technology, rather than the individual -​ This is contrary to what traditional theorists believe ➔​ Our behaviors are determined by our technologies ➔​ As new technologies emerge, our behaviors change (societal change) Ethnocentrism: the tendency to judge other cultures by our own values Participant Observation: a method used by anthropologists to get to know another society and its culture by living in it as an active participant rather than simply an observer Asymmetrical Insight Bias - when people believe that their knowledge of others surpass other’s knowledge of them or others themselves ➔​ EX: you think your friend hates pineapple on pizza because they are just following a trend and don't actually care about the taste Confirmation Bias - the tendency for people to favor information that confirms/supports their preconceptions/hypothesis, regardless of whether the information is true or not ➔​ EX: people who use social media platforms as a news source False Memory Bias - when an individual recalls a memory incorrectly or it did not actually occur ★​ Humor effect: states that humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones ★​ Positivity effect: states that older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories ★​ Generation effect: states that self-generated information is remembered best In-Group Bias - If someone is in a group to which we belong in, they will have positive views towards that person as opposed to someone who doesn't  -​ EX: Children will treat their “group” nicer than they treat an “outsider” group of individuals Halo Effect - influences our judgment of others based on one trait or impression Selective Perception - the process by which individuals perceive what they want to while ignoring opposing viewpoints -​ EX: when watching a political debate, people who support one side will ignore the flaws coming from their candidate SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: 1.​ Using one of the following theories of deviance, apply the principles of the theory to any type of everyday deviance, other than criminality, to explain the behaviour. (Social Control---Labeling---Differential Association---Neutralization Theory) (8 marks) 2.​ It can be argued that our Indigenous community here in Canada was very close to losing their culture. Read the article STEMMING THE TIDE OF “STOLEN” ABORIGINAL CHILDREN to gain an understanding of the issues we face with our Indigenous children. Using the knowledge of the 3 sciences you have explored this semester and the information you learned about our 3 social sciences, identify 3 questions a scientist from each field would ask about this situation (do not be general). https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5FZrKw9T1KRS2t3bG9JM2FnS3c/view?resourcekey=0-Wo8PCIx9W6cKuVeiXi4NsQ&usp=classroom_web&authuser=0 3.​ Using these particular terms (Cognitive Dissonance, Norms, Enculturation And Technological Determinism) explain how the “autonomous vehicles” will happen. (12 marks) 1 mark for the use of each term correctly used, 1 mark for linking it clearly to AV and 1 mark for clear coherent order. 1.​ 2 factors that have boosted population growth -​ Advances in agriculture -​ Medical treatments & increased birth rates 2.​ What is NOT considered a theory of deviance? 3.​ Speed and direction of change (psych, anthro, sociology note) Anthro: slow and steady, varies by country, driven by education Socio: occurs in groups/societies, inevitable process Psych: driven by thoughts/ideas/beliefs 4.​ Students deviating from the uniform norm. In period 4, the students say that other  teachers let them, what is this excuse an example of? -​ Neutralization theory: blaming of the victim 5.​ Anomie -​ The feeling of being left behind in the midst of changing technologies and norms 6.​ What slows down change and what accelerates change 7.​ Why someone with very little interactions does not conform to status quo -​ Status quo bias, which prevents people from changing 8.​ Types of media -​ Tv, social media, radio, newspaper cinema. Conversations, books, news 9.​ Knowing the demographic transition model 10.​What is the difference between cultural transmission and cultural diffusion -​ Transmission is the passage of culture from one generation to the next. Diffusion is the spread of culture from one population to another 11.​Human populations and how big it will get -​ Wars and pandemics cause the population and progression of countries to decrease 12.​Hans Rosling box-by-box (related to population question above) 13.​Demographic transition (growth rate, factors of growth rate) 14.​Which of the 3 sciences talk about exogenous and endogenous -​ SOCIOLOGY 15.​Psych speaks about the individual. 16.​Where the terms; Thesis, Antithesis and synthesis come from - comes from a school of thought in sociology -​ CONFLICT THEORY 17.​Functionalism - differentiate between that and the other schools of thought 18.​Pavolv, Bandura, Skinner SIGMUND FREUD 19.​3 tenets of symbolic interactionism -​ Interactions with others & institutions provide meaning, meaning can change with experience over time, in order to understand society we must understand the collection of people within it 20.​Quote from Marshall Mcluhan 21.​Know what social change is 22.​How we shape our values and beliefs 23.​Order of maslow's hierarchy -​ Physiological/basic needs, safety needs, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization 24.​Aspects of culture 25.​Famous person & what kind of typology they are 26.​3 types of variables -​ Independent, Dependent, Confounding 27.​Changes in laws or values - Soc 28.​Process of technological change 29.​Scenario: studies show that teenagers stay up late and need to sleep in. People in charge that bring students to school ignore these needs to better suit their economic ideal - pick a bias that best explains this point of view -​ Confirmation bias