Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics PDF

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS  COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS LESSON OBJECTIVES: 1. Understand the importance of communication in society. 2. Know the principles and processes of communication as embodied in the communication...

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS  COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS LESSON OBJECTIVES: 1. Understand the importance of communication in society. 2. Know the principles and processes of communication as embodied in the communication provided. 3. Know how to communicate in an ethical manner. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? The word communication comes from commun which implies “something in common” and ication which suggests “understanding.” Communication means a common understanding of something. - Communication is the process of people reacting to the various attitudes and behaviors of other individual. - It allows us to receive, transmit, and retrain messages and information.  TYPES OF COMMUNICATION VERBAL COMMUNICATION: WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: 1. Intrapersonal NON- VERBAL Communication COMMUNICATION: 1. Letter 2. Interpersonal 2. Emails Communication 1. Silence 3. Social Media 3. Public Communication 2. Body Language 4. Books 4. Mass Communication 3. Facial Expression 5. Magazines 4. Paralanguage 6. The Internet 5. Touch 6. Space and Distance 7. Clothes and personal Appearance VERBAL COMMUNICATION - Refers to the production of spoken language to send an intentional message to a listener. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: - Can be defined as communication with one’s self, - Is the process of exchange of information, and that may include self talks, acts of ideas and feelings between two or more imagination and visualization and even recalling a people. memory. MASS COMMUNICATION: PUBLIC COMMUNICATION: - Includes television, radio, social media, - Means a communication is made in identical and print media. form to multiple persons or to the world at large as by televisions, radio, newspaper, letter Examples are: commercial advertising, public head business card. relation, journalism and political campaigning.  7 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. INSTRUMENTAL - Used to ask for something 2. REGULATORY - Used to give direction and direct others. 3. INTERACTIONAL - Used to interact & converse with others in a social manner. 4. PERSONAL - Used to express a state of mind or feeling about something. 5. HEURISTIC - Used to find out information and inquire. 6. IMAGINATIVE - Used to tell stories & role play 7. INFORMATIVE - Used to provide an organized description of an event or object. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION: - Is the transmission of messages or signals through a non-verbal platform such as eye contact, facial expression, gestures, postures, touch and the distance between the two individuals. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: 7 FUNCTIONS OF - the sending of messages, orders or instructions in COMMUNICATION: writing through letters, circulars, manuals, reports, telegrams, office memos, bulletins etc. 1. Instrumental 2. Regulatory 3. Interactional 4. Personal 5. Heuristic 6. Imaginative 7. informative  THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION MODELS One way of thinking about communication processes is by looking at the different communication models available. According to Dennis Mcquail and Sven Windahi (2013) in mass communication. A model seeks to show the main elements of any structure of process and the relationship between the elements. It helps in explaining by providing in a simplified way information which would otherwise be complicated or ambiguous. The earliest model comes from Aristotle at around 5B.C. In this model, Aristotle explains that the speaker should adjust their message according to their audience and the occasion to achieve a particular speech. SHANON-WEAVER MODEL The Shanon-Weaver Model was created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1948. Shanon and Weaver wrote an article in the bell system technology journal entitled “A mathematical theory of communication”. This is called the “Telephone Model.” The sender would be the person giving the message. While the encoder would be the transmitter which converts the message into signals. OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL In this model, pay attention to the rule of interpreter. Encoding and decoding are not automatic processes. Both goes through the filter of the interpreter. Therefore the message may succeed or fail. There are times when the sender and receiver may apply different meaning to the same message and this is termed the “Semantic Noise”, although the receiver may not fully appreciate all the nuances of the message as there are parts of the sender’s experience has no knowledge of it. WHITE’S STAGE OF ORAL COMMUNICATION MODEL The most important contribution from Eugene White’s model is the concept of feedback. Hence, the speaker must also pay attention to the listeners’ verbal and non-verbal cues. When it comes to the message, how the message is organized, and what field of experience it comes from, should be taken into consideration. When it comes to the sender the best communication is one that involves feedback.  ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SENDER: - The person who intends to convey the message with the intention of passing information and ideas to others - Sender or communicator IDEAS: - the subject matter of the communication. This may be an opinion, attitude, feelings, views, orders, or suggestion. ENCODING: COMMUNICATION CHANNEL: - Since the subject matter of communication is - The person who is interested in communicating theoretical and intangible, its further passing has to choose the channel for sending the requires use of certain symbols such as words, required information, ideas, etc. This information actions or pictures etc. is transmitted to the receiver through certain channels which may be either formal or informal. RECEIVER: DECODING: - Is the person who receives the message or - The person who receives the message or symbol for whom the message is meant for. It is from the communicator tries to convert the same the receiver who turns to understanding in such a way so that he may extract its meaning the message in the best possible manner to his complete understanding. in achieving the desired objectives. FEEDBACK: - Is the process of ensuring that the receiver received the message and understood the same message as how the sender meant it.  7 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION 1. Principle of Clarity 3. Principle of Feedback - The principle of feedback is very important to - The idea or message to be communicated should make the communication effective. There should be clearly spelt out. It should be worded in such a be feedback information from the recipient to way that the receiver understands the same thing know whether he has understood the message in which the sender wants to convey. the same sense in which the sender has meant it. 2. Principle of Attention 4. Principle of Informality - In order to make communication effective, the - Formal communication is generally used for receiver’s attention should be drawn towards the transmitting messages and other information. message. People are different in behavior, Sometimes, formal communication may not achieve attention, emotion, etc. the desired results; informal communication may prove effective in such situations. 5. Principle of Consistency - This principle states that communication should always be consistent with the policies, plans, programs, and objectives of the organization and not in conflict with them. 6. Principle of Timeliness - This principle states that communication should be done at a proper time so that it helps in implementing plans. Any delay in communication may not serve any purpose rather decisions become historical importance only. 7. Principle of Adequacy - The information communicated should be adequate and complete in all respects. Inadequate information may delay action and may create confusion. Inadequate information also affects efficiency of the receiver. So, adequate information is essential for taking proper decisions and making action plans.  COMMUNICATION ETHICS - Ethical communication is fundamental - Ethical communication enhances human worth to responsible thinking, decision-making and and dignity by fastening truthfulness, fairness, the development of relationships and communities. responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others.  In their credo, there are four ethical principles of communication that are especially relevant for students today. 1. “Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of communication.” (NCA, 1999) 2. The NCA also endorses “Freedom of expression, Nowadays, social media and speeches in public have been diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent filled with black propaganda and white washing that there to achieve the informed and responsible decision-making is a call to reiterate the need for truth and honesty. It is fundamental to a civil society” (NCA 1999) important to be accurate when we communicate, and to have facts and to prove our assertions. 3. The NCA (1999) states that they “ Condemn 4. The NCA (1999) states that “Communicators should communication that degrades the individuals and humanity accept responsibility for the short and long-term through distortion, intimidation, coercion, and violence, consequences of our own communication and expect and through the expression of intolerance and hatred” the same of others. (1999)  ETHICS MORALS ▪ Ethics are the principles underlying ▪ Morals are the principles underlying the best behavior of members of a the ideal behavior of each individual. culture. ▪ Ethics are subjective and communal. ▪ Morals are subjective and personal. ▪ Ethics are decided upon by a society ▪ Morals are usually based on a after debate and trial. philosophy or religious belief. ▪ Ethics are based on cultural norms, ▪ Morals transcend cultural norms, but but may conflict with an individual’s may conflict with them. morals. ▪ Involves reasoning. ▪ It adhere to what is described. ▪ It is beyond rules and universal. ▪ Hard and fast rules: Relative to society/culture. ▪ It is for the survival of the society. ▪ For the survival of individual. ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION Difference between morals and ethics Morals are personal codes while ethics are societal. Morals are our own set of rules, so others are neither expected nor required to follow them. Ethics, on the other hand, are rules accepted and approved by society, so they are imposed upon everyone.  COMMUNICATION ETHICS It is the system of moral principles that govern all forms of human interactions, including the resulting behaviors, in everyday life.  ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES TO COMMUNICATE ETHICALLY: BE HONEST. Being honest means choosing not to lie, to cheat, or to deceive anyone in any way. MAINTAIN PERSONAL INTEGRITY. Ethical communicators earn the trust of others through personal integrity. BE OPEN-MINDED. Open-mindedness is the state of decisiveness and willing to listen and consider new ideas, suggestions, and opinions, free from prejudice or bias. STAY COMMITTED. Commitment means a state or quality of being dedicated to a purpose/cause/activity. PRACTICE ACTIVE LISTENING. Active listening is a communication technique that requires the listener to have a conscious effort of concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what is being said. BE RESPECTFUL. Respect means giving due regard for the feelings, opinions, rights, or culture of others. BE ACCOUNTABLE. Accountability means being responsible for what you do, say, and write; be ready to give a satisfactory reason for doing it. REFERENCES: ▪ www.skillsyouneed.com ▪ www.yourarticlelibrary.com/ ▪ https://www.academia.edu/ ▪ www.Britannica.com