PURCOM Reviewer PDF

**Module 1: Language and Communication** **What is Language?**\ -Language is a dynamic human capacity linked to the creation of human life.\ -While animals communicate, only humans can produce true language. **Linguists define language as requiring:**\ -A system of rules (grammar)\ -A sound system...

**Module 1: Language and Communication** **What is Language?**\ -Language is a dynamic human capacity linked to the creation of human life.\ -While animals communicate, only humans can produce true language. **Linguists define language as requiring:**\ -A system of rules (grammar)\ -A sound system (phonology)\ -A vocabulary (lexicon) Example: A monkey\'s signals are not true language, but humans have rule-governed ways to express the same meaning. **Speech Community:** People who understand each other due to shared language rules. **Language Acquisition:** The process of acquiring one\'s mother tongue(s) or first language(s) while growing up. **Language Learning:** Formally or informally studying additional languages (second languages). **What is Communication?**\ -Communication involves exchanging thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between two or more people. **Context is crucial and includes:**\ -Physical setting\ -Speaker/listener values\ -Message relevance/appropriateness **Classifications of Communication:**\ -By mode\ -By context\ -By purpose and style **Module 2: Types of Communication** **What is Communication?**\ -Communication is defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between two or more people.\ **-Context** is the circumstance or environment where communication occurs. **Types of Communication by Mode:**\ **Verbal:** Using spoken words (e.g., public speaking, interviews)\ **Non-Verbal:** Conveying messages without words (e.g., hand gestures, facial expressions) **Types of Communication by Context:**\ **Intrapersonal Communication:** Communication with oneself (inner dialogue, self-talk). The latin prefix intra means within or inside.\ **Interpersonal Communication:** Interactive exchange between people, from greetings to conversations. Can be in dyads or small groups (group communication). The latin prefix inter means between, among, and together.\ **Extended Communication:** Using electronic media (e.g., video conferencing, Skype).\ **Organizational Communication:** Communication within a company.\ **Types of Organizational Structure**\ **1. Formal Structure:** Follows designated channels.\ **-Downward Communication:** From higher to lower positions.\ **-Upward Communication:** From subordinates to superiors.\ **-Horizontal Communication:** Between people at the same level, but in different departments.\ **-Crosswise Communication:** Between employees in different units and at different levels.\ **2. Informal Structure**\ **-Intercultural Communication:** Communication between people with different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, or professional backgrounds. **Types of Communication by Purpose and Style:**\ **Formal Communication:** Uses formal language, oral or written, to inform or persuade (e.g., lectures, business letters).\ **Informal Communication:** Personal conversations with friends, family, or acquaintances, oral or written, to socialize (e.g., everyday talk, emails). **Module 3: Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics**\ **Communication Models**\ **Aristotle\'s Communication Model:**\ **-Linear model**, speaker-centered (focus on public speaking). It is proposed before 300 b.c by the Greek philosopher Aristotle.\ -It is considered simple and very straightforward. It is mainly a speaker centered model.\ \ **Five Primary Elements**\ Speaker -- The Leader\ Speech -- About war and victory\ Occasion -- Battlefield\ Audience -- Soldiers and other army personnel\ Effect -- Defeat enemy and gain victory **Lasswell\'s Model:**\ -Linear model, similar to Aristotle\'s but adds \"medium\" as a variable.\ - In 1948, Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being focused on the following W's; **Who says, what in, Which Channel, to Whom and What effect** **Shannon-Weaver\'s Model:**\ -Focuses on technical communication, identifying \"noise\" that affects the process.\ - Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver's model of communication was introduced in 1949, a year after Laswell's for Bell Laboratories. **Includes concepts like:**\ -Information source\ -Transmitter\ -Noise\ -Channel\ -Message\ -Receiver\ -Destination\ -Encoding\ -Decoding **Berlo\'s SMCR Model:**\ **- David Kenneth Berlo (1929 --- February 23, 1996)** was an American communications theorist. He taught at Michigan State University and later served as president of Illinois State University.\ \ \ -Represents communication in its simplest form.\ -SMCR stands for Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver.\ -Emphasizes coding and decoding for efficiency.\ -For effectiveness, the source and receiver should be on the same level.\ \ **General Principles of Effective Communication:**\ -Know your purpose (inform, entertain, persuade).\ -Know your audience (age, background, profession, culture).\ -Know your topic thoroughly.\ -Adjust to the context.\ -Use feedback to improve. **Principles of Effective Oral Communication:**\ -Clear purpose\ -Complete message\ -Concise delivery\ -Natural delivery with gestures\ -Specific and timely feedback **Principles of Effective Written Communication: The 7 Cs:**\ -Clear\ -Concise\ -Concrete\ -Correct\ -Coherent\ -Complete\ -Courteous **Ethics of Communication:**\ -Morals influence communication behavior.\ -Be honest, decent, truthful, sincere, and morally upright.\ -Establish a strong value system.\ -Provide complete and accurate information.\ -Disclose vital information transparently. **Module 4: Forms of Communication**\ **Communication Modes:**\ -Refer to the channel used to express communicative intent. **1. Face-to-Face Interaction:**\ -Most common mode.\ -Informal conversation for establishing and maintaining relationships.\ -Allows for observing verbal and non-verbal cues.\ -Initiating and maintaining conversations is key.\ -Choose appropriate topics.\ -\"Be brave enough to start a conversation that matters.\" - Dau Voire\ -\"All social change begins with a conversation.\" - Margaret J. Wheatley\ - \"Meaning is made in conversation, Reality is created in communication, and knowledge is generated through social interaction\... Language is the vehicle through which we create our understanding of the world.\" -Diana Wheatley **2. Video:**\ Uses webcams for real-time interaction over distance.\ Examples: Skype, Viber, WhatsApp, FaceTime, Facebook Messenger.\ Can be used for personal or formal settings (video conferencing).\ **Disadvantage:** Time zone differences. **3. Audio:**\ Transmitted sound only (e.g., telephone calls, voice messages). **Disadvantage:** Lack of visual cues.\ **Challenge:** Understanding different accents (e.g., Filipino accents in English).\ \ **4. Text-based Communication:** it does not originally provide video and audio benefits; it has a wider reach and can disseminate information to a bigger audience quickly.\ **Examples:** Email, fax, text messages, instant messaging, social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram).\ **Advantages:** Wide reach, quick dissemination.\ The last three modes (video, audio, text-based) are virtual and simulate physical presence in real-time. **Module 5: Communication and Technology**\ **Communication in Social Media:**\ **Social media:** Online platforms for creating, sharing, and exchanging information and ideas in virtual communities. **Benefits:**\ -Staying connected\ -Making new friends\ -Sharing content\ -Engaging in communities\ -Enhanced learning **Risks:**\ -Cyberbullying\ -Facebook depression **Top Social Media Platforms:**\ -Facebook\ -Twitter\ -Snapchat\ -Instagram\ -YouTube **How Social Media Changed Communication:**\ -Created a sense of urgency\ -Provided inside perspectives\ -Shared full stories\ -Personalized digital messages\ -Revived news for millennials\ -Enabled live broadcasting\ -Impacted social skills\ -Changed writing styles (more summarized, more abbreviations).