BNUR 1001 Historical Perspectives SV PDF

HISTORICAL INFLUENCES BNUR 1001 Module 9 1 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 3 The Development of Nursing in Can...

HISTORICAL INFLUENCES BNUR 1001 Module 9 1 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 3 The Development of Nursing in Canada 2 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. LEARNING OBJECTIVES  Discuss the historical development of professional nursing.  Discuss the historical development of nursing education in Canada.  Discuss the historical development of nursing practice in Canada. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 3 Ltd. All rights reserved. EARLY HISTORY OF NURSING IN CANADA  New colony of Canada was devastated by epidemics of infectious diseases  Good nursing care was the only effective defence  Indigenous population  Health care knowledge  Herbal remedies  Midwives, nurses, caregivers Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 4 Ltd. All rights reserved. NEW FRANCE (QUEBEC)  First nurses were male attendants and Jesuit priests  Mme Hébert (lay nurse) provided care to settlers  Jeanne Mance founded first hospital in Quebec  Marguerite d’Youville formed Sisters of Charity: first visiting nurses  Most came to “minister” to the sick, motivated by desire to educate the Indigenous people Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 5 Ltd. All rights reserved.  SISTERS OF CHARITY OF MONTREAL (GREY NUNS)  Gained respect for their work  Visited the sick at home during epidemics  Spread out from Montreal toward the West  Established missions in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and the Northwest Territories Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 6 Ltd. All rights reserved. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE  Founder of modern nursing  Cared for wounded soldiers during Crimean War  Dramatically reduced mortality and morbidity rates with simple nursing care  Elevated status of nursing  First nurse statistician Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 7 Ltd. All rights reserved. GLOBALIZATION  Throughout nursing history, nurses have travelled across geographic and national boundaries  New France and across Canada  West Africa  Missionary nursing in China  World Health Organization  United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration  Remote regions in Canada Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 8 Ltd. All rights reserved. GENDER AND DIVERSITY  Nursing was initially considered suitable for single White women  Segregation of patients  Segregation of nursing students  Awareness of need for gender balance and social diversity Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 9 Ltd. All rights reserved.   First financially independent schools of nursing were founded by Florence Nightingale.  Nursing schools spread across NURSING Europe and North America. EDUCATION  Educational model was lost as hospital schools of nursing developed. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1 0   Students provided nursing care in exchange for education and HOSPITAL living arrangements  Financial benefit to the hospital SCHOOLS  Poor living conditions for students  Provided education of questionable quality Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1 1   First: St. Catharines Training School (1874)  Admission standards included plain English education, good DIPLOMA character, and Christian motives.  Students learned chemistry, SCHOOLS sanitary science, physiology, anatomy, and hygiene.  The role of nurses was to observe patients and report “faithfully” to doctors. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1 2   Mary Agnes Snively  Superintendent at Toronto General Hospital School of EDUCATIONAL Nursing (1881) REFORM  Established proper living conditions for students, a curriculum, and criteria for clinical and educational time Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1 3 IMPACT OF NURSING ORGANIZATIONS  Schools and nurses began to organize.  Lady Ishbel Aberdeen began Victorian Order of Nurses (VON).  These organizations assisted in establishing educational standards for nurses.  Women’s Rights movement contributed to their influence. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 14 Ltd. All rights reserved. INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES  This council was concerned with professional welfare of nurses, interests of women, and improvement of the people’s health.  To become members, nations needed to have a national nursing organization.  Mary Agnes Snively was the first treasurer in 1899.  In 1909, Canada joined. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 15 Ltd. All rights reserved. THE CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (CNA) AND PROVINCIAL/TERRITORIAL NURSING ASSOCIATIONS  Registration process in all provinces and territories  Work of these associations:  Set scope of practice  Protect title of nurse  Protect the public against unqualified, incompetent practice  Develop CNA Code of Ethics Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 16 Ltd. All rights reserved. UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS Influenced by consequences of Community health World War I and practices influenza promoted epidemic of 1918 First undergraduate University program education for established at nurses University of established British Columbia in 1919 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. 1 7 HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATIONAL REFORM  Weir Report (1932)  Survey of Nursing Education in Canada  Confirmed insufficient classroom instruction and lack of variety in clinical experience  1965 Royal Commission on Health Services  Instrumental in transition away from hospital training schools Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 18 Ltd. All rights reserved. BACCALAUREATE AS ENTRY-TO- PRACTICE (BETP)  1960s: Transition from hospital schools of nursing to two-year diploma programs  1975: Alberta Task Force on Nursing Education recommendation that all new graduates be prepared at the baccalaureate level  All provinces except Quebec endorsed BETP by 2010 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. 19  THE GREAT DEPRESSION TO WORLD WAR II  Great Depression brought unemployment and hardship to nurses  Affected financial stability of universities  World War II  Shortage of nurses  Increase in funding to manage shortage Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 20 Ltd. All rights reserved. EXPANSION OF 1950S AND 1960S  Number of programs increased greatly across the country.  First Masters of Nursing program was established at University of Western Ontario in 1959. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 21 Ltd. All rights reserved. 1970 TO PRESENT  Transition from nonintegrated degree program (university responsible for theory and hospital for clinical) to integrated degree (university has oversight of classroom instruction and clinical)  First doctoral program established at University of Alberta in 1991 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 22 Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights re 23 served.  New and continually developing curricula National Nursing Education Framework NURSING Increased access through online and EDUCATION distance modalities TODAY Educational standards monitored by the provinces and territories and by Canadian Association for Schools of Nursing (CASN) Ensures greater quality and response to change Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. 2 4 SUMMARY  Epidemics Diploma schools  Indigenous population Integrated universities  Lay nurses and home Nursing organizations visiting Canadian Nurses  Grey Nuns Association Baccalaureate as entry-  Hospitals built to-practice  Florence Nightingale Great Depression and  Gender and diversity War Masters programs, PhD  Hospital schools programs Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, 25 Ltd. All rights reserved. THE VALUE OF NURSING HISTORY TODAY  https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazona ws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/ UploadedImages/documents/PS93_Nursing_History_e.p df Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. 26  27 THE END Next week: Group Presentations Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Canada, a division of Reed Elsevier Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved.