Nursing History PDF

NURSING HISTORY NH Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss historical factors and nursing leaders influencing the development of nursing. 2. Discuss the different types of educational programs for nurses. 3. Discuss the evolution of nursing education and entry into professional nursing...

NURSING HISTORY NH Learning Outcomes 1. Discuss historical factors and nursing leaders influencing the development of nursing. 2. Discuss the different types of educational programs for nurses. 3. Discuss the evolution of nursing education and entry into professional nursing practice.  Nursing… The art and science of assisting individuals to learn to care for themselves and of caring for them when they cannot meet their own needs. Focuses on client’s response to illness rather than on the illness. Assists clients to higher level of wellness.  Pre civilisation.. 4,000BC Belief that illness is caused by sin and gods’ displeasure Temples were centers of medical care Priest as physician  Has evolved with human civilization Nurse viewed as slave carrying out menial tasks ordered by priests  Pre civilisation.. Most early nursing was performed in the home by females. Many early hospitals were established by religious orders. The first nursing school was established in 1836 in Germany.  1836… Deaconess group origins in the Roman Empire. Theodore Fliedner reinstituted the Order of Deaconess and opened a small hospital and training school in Kaiserswerth, Germany. Florence Nightingale received her ‘training’ in nursing at the Kaiserswerth School  War… Beginning of 16th Century Focus on religion replaced by focus on warfare Exploration and expansion of knowledge Shortage of nurses: criminals recruited Nursing considered disreputable  th th 18 –19 Century Hospital schools organized 1893- First formal training for practical nurses, Brooklyn School. 1914- first laws passed to govern the practice of practical nurses, Missisippi Legislature passed license laws for practical nurse  Female nurses under control of male hospital administrators and physicians Male dominance of health care Nursing becomes respected occupation Modern methods in nursing education founded  Societal a itudes Society’s a itudes about nurses and nursing have significantly influenced professional nursing..  Society’s a itudes … Nursing during 1800 Reflected in the writings of Charles Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1896) … she ‘cared’ for the sick by neglecting them , stealing from them, and physically abusing them … Donahue, 1996 p. 192 Influenced the negative image and a itude towards nurses up to contemporary times…  Society’s a itudes … Guardian of angel or Angel of Mercy image in later 19th century, largely because of the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War. Nightingale brought respectability to the nursing profession.  Societal a itudes… Another image in the 19th century is the image of doctor’s hand maiden Image evolved when women had yet to obtain the right to vote, when family structures were largely paternalistic, when the medical profession was of male domain  World War II Explosion of knowledge in medicine and technology Efforts to upgrade nursing education Women more assertive and independent PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING  1950’s to Present Varied healthcare se ings developed Nursing broadened in all areas Growth of nursing as a profession  Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) The founder of modern nursing. Worked to develop public awareness of the need for educated nurses. Forged the future of nursing education as a result of her experiences in training nurses to care for British soldiers.  Contributions of Nightingale (1820-1910) Believed nursing is separate and distinct from medicine Recognized nutrition as important to health Instituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people  Stressed the need for continuing education for nurses Established nursing education and respected occupation for women  h ps://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=B94Zf4Vye3Y Florence Nightingale: Changing the Field of Nursing - Fast Facts | History  Contributions of Nightingale (1820-1910) Identified personal needs of patient and role of nurse in meeting them Established Standards for hospital management Recognized two components of nursing – health and illness Maintained accurate records/beginning of nursing research  NIGHTENGALE’S CONCEPTS She introduced many concepts, unique in her day, but still used today: – A systematic method of assessing clients – Individualized care based on client’s needs – Confidentiality – An environment that promotes healing An environment that promotes healing “Nature alone cures, and what nursing has to do…is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.” – Florence Nightingale  Through careful observation nursing must discover the laws of healing, such as the need for proper nourishment, ventilation, cleanliness and quiet, and thus be able to cooperate consciously in the restorative process. NURSING PIONEERS FOUNDER OF MODERN NURSING NURSING PIONEERS Clara Barton organized the Red Cross in 1881. Mary Breckenridge–introduced a system of delivering health care to rural America. Lavinia Dock–wrote one of the first nursing textbooks, and was first editor of the American Journal of Nursing. Nursing Pioneers Lillian Wald–the founder of public health nursing HISTORY OF NURSING IN MALAYA 1800 Hospitals in existence from 1800. Penang was ahead of Singapore in establishing a medical service. The head of the medical dept. in 1819 was superintending surgeon G. Alexander.  1800 The sub assistant surgeon Thomas Prendergast went to Singapore from Penang – the only Medical officer in the General Hospital. It was known as the Central Pharmacy. The only G.Hospital until 1827 A endants , later Dressers, but no mention of female nurses.  1873 Sir Andrew Clarke- period of progress in the history of Malaya Jose d’Almeida a surgeon Portuguese man of war se led in S’pore in 1825 as a medical practitioner. He opened a dispensary in S’pore.  1833-1845 European were treated in Singapore. The hospitals were maintained by the Pork Tax. Military Hospitals were established at Fort Canning, Sepoy Lines, and Tanglin.  1833-1845 The pork tax were abolished in 1837 and the govt. had to support the hosp. “ these hospitals were a disgrace… the floors were of mud, there plank beds; cooking pots were kept on tile beds when not in use. There were many flies. The latrines were at one end of the ward covered by planks on top of which was built the European Seaman’s Hospital  1833-1845 The cleaning was carried on by the lepers and other sick inmates. There were two meals a day 7a.m and 2 p.m Clothing was changed Thursdays and Sundays.  1833-1845 The medical staff of the straits se lement was drawn from the military service of the East India Company. The leper asylum at Pulau Jerejak and a quarantine boarding of ships was originated by Dr. Alexander the Superitending surgeon of the straits se lement.  First trained nurses 1886 They were Indians nurses from Madras. Arrived in 1886 and travelled by sampan and bullock cart to Taiping. They found the treatment weird. E.g dressings from wounds were soaked in saline and the patient was given the strained liquid to drink.  1885-1900 1885-1900 Nursing of the sick in the General hosp. Singapore was carried out by Catholic Nuns and in Penang 1887-1903. There were 21 altogether. – Ten in Penang and eleven in Singapore.  1900 Hospital Nurses In 1900 Sisters arrived from England. A newspaper cu ing gave the following note of the departure of the nuns from Penang… “The new nurses arrived on Sunday morning- A matron and three assistants all young and good looking. The nuns of being relieved returned to the convent the same afternoon”  Cholera & smallpox epidemics.. Cholera and smallpox epidemics occurred at intervals. The worst epidemic cholera was 1902 when 759 cases died. Out of 842 reported. An infectious disease hospital was built in July 1913.  Midwives ordinance for the Straits Se lements 1917 Mrs. Blundell , a municipal nurse was appointed 1910 to secure information regarding the conditions of the early life of infants and to advise mothers. The midwives ordinance came into force 1917.  1800 HOSPITAL ESTABLISHED IN PENANG & SINGAPORE ENGLISH NURSES CATHOLIC NUNS (ENGLAND) NURSING IN MALAYSIA  Development of nurse training in Malaya Period of Japanese occupation the standard of nursing deteriorated and many girls took up nursing as an escape avenue. Nurses received lectures in practice and theory of nursing from Matron or assistant Matron of the hospital. Nurse training in Malaya On completion of training nurses were promoted to staff nurse, and later if considered suitable they become Senior Staff Nurses.  Training school In 1946 Johore Bahru had a preliminary training school and this was conducted by Mis Henderson D.N. Leeds In l947 Penang School of Nursing was started. 3rd school of Nursing started in Kuala Lumpur in 1947 There were 16 nurses selected for the first Preliminary Training School.  The Nurses Board , Federation of Malaya, was established and registration of all nurses came into force in 1950. In September 1955, the first book form the Procedure Manual was published. In 1955 the first series of nurses were sent to Australia under the Colombo Plan to complete their training The first to complete their part training of 2 years under the Colombo Plan returned in 1957  20th century In the 90s nursing education in Malaysia has reached the level of tertiary education involving Higher education. 1961 Nursing School Tun Tan Cheng Lock first private nursing school Hospital Assunta, Petaling Jaya. 1968 Hospital University nursing school was established.  1980’s-1990’s… Since the 80’s several private health organisations has established schools and nursing colleges for their own organisations and the nation. E.g Nursing college PUSRAWI, K.L Nursing college Mahkota, Melaka  CHRONOLOGY OF NURSING FORMATION IN MALAYSIA YEAR IMPORTANT LANDMARK 1923 Introduction of legislation for the control of the Practice of Midwifery and the training of midwifes in the Straits Se lement and subsequently in the other states of the Malay Peninsular 1950 Nursing Legislation - Nurses Act & establishment of Nurses Registration Ordinance (control practice of nursing) - set up Nursing Board for controlling training & registration - Development of syllabus & curriculum for Basic Nurse Training - Regulation for the conduct of final examination - Issuing of the Nurse Training Certificate, Nursing Registration Certificate & Registration Badge  CHRONOLOGY OF NURSING FORMATION IN MALAYSIA YEAR IMPORTANT LANDMARK 1956 The Nurses Registration Regulation 1961 The first private nursing school in Malaysia established -Assunta Hospital called the Tun Tan Cheng Lock College of Nursing 1969 Extension of the Act to Sarawak 1978 Extension of the Act to Sabah 1985 Nurses Registration Regulation & Implementation of the Annual Practicing Certificate (APC)  20th century Degree program University Malaya (1993) Diploma & Degree program in Univ. Sains Malaysia (1995, 2000) Diploma & Post Grad Diploma Midwifery& Degree in Univ. Kebangsaan Malaysia (1996, 2000,2001) 20th century Degree program in Univ. Malaysia S’wak(1997) Diploma & Degree Program in UiTM (1996, 2005)  Nursing Education Programme in Malaysia Hospital Based Programs Basic (19) MOH Post Basic University Based Programs UM, UKM, UNIMAS, USM, UiTM, UPM, UIA, UMS Private Colleges Private Universities Thank you