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Questions and Answers
What motivated many of the early nurses in Canada, such as those from the Sisters of Charity?
What motivated many of the early nurses in Canada, such as those from the Sisters of Charity?
Who founded the first hospital in Quebec?
Who founded the first hospital in Quebec?
Which group was known for their respect and care during epidemics in early Canadian nursing?
Which group was known for their respect and care during epidemics in early Canadian nursing?
What role did Indigenous caregivers play in the early history of nursing in Canada?
What role did Indigenous caregivers play in the early history of nursing in Canada?
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What was one of the earliest forms of nursing care in New France?
What was one of the earliest forms of nursing care in New France?
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How did the Sisters of Charity expand their nursing efforts in Canada?
How did the Sisters of Charity expand their nursing efforts in Canada?
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What challenge did early nursing in Canada primarily respond to?
What challenge did early nursing in Canada primarily respond to?
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Which region did the Grey Nuns notably extend their mission to beyond Montreal?
Which region did the Grey Nuns notably extend their mission to beyond Montreal?
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What educational topics were included in the curriculum at Catharines Training School?
What educational topics were included in the curriculum at Catharines Training School?
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What role did nurses primarily have according to the standards set by Catharines Training School?
What role did nurses primarily have according to the standards set by Catharines Training School?
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Who was a significant figure in establishing standards for nursing education and living conditions for students?
Who was a significant figure in establishing standards for nursing education and living conditions for students?
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What was one of the primary educational reforms driven by the Victorian Order of Nurses (VON)?
What was one of the primary educational reforms driven by the Victorian Order of Nurses (VON)?
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What was the main concern of the International Council of Nurses?
What was the main concern of the International Council of Nurses?
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Which of the following was a requirement for nations to join the International Council of Nurses?
Which of the following was a requirement for nations to join the International Council of Nurses?
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What movement contributed to the influence of nursing organizations during this period?
What movement contributed to the influence of nursing organizations during this period?
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When did Canada officially join the International Council of Nurses?
When did Canada officially join the International Council of Nurses?
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What significant impact did Florence Nightingale have during the Crimean War?
What significant impact did Florence Nightingale have during the Crimean War?
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Which statement reflects the initial perception of nursing as it related to gender?
Which statement reflects the initial perception of nursing as it related to gender?
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What role did Florence Nightingale play in nursing education?
What role did Florence Nightingale play in nursing education?
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What was a common characteristic of hospital schools of nursing?
What was a common characteristic of hospital schools of nursing?
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Which of the following regions did nurses historically travel to outside of Europe and North America?
Which of the following regions did nurses historically travel to outside of Europe and North America?
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What was the consequence of the development of hospital schools of nursing?
What was the consequence of the development of hospital schools of nursing?
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What contribution did Florence Nightingale make to nursing beyond her clinical work?
What contribution did Florence Nightingale make to nursing beyond her clinical work?
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What was a primary focus of early nursing regarding diversity?
What was a primary focus of early nursing regarding diversity?
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What significant change occurred in nursing programs during the 1960s?
What significant change occurred in nursing programs during the 1960s?
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What was the recommendation made by the Alberta Task Force on Nursing Education in 1975?
What was the recommendation made by the Alberta Task Force on Nursing Education in 1975?
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How did World War II impact the nursing profession?
How did World War II impact the nursing profession?
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What was significant about the nursing programs established in the 1950s and 1960s?
What was significant about the nursing programs established in the 1950s and 1960s?
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What trend occurred from 1970 to the present in nursing education?
What trend occurred from 1970 to the present in nursing education?
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What is one primary role of the Canadian Nurses Association and provincial/territorial nursing associations?
What is one primary role of the Canadian Nurses Association and provincial/territorial nursing associations?
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What was a significant consequence of the Weir Report (1932) regarding nursing education?
What was a significant consequence of the Weir Report (1932) regarding nursing education?
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Which epidemic influenced the establishment of the first undergraduate nursing program?
Which epidemic influenced the establishment of the first undergraduate nursing program?
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What was a key outcome of the 1965 Royal Commission on Health Services?
What was a key outcome of the 1965 Royal Commission on Health Services?
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What is protected by the Canadian Nurses Association for the public interest?
What is protected by the Canadian Nurses Association for the public interest?
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Which event primarily led to the development of the CNA Code of Ethics?
Which event primarily led to the development of the CNA Code of Ethics?
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In what year was the first undergraduate nursing program established in Canada?
In what year was the first undergraduate nursing program established in Canada?
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What is NOT a responsibility of the nursing associations in Canada?
What is NOT a responsibility of the nursing associations in Canada?
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What does the National Nursing Education Framework aim to improve?
What does the National Nursing Education Framework aim to improve?
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Which group is responsible for monitoring educational standards in nursing?
Which group is responsible for monitoring educational standards in nursing?
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What significant impact has online and distance education had on nursing education?
What significant impact has online and distance education had on nursing education?
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Which of the following is NOT a historical factor influencing nursing education?
Which of the following is NOT a historical factor influencing nursing education?
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What is a current entry-to-practice requirement in nursing education?
What is a current entry-to-practice requirement in nursing education?
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Which population group is recognized as having unique considerations in nursing education?
Which population group is recognized as having unique considerations in nursing education?
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Which nursing organization has played a significant role in the evolution of nursing education?
Which nursing organization has played a significant role in the evolution of nursing education?
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What type of nursing education institutions arose during the Great Depression and World War?
What type of nursing education institutions arose during the Great Depression and World War?
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Study Notes
Historical Influences on Nursing in Canada
- Early Canada faced significant epidemics of infectious diseases.
- Indigenous peoples possessed valuable health knowledge and practices.
- Early healthcare relied on herbal remedies and the skills of midwives, nurses, and caregivers.
New France (Quebec)
- Early nurses included male attendants and Jesuit priests.
- Notable individuals like Mme Hébert provided care to settlers.
- Jeanne Mance founded the first hospital in Quebec.
- Marguerite d'Youville established the Sisters of Charity, introducing the first visiting nurses.
- Many nurses were motivated to educate Indigenous peoples.
Grey Nuns (Sisters of Charity of Montreal)
- The Grey Nuns earned respect for their dedicated work.
- They tended to the sick at home during epidemics.
- They expanded their missions across Western Canada, including Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and the Northwest Territories.
Florence Nightingale
- Recognized as a founder of modern nursing.
- Provided crucial care to wounded soldiers during the Crimean War.
- Significantly reduced mortality and morbidity rates through practical nursing care.
- Elevated the status of nursing as a profession.
- Was the first nurse statistician.
Globalization of Nursing
- Throughout history, nurses have crossed geographical and national borders.
- Examples include nurses in New France, West Africa, and missionary work in China.
- The World Health Organization and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration have supported global nursing efforts.
- In Canada, nurses have been active in remote regions and beyond.
Gender and Diversity
- Initially, nursing was associated with single white women.
- Over time, there was a segregation of patients and nursing students.
- Recognizing the need for gender balance and social diversity became increasingly important.
Nursing Education
- The first financially independent nursing schools were founded by Florence Nightingale.
- Nursing schools expanded throughout Europe and North America.
- Early hospital schools of nursing sometimes lost crucial educational models.
Hospital Schools
- Nursing students often provided care in exchange for education and living arrangements.
- Financial benefit to hospitals was a common practice.
- Living conditions for students were sometimes poor.
- The quality of education at some of these schools was questioned.
Diploma Schools
- St. Catharines Training School (1874) was a pioneering diploma school.
- Admission standards usually included English education, good character, and Christian values.
- Students learned crucial subjects like chemistry, sanitary science, anatomy, and hygiene.
- Nurses were primarily expected to observe patients and accurately report to physicians.
Educational Reform
- Mary Agnes Snively, a superintendent at a Toronto hospital school, championed educational reform in nursing.
- She established proper living conditions for students.
- She developed curricula, and criteria for clinical and education time.
Impact of Nursing Organizations
- Nursing schools and nurses started to organize to improve quality and professional standards.
- Lady Ishbel Aberdeen established the Victorian Order of Nurses (VON).
- These organizations helped to improve educational standards.
- The Women's Rights movement influenced the increasing influence of nursing organizations.
International Council of Nurses
- The International Council of Nurses focused on nurses' welfare and the health of the general population.
- Nations needed a national nursing organization to become members.
- Mary Agnes Snively was the first treasurer of the organization.
- Canada joined the council in 1909.
Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) and Provincial/Territorial Nursing Associations
- Registration processes were developed across all provinces and territories.
- Work of the associations involved setting scope of practice, protecting the title of nurse, protecting the public against unqualified and incompetent practice, and development of a Code of ethics.
University Programs
- The need for professional nursing programs intensified due to World War I, the influenza epidemic of 1918, and other factors..
- Community health practices gained support and promotion during this era.
- Universities established nursing education programs.
- The University of British Columbia pioneered undergraduate programs in nursing.
Health Care and Educational Reform
- The Weir Report (1932) emphasized the need for improved nursing education.
- The report highlighted the need for better classroom instruction and providing a wider variety of clinical experiences.
- The 1965 Royal Commission on Health Services was instrumental in transitioning away from hospital-based nursing education.
Baccalaureate as Entry-to-Practice (BETP)
- A significant shift from hospital-based programs to two-year diploma programs occurred in the 1960s.
- The 1975 Alberta Task Force on Nursing Education advocated for the baccalaureate degree as the entry level for nursing practice.
- By 2010, all provinces except Quebec had endorsed the BETP.
The Great Depression to World War II
- The Great Depression caused unemployment and hardship for nurses.
- It negatively impacted financial stability for universities.
- World War II resulted in a shortage of nurses.
- Funding increased to manage shortages and address the need for nurses.
Expansion of 1950s and 1960s
- The number of nursing programs saw significant growth across Canada.
- The first Masters of Nursing program was established at the University of Western Ontario in 1959.
1970 to Present
- Nursing programs transitioned from a non-integrated model (dividing theory and clinical practice) to an integrated curriculum.
- The university took a larger role in running clinical instruction and the clinical experience,
- A doctoral program was established at the University of Alberta in 1991.
Nursing Education Today
- Curricula are continually evolving and developing.
- The National Nursing Education Framework offers a unified structure.
- Increased access to online education is beneficial.
- The Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing (CASN) helps monitor and ensure the quality of programs.
- Quality and responsiveness to change are key priorities.
Summary
- The history and development of nursing in Canada is marked by epidemics, indigenous knowledge, contributions and evolution of education, and nursing organizations.
- Various historical events such as wars, depressions, and evolving social movements shaped nursing in Canada.
- Changes in the structure education are evident in the evolution of programs, focusing on both diploma and university programs.
- The efforts of nurses in organizing, alongside the impact of the International Council of Nurses, played significant roles in creating the profession.
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Description
Explore the significant historical influences on nursing in Canada, from early healthcare practices to the establishment of formal nursing organizations. Learn about key figures such as Jeanne Mance and the Grey Nuns, and their contributions to nursing and healthcare in Indigenous communities and during epidemics.
