History of Nursing Theories (1).pdf

History of Nursing Theories Department of Nursing Dr. Lolit H. Avanzado • • To help the students understand what comprises a nursing theory and its importance, purpose, history, types, or classifications, and Give an overview through summaries of selected nursing theories. Terminologies • •...

History of Nursing Theories Department of Nursing Dr. Lolit H. Avanzado • • To help the students understand what comprises a nursing theory and its importance, purpose, history, types, or classifications, and Give an overview through summaries of selected nursing theories. Terminologies • • • Nursing theories are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it. Nursing theories provide a way to define nursing as a unique discipline that is separate from other disciplines (e.g., medicine). Nursing is a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide nursing practice at a more concrete and specific level. Nursing • • • Nursing, as a profession, is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled body of knowledge vital to nursing practice. nursing as a science. To distinguish this foundation of knowledge, nurses need to identify, develop, and understand concepts and theories in line with nursing. As a science, nursing is based on the theory of what nursing is, what nurses do, and why. Nursing is a unique discipline and is separate from medicine. It has its own body of knowledge on which delivery of care is based. Professional Nursing • is taking responsibility for one's nursing judgments, actions, and omissions as they relate to life-long learning, maintaining competency, and upholding both quality patient care outcomes and standards of the profession. Terminologies • • • Philosophy. These are beliefs and values that define a way of thinking and are generally known and understood by a group or discipline. Theory. A belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action. It refers to a logical group of general propositions used as principles of explanation. Theories are also used to describe, predict, or control phenomena. Concept. Concepts are often called the building blocks of theories. They are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images. Terminologies • • • • Models— are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns. They present an overview of the theory’s thinking and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice. Conceptual framework—is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It is often used interchangeably with the conceptual model and with grand theories. Proposition—are statements that describe the relationship between the concepts. Domain—is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline. Terminologies • • • Process— are organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the desired result. Paradigm—r refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldview, or widely accepted value system. Metaparadigm—is the most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among four major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing. Terminologies Definition composed of various descriptions which convey a general meaning which reduces the vagueness in understanding a set of concepts. Assumption is a statement that specifies the relationship or connection of factual concept or phenomena History of Nursing Theories • • • • The first nursing theories appeared in the late 1800s when a strong emphasis was placed on nursing education. In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her “Environmental Theory” as “the act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery.” In the 1950s, there is a consensus among nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the production of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge. In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes the nurseclient relationship as the foundation of nursing practice. History of Nursing Theories • • • In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Thus, her Nursing Need Theory was developed. In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work “Typology of 21 Nursing Problems,” which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach. In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed nursing’s professional function as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help. History of Nursing Theories • • • • In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral System Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness. In 1970, Martha Roger viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe. In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs. In 1971, Imogene King’s Theory of Goal attainment stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health. History of Nursing Theories • In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice. • In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain the balance between these various stimuli. • In 1979, Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice. History of Nursing Theories The history of professional nursing began with Florence Nightingale. Nursing began with a strong emphasis on practice, but throughout the century, nurses worked towards successive periods recognized as historical eras. Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)— the Lady with a Lamp. • The first nursing theorist Environmental Theory • which is incorporated the restoration of the usual health status of the nurse's clients into the delivery of health care—it is still practiced today. • Historical Eras of Nursing’s Search for Specialized Knowledge • Curriculum era—1900-1940s • Research era—1950-1970s • Graduate education era—19501970s • Theory era—1980-1990s • Theory utilization era—21st century Significance of Theory for Nursing as a Discipline and as a Profession • • • • Nursing Theoretical Works represents the most comprehensive ideas Systematic knowledge about nursing; therefore, theory is vital to both the discipline and the profession. Discipline—is specific to academia and a branch of education, a department of learning or field of knowledge. Profession—refers to specialized field of practice, which is founded upon the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of that discipline and the accompanying practice abilities. Significance of Theory for Nursing as a Discipline • • • • Baccalaureate programs proliferated (BSN) Master's programs in nursing developed (MAN) Curricula began to be standardized through the accreditation process. Nursing Doctoral Programs began to open to generate nursing knowledge (PhD), (EdD) • • Attention to the importance of nursing conceptualizations for the research process and the role of a conceptual framework in the purpose and design of research production of science and nursing theoretical works also began to publish. Works began to be recognized for their theoretical nature, such as Henderson, Nightingale, Orlando, Newman, Orem, Peplau and others. Significance of Theory for Nursing as a Profession Criteria for development of the Professional Status of Nursing • Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and wellorganized body of specialized knowledge that is on the intellectual level of the higher learning. • Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service using the scientific method. • Entrusts the education of its practitioners to institution of higher education. • Applies its body of knowledge in practical services that are vital to human and social welfare. • • • Functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and in the control of professional activity thereby. Attracts individuals of intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above personal gain and who recognizes their chosen occupation as a life work Strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth and economic security.