Evolution of Nursing: Regional and National Influences PDF

Evolution of Nursing: Regional and National influences Presented by: Mrs Racquel Burton-Edwards; MScN Ed, BScN,RM,RN PREPARED BY: Hermi H Hewitt, OD, PhD, MPH, BScN, RN, RM, FAAN Associate Dean & Professor...

Evolution of Nursing: Regional and National influences Presented by: Mrs Racquel Burton-Edwards; MScN Ed, BScN,RM,RN PREPARED BY: Hermi H Hewitt, OD, PhD, MPH, BScN, RN, RM, FAAN Associate Dean & Professor September 16, 2014  Specific Objectives At the end this session student should be able to: 1. critically analyze some major historical and social influences that have shaped current nursing practice; 2. explain some socio-economic political forces that nursing’s evolution to the current status of development in Jamaica; 3. discuss the impact of selected landmark British Parliamentary reports on nursing education and practice; 4. identify the internal and external influences that have contributed to the evolution of nursing; 5. describe the contributions made to nursing selected persons in the nation and region 6. explain national and regional progress and accomplishments in the 21st century  Contextual Milieu (physical/social setting)  Influences  Economic- colonization  Social (class stratification)  Political- Adult suffrage  Faith-based organizations  Spanish 1580-1655 (European illnesses swept the indigenous population  British Slavery (Admiral Penn and General Venables) captured Jamaica 1655- 1838  Colony of Britain 1655-1962  Revolt within the WI territories and harsh economic times initiated British Royal Commission investigations. (British Communiqué, 1940,1944, 1945;) Influence Developments  Worst human atrocities British Slavery Plantation/slavery health service (numerous)  Field slaves had no ‘official health care’, worked until death, used herbs  Female household slaves served as nurses to their masters/mistresses  Influence Development  Couba or Coubah former Cornwallis slave Slavery of Captain William Cornwallis had a “motherly lodging house” at Port Royal  Admiral Lord Nelson, when he was a 20 year old officer on the grig HMS Badger came to Jamaica suffering from fever and dysentery and was nursed by Couba Cornwallis  Sarah Adams Matron of the Naval Hospital in Port Royal  The sick nurse is referred to as “one of the best disposed and most trustworthy women on the estate (Seivwright, 1964) “Sick Nurse”  An old woman of fair intelligence  Took care of pregnant women  Cared for infants and young children  Reference to nursing: African tradition in Lady Nugent’s Diary “Spoke to a caring black nurse who attended the delivery of her child and “brought a cargo of herbs, and wished to try various charms, to expedite the birth of the child, and told me stories of pinching and tying women to the bed- post, to hasten matters, that sometimes, in spite of my agony, I could not help laughing, and, at others, I was really in a fright, for fear she would try some of her experiments on me” Philip Wright, 1966 cited in Hewitt, 2007, p.5  Development Influence “Doctresses”- freed slaves served as nurses Seacole broke from the norm because she relished freedom. She travelled where her service was needed Florence Nightingale was apprehensive of working with 1805-1881 women over which she had no control” (Griffon 1998, 122)  Mary Seacole “I have had many medical triumphs in later days, and saved some valuable lives; but I really think that few have given me more real gratitude than the rewarding glow of health which my fancy used to picture stealing over patient waxen face after long and precarious illness” Seacole, -1857 reprinted 1988, p. 3 Scientific Approach “... whatever disease was prevalent in Kingston , be sure my poor doll soon contracted it.... Before long... I found other patients in the dogs and cats around me. Many luckless brutes were made to simulate diseases which were raging among their owners, and had forced down their reluctant throats remedies which I deemed most likely to suit their supposed complaints.... After a time...despairing of finding another human patient, I proceeded to try my simples and essences upon myself” (p.3). Influence Developments Poor Public ‘nursing service’ Social Tanking by Notorious Mrs Judith Ryan-Superintendent at Public Hospital and Lunatic Asylum- now KPH (Lewis Quier Bowerbank 1860, 1865; Seivwright, 1964).  Disclosure of poor nursing service by a patient (Diary of Ann Pratt; letters of Dr. Bowerbank, 1860; Diary of Richard Rouse, 1860) Despite compelling evidence- injustice prevailed  The Notorious Mrs Ryan Matron/superintendent of the Public Hospital and Lunatic asylum Lack of proper nursing care Lack of medical supervision (Dr Bowerbank’s report) A number of patients died from: Murder Suicide Accidental death Death from “exhaustion” (coroner) Seivwright, 1964 Influences Developments  Colonialism Midwifery training at the Lady Berkley's Nurse Training Institution and Lying-in Hospital 1856. In 1887, in recognition of Queen Victoria’s jubilee- VJ Lying-in Hospital; became government’s responsibility 1891  Influences Developments  An apprenticeship system of training at Kingston Public Hospital (KPH) in 1870 Colonialism  Selection haphazard and qualifications based on good character, physical and mental stamina and single status (Burkett, 1975).  KPH training extended to rural hospitals in 1920 and lasted until the beginning of World War Two in 1939  Recruitment pattern remained until the 1940s. Influences Developments KPH had a disorganized Colonialism apprentice nursing training from 1892 which was greatly criticized Psychiatric nursing training began at Bellevue Hospital about 1925 Formalized training started1944 under the tutelage of Miss Ethel Thorpe, a qualified tutor from England and matron of Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital. Burkett, 1975 Influences Developments  Anglican Church  Nuttall encouraged young women Archbishop Enos from affluent families to enter the Nuttall, Bishop of apprentice nursing training at KPH. Jamaica and Archbishop of the West Indies  Poor service at KPH prompted Province Nuttall to open a private Nursing home  End of the 19th century, Nuttall brought two English trained nurses to open medical and surgical ward to train young women for nursing care.  Influences Developments  1943 Public Health nursing training started in the field  Moyne under the Rural Demonstration Scheme. Commission Investigation  Eva Lowe assisted by Evadney Bailey had responsibility for the training (Vernon, 1995) (1938) and Report  Both were qualified at the masters degree in England (1940) and the United States of America respectively  Rockefeller Foundation grant established West Indies School of Public Health-Public Health Nurses and Sanitary Inspectors.  Mr. & Mrs. Hill from (England) administers, Miss Thom (Canadian), Tutor (Nugent, 1996).  Ruth Nita Barrow, assisted by Cynthia Vernon succeeded Thom becoming the first West Indian Public Health Nursing Instructresses at the Public Health School Influences Development  Moyne report recommended trained Sister Tutors in the colonies-  Moyne Commission  This would facilitate Caribbean nurses to be prepared for that role at the Royal College of Nurses through London & Edinburgh Universities  Sister Tutors later obtained degrees at:  The University of Toronto-Canada  Columbia University Teachers College- USA. (International Nursing Review, 1956;Jamaican Nurse, 1961-1986;Lynaugh, 1999; Stuart &Boschma,1999)  Influences  Rise of the Trade Union Adult suffrage Retrieved from: http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/VIII/3/344.extract# Influences Developments  University College (UC)of the West  Rushcliffe indies established 1948 Committee Report on Nursing Training  Nursing education commenced at the in the Colonies UHWI 1949 with British sister Tutors 1943.  First “patient training session” (PTS) for  Irvine Commission nurses started jointly with Kingston Report on Higher Public Hospital (KPH) and University Education in the College Hospital (UCHWI). Colonies, 1945  UCHWI and KPH nursing students clinical experiences at KPH.  UCHWI Hospital opened , admitted first patients also four qualified tutors-1952   Developments Influence  Formation of the JGTNA1946 with educational goals Jamaica General Trained Nurses Registration through Nursing Association Law 1951 (JGTNA) Reciprocity of nurses education with England and Wales 1952 Recognition- by the international nursing community 1953 Responsibility!! 1954 Remuneration 1960s Influence Developments  Tertiary Excelsior Community College Learning initiated the first nursing Institution programme in an Government educational institution in the Caribbean(September 1974) Nursing education at Excelsior evolved from the vision of Gertrude Swaby and Dr. the Hon Wesley Powell, founder of EXED Influence Development  1960s Andrews Memorial Hospital  Faith –based upgraded nursing training at West Indies College Department of Nursing/Northern Caribbean  Commenced the generic baccalaureate nursing degree September 1970.  First to offer nursing degree in Jamaica/Caribbean (Personal Communication with McKenzie, 1996).  International influences in nursing’s Development Relationships forged with international stalwarts such as: Marjorie Houghton, Florence Udell, Sheila Quinn (England) Rae Chittick, Helen Mussalem, Verna Splane Huffman (Canada) Janet Thompson, Jean McKay, Isabel M. Stewart, Eugenia Spalding, Barbara Schutt (USA) Membership in ICN ICN “Exchanges Privileges” Hewitt, 2007, 39 1949 the first group of local nurses departed to England to be prepared as educators and administrator  1st West Indian to be Matron at the University College Hospital of the west Indies  1st President of the Jamaica General trained Nurses Association (now NAJ)  1st Chief Nursing in Jamaica and the region 1st Jamaican nurse sent to England to be educated as Sister Tutor 1st qualified sister tutor and senior sister tutor at KPH Teaching Department 1st editor of the Jamaican Nurse 1st nurse to receive Norman Manley Award for Excellence Gertrude Hildegard  1st Caribbean nurse be Nurse Advisor at International Council of Nurses (ICN)  1st Caribbean Nurse to run for President ICN  1st Jamaican Nurse be appointed Senator, Upper House of Jamaican Parliament  1st Jamaican Nurse to be awarded Order of Jamaica (OJ)  1st West Indian to direct nursing within the UWI  Died January 8, 2014  Evolution  Started with Miss Mavis Harney-Brown Founder of the Caribbean Nurses Organization 1957 Federal Administrative conference in Barbados 1959 Establishment of the Regional Nursing Body Structure Objectives Achievements in nursing Influences Developments Caribbean  JGTNA goals achievement ignited Mrs. Mavis Harney-Brown, Antigua Nurses to raise concern for quality nursing Organization education in wider WI territories  Harney led founding of the CNO 1957  CNO focus on:  “…establishing uniform standards of nursing education, examination and registration of nurses in the Caribbean” (Mavis Harney)  Influence Development  Federation of the  Nurses across region brought West Indies 1947- closely together 1961  Paradoxically Federation of the West Indies failed but nurses became united as awareness for common nursing concerns in the WI surfaced Influences Developments  Survey/resurvey of Caribbean PAHO/WHO Schools of Nursing 1965 & 1966  Advanced nursing at UWI for nursing educators & administrators  Feasibility Study – 1977 Dover document, Curriculum change, Blueprint for nursing Harmonization of the regions curriculum  Regional Examination for Nurse Registration 1993 Caribbean Nurses Organ. 1957 Federal Administrative meeting  Nursing leaders asked the Colonial Government to host a meeting to discuss nursing’s common concerns  Federal nursing conference was held in Barbados, August 30- September 4, 1959  Discussion of the formation of RNB commences  Matron of Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados  Chair RNB Steering Committee for RNB  1st Chairman RNB  RNB established December 4-8, 1972at the Commonwealth Caribbean Secretariat, Georgetown, Guyana Dr Ena Walters, CBE Delegates attending the Commonwealth Nurses’ Meeting - 1970 Summary of Objectives of RNB Identify nursing educational needs Set & maintain standards of nursing education in the region  provide pool of examiners Inform region of progressive educational trends Stimulate research Advise Health ministers Collaborate with other bodies Hewitt, 2007, p 34 Members of the 1st RNB AGM meeting, Barbados 1973  CARICOM COHSOD Caucus of Health Minister RNB Chief Nursing Officers of CARICOM countries Representatives: Regional Education Institution, Regional organization (PAHO/WHO  RNB Accomplishments Accreditation of Schools of Nursing  Criteria and procedure for Standards of Nursing education and practice  Spearhead curriculum development review  Regional Examination for Nurse registration  Panel of examiners  Supports movement of nursing education into higher education  Advisory to & recommends nursing matters to CARICOM Governments  Mandates by resolution baccalaureate degree as entry point for professional nurses  Review management of RENR  21st Century developments Influence Developments  RNB Resolution  Movement nursing programmes 2000: entry point across CARICOM countries for professional  UWI began BScN (generic) -2002 nursing practice  Ying Report, 1996  UHWI to UWI (2004)  Cabinet Decision  MOH to UTech (2007) 1999  MOH to UTech (2014) -midwifery, critical care, nurse anaesthesia  Situational analysis - accreditation and  CXC administered RENR (2014) & standardization CARICOM Lets not forget the progress made: Apprenticeship Study day Block system Ward Service Student status Medical dominance nursing model Foreign governance self governance Foreign trained Sister Tutors locally educated educators National examination - Regional examination Hospital Schools training University education  “It is easy to take for granted the good things that we enjoy-to regard them as our rightful heritage without even a thought as to the steps by which they were attained. It is good, occasionally, to pause and think of those who through devotion to duty, have laid the foundations on which we may build. This applies particularly to Nursing. Many difficult pathways have converged to form this broad, illumined road which we tread today, and this achievement has been made possible by the struggle and hard work of many devoted women throughout the century.”  O Ennever, “Lest we forget.” The Jamaican Nurse, 1 (December, 1961), 45.  References  Hewitt, H (2002 reprinted 2004 & 2007). Trailblazers in Nursing Education: A Caribbean Perspective. Canoe Press, Kingston: Jamaica  Homes, C. Adult Suffrage in Jamaica. Retrieved from: http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/VIII/3/344.extract#  Swaby, G. (1980). The dawn of Professional Nursing in Swaby Extract from Daily Gleaner article (May 10, 1955) on “Three Jamaican women, pp.6 &23.  United Kingdom. West India Royal Commission 1938-39. Recommendations, Cmd.6174 (February 1940).  United Kingdom. Jamaica Constitution. Dispatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies to the Governor of Jamaica, Cmd. 6427 (February 1943).  United Kingdom. West India Royal Commission Report Cmd.6607(June 1945).  United Kingdom: Report of the West Indies Committee on the Commission on Higher Education in the Colonies. Cmd. 6654(June 1945).  United Kingdom. Report of the Committee on the Training of Nurses for the Colonies. Cmd. 6672(August 1945).  Rouse, R (1860). New lights on dark days: Being jottings form the diary of Richard Rouse. Gall and Myers Printers, Kingston, Jamaica.  Seivwright, M. (April 1964). The notorious Mrs Ryan. The Jamaican Nurse, 4, 8&18.  Wright, P. (1966). Lady Nugent Journal of her residence in Jamaica 1801-1805, Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica