Biology Midterm Study Guide Answer Key PDF

‭Biology‬‭Midterm‬‭Study‬‭Guide-‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Know‬‭the‬‭steps‬‭of‬‭the‬‭scientific‬‭method‬ ‭a.‬ ‭1.)‬‭Make‬‭an‬‭observation‬ ‭b.‬ ‭2.)‬‭Ask‬‭a‬‭question‬ ‭c.‬ ‭3.)‬‭Form‬‭a‬‭hypothesis‬ ‭d.‬ ‭4.)‬‭Perform‬‭a‬‭controlled‬‭experimen...

‭Biology‬‭Midterm‬‭Study‬‭Guide-‬ ‭1.‬ ‭Know‬‭the‬‭steps‬‭of‬‭the‬‭scientific‬‭method‬ ‭a.‬ ‭1.)‬‭Make‬‭an‬‭observation‬ ‭b.‬ ‭2.)‬‭Ask‬‭a‬‭question‬ ‭c.‬ ‭3.)‬‭Form‬‭a‬‭hypothesis‬ ‭d.‬ ‭4.)‬‭Perform‬‭a‬‭controlled‬‭experiment‬ ‭e.‬ ‭5.)‬‭Collect‬‭data‬ ‭f.‬ ‭6.)‬‭Analyze‬‭data‬ ‭g.‬ ‭7.)‬‭draw‬‭a‬‭conclusion‬ ‭h.‬ ‭8.)‬‭repeat‬‭the‬‭experiment‬ ‭2.‬ ‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭an‬‭independent‬‭and‬‭dependent‬‭variable‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Independent‬‭variable-‬‭what‬‭is‬‭deliberately‬‭manipulated-‬‭what‬‭I‬‭change‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Dependent‬‭variable-‬‭what‬‭changes‬‭depending‬‭on‬‭the‬‭independent‬‭variable;‬‭what‬‭is‬ ‭measured‬ ‭c.‬ ‭What‬‭about‬‭a‬‭constant‬‭and‬‭control‬‭group‬ ‭i.‬ ‭Control‬‭group-‬‭what‬‭is‬‭not‬‭exposed‬‭to‬‭the‬‭independent‬‭variable-‬‭used‬‭for‬ ‭comparison‬ ‭ii.‬ ‭Constants-‬‭what‬‭is‬‭kept‬‭the‬‭same‬‭so‬‭that‬‭the‬‭results‬‭can‬‭be‬‭linked‬‭to‬‭the‬ ‭independent‬‭variable‬ ‭3.‬ ‭What‬‭are‬‭the‬‭characteristics‬‭of‬‭life‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Cellular‬‭organization-‬‭built‬‭of‬‭at‬‭least‬‭one‬‭cell‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Reproduction‬ ‭i.‬ ‭Asexual-‬‭1‬‭parents‬‭with‬‭identical‬‭offspring‬ ‭ii.‬ ‭Sexual-‬‭2‬‭parents‬‭with‬‭offspring‬‭expressing‬‭variation‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Metabolism-‬‭the‬‭accumulated‬‭total‬‭of‬‭all‬‭biochemical‬‭reactions‬‭occurring‬‭in‬‭the‬‭cell‬ ‭or‬‭organism;‬‭make,‬‭use,‬‭and‬‭process‬‭energy‬ ‭d.‬ ‭Homeostasis-‬‭process‬‭of‬‭maintaining‬‭a‬‭stable‬‭internal‬‭environment‬ ‭e.‬ ‭Growth‬‭and‬‭development-‬‭based‬‭on‬‭genetic‬‭instructions‬ ‭f.‬ ‭Response‬‭to‬‭stimuli-‬‭able‬‭to‬‭detect‬‭changes‬‭in‬‭environment‬‭and‬‭react‬ ‭4.‬ ‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭mutualism,‬‭parasitism,‬‭and‬‭commensalism‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Mutualism-‬‭both‬‭organisms‬‭benefit‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Parasitism-‬‭one‬‭organism‬‭benefits‬‭and‬‭the‬‭other‬‭is‬‭harmed‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Commensalism-‬‭one‬‭organism‬‭benefits‬‭and‬‭the‬‭other‬‭is‬‭neither‬‭helped‬‭nor‬‭harmed‬ ‭5.‬ ‭How‬‭do‬‭you‬‭calculate‬‭total‬‭magnification‬‭of‬‭a‬‭microscope‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Total‬‭magnification=‬‭objective‬‭lens‬‭magnification‬‭x‬‭ocular‬‭magnification‬ ‭6.‬ ‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭monomer‬‭unit‬‭of‬‭proteins,‬‭carbohydrates,‬‭nucleic‬‭acids,‬‭and‬‭lipids‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Proteins-‬‭amino‬‭acids‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Carbohydrates-‬‭monosaccharides‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Nucleic‬‭acids-nucleotides‬  d‭.‬ ‭Lipids-‬‭Fatty‬‭acids‬ ‭7.‬ ‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭protons,‬‭electrons,‬‭and‬‭neutrons‬‭(charge,‬‭where‬‭are‬‭they‬ ‭found)‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Protons-‬‭positive‬‭charge,‬‭found‬‭in‬‭the‬‭nucleus‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Neutrons-‬‭no‬‭charge,‬‭found‬‭in‬‭the‬‭nucleus‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Electrons-‬‭negative‬‭charge,‬‭found‬‭orbiting‬‭the‬‭nucleus‬ ‭8.‬ ‭What‬‭is‬‭denaturing‬ ‭a.‬ ‭When‬‭enzymes‬‭shape‬‭and‬‭function‬‭are‬‭disrupted‬‭by‬‭high‬‭temperatures‬‭and‬‭extreme‬ ‭pH‬ ‭9.‬ ‭How‬‭are‬‭hydrogen‬‭bonds‬‭formed‬ ‭a.‬ ‭The‬‭partial‬‭negative‬‭oxygen‬‭atom‬‭on‬‭one‬‭water‬‭molecules‬‭forms‬‭a‬‭transient‬‭bond‬ ‭with‬‭the‬‭partial‬‭positive‬‭hydrogen‬‭atom‬‭on‬‭a‬‭different‬‭water‬‭molecule‬ ‭10.‬‭What‬‭are‬‭the‬‭3‬‭main‬‭components‬‭of‬‭cell‬‭theory‬ ‭a.‬ ‭All‬‭organisms‬‭are‬‭made‬‭up‬‭of‬‭one‬‭or‬‭more‬‭cells‬ ‭b.‬ ‭All‬‭the‬‭life‬‭functions‬‭of‬‭an‬‭organism‬‭occur‬‭within‬‭cells‬ ‭c.‬ ‭All‬‭cells‬‭come‬‭from‬‭preexisting‬‭cells‬ ‭11.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭gene‬‭expression‬ ‭a.‬ ‭process‬‭by‬‭which‬‭information‬‭in‬‭a‬‭gene‬‭is‬‭“decoded”‬‭by‬‭cell‬‭molecules‬‭to‬‭produce‬‭a‬ ‭product,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭a‬‭protein‬ ‭12.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭cellular‬‭respiration‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Process‬‭by‬‭which‬‭organisms‬‭break‬‭down‬‭glucose‬‭to‬‭obtain‬‭ATP:‬‭Occurs‬‭in‬‭3‬ ‭stages;‬‭Glycolysis,‬‭Kreb’s‬‭cycle,‬‭and‬‭Electron‬‭transport‬‭chain‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Where‬‭does‬‭it‬‭take‬‭place‬‭in‬‭eukaryotes‬ ‭i.‬ ‭Mitochondria‬ ‭13.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭osmosis‬ ‭a.‬ ‭diffusion‬‭of‬‭water‬‭molecules‬‭across‬‭a‬‭selectively‬‭permeable‬‭membrane;‬‭does‬‭not‬ ‭require‬‭energy‬ ‭14.‬‭How‬‭is‬‭energy‬‭converted‬‭during‬‭photosynthesis‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Photosynthesis‬‭produces‬‭the‬‭glucose‬‭used‬‭in‬‭cellular‬‭respiration‬‭to‬‭make‬‭energy.‬ ‭15.‬‭Know‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭prokaryotic‬‭and‬‭eukaryotic‬‭cells‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Prokaryotic-smaller,‬‭no‬‭nucleus‬‭or‬‭membrane‬‭bound‬‭organelles,‬‭only‬‭single‬‭celled,‬ ‭most‬‭common‬‭type‬‭of‬‭organism,‬‭evolved‬‭first‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Eukaryotic-larger,‬‭has‬‭a‬‭nucleus‬‭and‬‭membrane‬‭bound‬‭organelles,‬‭can‬‭be‬‭single‬‭or‬ ‭multi‬‭celled,‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Both‬‭contain:‬‭cell‬‭membrane,‬‭cytoplasm,‬‭ribosomes,‬‭cytoskeleton,‬‭DNA‬ ‭d.‬ ‭What‬‭advantage‬‭do‬‭eukaryotic‬‭cells‬‭have‬‭from‬‭possessing‬‭organelles‬ ‭i.‬ ‭Organelles‬‭allow‬‭eukaryotic‬‭cells‬‭to‬‭carry‬‭out‬‭more‬‭functions‬‭than‬ ‭prokaryotic‬‭cells‬‭can‬ ‭16.‬‭What‬‭structures‬‭do‬‭plant‬‭cells‬‭have‬‭that‬‭animal‬‭cells‬‭do‬‭not‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Cell‬‭wall,‬‭large‬‭central‬‭vacuole,‬‭chloroplasts‬‭and‬‭other‬‭plastids‬ ‭17.‬‭Be‬‭able‬‭to‬‭describe‬‭the‬‭flow‬‭of‬‭energy‬‭for‬‭photosynthesis‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Sunlight‬‭→‬‭Chemical‬‭energy‬‭→‬‭Glucose‬ ‭18.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭fluid‬‭mosaic‬‭model‬ ‭a.‬ ‭The‬‭plasma‬‭membrane‬‭is‬‭composed‬‭of‬‭a‬‭diverse‬‭mixture‬‭of‬‭molecules‬‭that‬‭are‬‭not‬ ‭fixed‬‭in‬‭place,‬‭but‬‭can‬‭move‬‭around‬‭freely‬‭within‬‭the‬‭membrane‬ ‭19.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭an‬‭autotroph,‬‭heterotroph,‬‭and‬‭decomposer‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Autotrophs-store‬‭chemical‬‭energy‬‭in‬‭carbohydrate‬‭food‬‭molecules‬‭that‬‭they‬‭make‬ ‭themselves;‬‭also‬‭called‬‭producers‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Heterotrophs-‬‭cannot‬‭make‬‭their‬‭own‬‭food;‬‭must‬‭eat‬‭or‬‭absorb‬‭it;‬‭also‬‭called‬ ‭consumers‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Decomposers-‬‭obtains‬‭food‬‭by‬‭breaking‬‭down‬‭the‬‭remains‬‭of‬‭dead‬‭organisms‬‭or‬ ‭other‬‭organic‬‭waste‬ ‭20.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭endosymbiotic‬‭theory‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Chloroplasts‬‭and‬‭Mitochondria‬‭used‬‭to‬‭be‬‭free-living‬‭bacteria‬‭(prokaryotes)‬ ‭21.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭photolysis‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Light‬‭breaks‬‭down‬‭H₂O‬‭into‬‭Hydrogen‬‭ions,‬‭electrons,‬‭and‬‭Oxygen‬‭atoms‬‭(which‬ ‭make‬‭the‬‭oxygen‬‭of‬‭our‬‭atmosphere)‬ ‭22.‬‭Know‬‭the‬‭order‬‭of‬‭the‬‭levels‬‭of‬‭organization‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Cells->‬‭Tissues->‬‭Organs->‬‭Organ‬‭systems->‬‭Organism‬ ‭23.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭a‬‭biofilm‬ ‭a.‬ ‭When‬‭single‬‭celled‬‭organisms‬‭group‬‭together‬‭to‬‭function‬‭like‬‭a‬‭multicellular‬ ‭organism‬ ‭24.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭central‬‭dogma‬‭of‬‭molecular‬‭biology‬ ‭a.‬ ‭DNA->‬‭(m)RNA->‬‭proteins‬ ‭25.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭role‬‭of‬‭mRNA‬ ‭a.‬ ‭copies‬‭the‬‭genetic‬‭instructions‬‭from‬‭DNA‬‭in‬‭the‬‭nucleus,‬‭and‬‭carries‬‭the‬‭instructions‬ ‭to‬‭the‬‭cytoplasm‬ ‭26.‬‭Which‬‭researcher‬‭worked‬‭with‬‭X-ray‬‭crystallography‬‭to‬‭help‬‭determine‬‭the‬‭structure‬‭of‬ ‭DNA‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Rosalind‬‭Franklin‬ ‭27.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭meant‬‭by‬‭the‬‭phrase‬‭“semi-conservative‬‭method‬‭of‬‭replication”‬‭for‬‭DNA‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Two‬‭daughter‬‭molecules‬‭that‬‭result‬‭contain‬‭one‬‭strand‬‭from‬‭the‬‭parent‬‭molecule‬‭and‬ ‭one‬‭new‬‭strand‬‭that‬‭is‬‭complementary‬‭to‬‭it‬ ‭28.‬‭What‬‭are‬‭the‬‭main‬‭differences‬‭between‬‭RNA‬‭and‬‭DNA‬ ‭a.‬ ‭DNA-‬‭2‬‭stranded,‬‭uses‬‭thymine,‬‭larger,‬‭1‬‭main‬‭type,‬‭uses‬‭deoxyribose‬ ‭b.‬ ‭RNA-‬‭1‬‭stranded,‬‭uses‬‭Uracil,‬‭more‬‭prone‬‭to‬‭break‬‭down‬‭by‬‭enzymes,‬‭smaller,‬‭3‬ ‭main‬‭types,‬‭uses‬‭ribose‬ ‭29.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭Chargoff’s‬‭rule‬ ‭a.‬ ‭concentration‬‭of‬‭adenine‬‭will‬‭always‬‭be‬‭the‬‭same‬‭as‬‭the‬‭concentration‬‭of‬‭thymine‬  ‭i.‬ ‭ nd‬‭the‬‭concentration‬‭of‬‭cytosine‬‭will‬‭always‬‭be‬‭the‬‭same‬‭as‬‭the‬ A ‭concentration‬‭of‬‭guanine‬ ‭30.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭a‬‭mutagen‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Anything‬‭in‬‭the‬‭environment‬‭that‬‭can‬‭cause‬‭a‬‭mutation‬ ‭31.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭a‬‭harmful,‬‭beneficial,‬‭and‬‭neutral‬‭mutation‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Harmful‬‭Mutations-‬‭random‬‭changes‬‭in‬‭a‬‭gene’s‬‭DNA‬‭is‬‭likely‬‭to‬‭result‬‭in‬‭a‬‭protein‬ ‭that‬‭does‬‭not‬‭function‬‭properly‬‭or‬‭doesn’t‬‭function‬‭at‬‭all‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Neutral‬‭mutations-‬‭do‬‭not‬‭have‬‭either‬‭a‬‭positive‬‭or‬‭negative‬‭effect‬‭on‬‭an‬‭organism‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Beneficial‬‭mutations-will‬‭have‬‭a‬‭positive‬‭effect‬‭on‬‭the‬‭organism‬ ‭32.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭germline‬‭and‬‭somatic‬‭mutations‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Germline-‬‭occur‬‭in‬‭gametes;‬‭can‬‭be‬‭transmitted‬‭to‬‭offspring‬‭(every‬‭cell‬‭in‬‭the‬ ‭offspring‬‭will‬‭have‬‭the‬‭mutation)‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Somatic-‬‭occurs‬‭in‬‭other‬‭cells‬‭in‬‭the‬‭body;‬‭may‬‭have‬‭little‬‭effect‬‭on‬‭the‬‭organism‬ ‭because‬‭they‬‭are‬‭confined‬‭to‬‭one‬‭cell‬‭and‬‭its‬‭daughter‬‭cells;‬‭Cannot‬‭be‬‭passed‬‭to‬ ‭offspring‬ ‭33.‬‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭difference‬‭between‬‭transcription‬‭and‬‭translation‬ ‭a.‬ ‭Transcription-process‬‭in‬‭which‬‭the‬‭information‬‭in‬‭DNA‬‭is‬‭summarized‬‭into‬‭a‬ ‭smaller‬‭version,‬‭mRNA,‬‭to‬‭be‬‭used‬‭by‬‭the‬‭cell‬ ‭b.‬ ‭Translation-reads‬‭the‬‭genetic‬‭code‬‭in‬‭mRNA‬‭and‬‭makes‬‭a‬‭protein‬ ‭c.‬ ‭Know‬‭where‬‭each‬‭occurs‬ ‭i.‬ ‭Transcription-‬‭in‬‭the‬‭nucleus‬ ‭ii.‬ ‭Translation-‬‭on‬‭ribosomes‬‭in‬‭the‬‭cytoplasm‬