Biology Chapter: Scientific Method and Life
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Questions and Answers

What does Chargaff’s rule state about the concentrations of adenine and thymine?

  • They vary independently.
  • They are only equal in RNA.
  • They are inversely related.
  • They are always equal. (correct)

    • What is a mutagen?

  • A beneficial mutation.
  • A naturally occurring protein.
  • Anything that causes a mutation. (correct)
  • A type of gene therapy.

    • Which type of mutation is likely to not change the function of a protein?

  • Beneficial mutation.
  • Harmful mutation.
  • Neutral mutation. (correct)
  • Somatic mutation.

    • What distinguishes germline mutations from somatic mutations?

    <p>Germline mutations occur in gametes and can be passed to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process is DNA information converted into mRNA?

    <p>Transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does transcription occur within the cell?

    <p>In the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do harmful mutations typically have on proteins?

    <p>They cause proteins not to function properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of translation in cells?

    <p>To manufacture proteins from mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is confined to one cell and not passed to offspring?

    <p>Somatic mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between beneficial and harmful mutations?

    <p>Beneficial mutations have a positive effect while harmful ones have negative effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of symbiotic relationship involves both organisms benefiting?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating total magnification of a microscope?

    <p>Total magnification = objective lens magnification x ocular magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the monomer unit for nucleic acids?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of protons?

    <p>Positive charge, found in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does denaturing refer to in biology?

    <p>Enzymes changing shape and becoming inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are hydrogen bonds formed?

    <p>The attraction between partial positive and partial negative charges within different molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is NOT one of the main components of cell theory?

    <p>Cells can arise spontaneously from non-living matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines gene expression?

    <p>The decoding of a gene to produce a specific product like a protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

    <p>To break down glucose for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the scientific method?

    <p>Make an observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes an independent variable?

    <p>The variable that is manipulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristics are essential for something to be classified as living?

    <p>Metabolism, homeostasis, and response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the control group in an experiment?

    <p>To compare the effects of the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an experiment, what does the dependent variable signify?

    <p>The outcome that is observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of osmosis in cells?

    <p>To facilitate the diffusion of water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes glycolysis?

    <p>It is the first stage of cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of maintaining homeostasis in organisms?

    <p>To keep a stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structures found in plant cells that are absent in animal cells?

    <p>Cell wall and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of mutualism?

    <p>Both organisms benefit from the relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately defines a constant in an experiment?

    <p>Anything kept the same for valid results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do eukaryotic cells gain from having organelles?

    <p>They can conduct more diverse functions efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of asexual reproduction?

    <p>Produces offspring that are genetically identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of eukaryotic cells does the Krebs cycle take place?

    <p>In the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of energy conversion during photosynthesis?

    <p>Sunlight → Chemical energy → Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome does the analysis of data help researchers achieve?

    <p>Draw conclusions about the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following definitions best describes an autotroph?

    <p>An organism that stores energy in carbohydrate molecules it produces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fluid mosaic model describe?

    <p>The arrangement and mobility of molecules in the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of cellular respiration is energy primarily produced?

    <p>Electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are organisms called that cannot make their own food and must eat or absorb it?

    <p>Heterotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in photolysis?

    <p>Light breaking down water into hydrogen ions and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents the levels of organization in biology?

    <p>Cells -&gt; Tissues -&gt; Organs -&gt; Organ systems -&gt; Organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the central dogma of molecular biology describe?

    <p>DNA -&gt; (m)RNA -&gt; proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mRNA do in the cell?

    <p>Copies and carries genetic instructions from DNA to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher contributed significantly to the structure determination of DNA using X-ray crystallography?

    <p>Rosalind Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the semi-conservative method of DNA replication?

    <p>Each daughter molecule contains one original strand and one new strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main differences between RNA and DNA?

    <p>RNA is single-stranded, uses uracil, and is more prone to breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a biofilm?

    <p>Single-celled organisms grouping to function like a multicellular organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about decomposers in an ecosystem?

    <p>They break down dead organisms to obtain food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Scientific Method

    • Steps of the scientific method:
      • Observation
      • Question
      • Hypothesis
      • Controlled experiment
      • Data collection
      • Data analysis
      • Conclusion
      • Repetition

    Variables

    • Independent variable: Deliberately manipulated
    • Dependent variable: Changes depending on the independent variable
    • Constant: Kept the same to link results to the independent variable
    • Control group: Not exposed to the independent variable (comparison)

    Characteristics of Life

    • Cellular organization (at least one cell)
    • Reproduction (asexual or sexual)
    • Metabolism (energy acquisition and use)
    • Homeostasis (stable internal environment)
    • Growth and development
    • Response to stimuli

    Types of Interactions

    • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit
    • Parasitism: One benefits, the other is harmed
    • Commensalism: One benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed

    Microscopy

    • Total magnification = objective lens magnification x ocular magnification

    Biological Molecules

    • Proteins: Monomer = amino acids
    • Carbohydrates: Monomer = monosaccharides
    • Nucleic acids: Monomer = nucleotides
    • Lipids: Fatty acids

    Cells

    • Prokaryotic cells: Smaller, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
    • Eukaryotic cells: Larger, contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

    Cellular Respiration

    • Process where organisms break down glucose to produce ATP

    Osmosis

    • Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

    Photosynthesis

    • Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

    Cellular Organization

    • Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ systems -> Organism

    Molecular Biology

    • DNA -> (mRNA) -> Proteins (central dogma)

    DNA Replication

    • Semi-conservative replication (each new DNA molecule has one original and one new strand)

    RNA

    • Differences from DNA (single-stranded, uses uracil, ribose sugar)

    Other Concepts

    • Mutagens cause mutations (changes in DNA)
    • Germline vs. Somatic mutations
    • Transcription: DNA to mRNA
    • Translation: mRNA to protein
    • Parts of a cell
      • Nucleus
      • Cytoplasm
      • Ribosomes

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    Biology Midterm Study Guide Answer Key PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the scientific method, key characteristics of life, and types of biological interactions. This quiz covers essential concepts including variables and microscopy techniques. Perfect for anyone studying biology at an introductory level.

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