Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections Textbook PDF

Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections Tenth Edition Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Introduction (1 of 2) Red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) are wel...

Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections Tenth Edition Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Introduction (1 of 2) Red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) are well adapted for life in the mountainous forests of Asia. – Their red and white coat acts as camouflage among the red mosses and white lichens of their environment. – Their long, bushy tail helps them https://www.sundaytimes.lk/190714/funday-times/the-red-panda-357584.html balance in the trees and provides warmth during the winter. – A bony projection in their wrist helps them grasp one of their favorite foods, bamboo. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Introduction (2 of 2) Are red and giant pandas closely related? Scientists once thought so but have since reclassified red pandas into their own family. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.1 Biology is the Scientific Study of Life (1 of 2) Biology is the scientific study of life. But what is life? Properties of life include order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to the environment, and evolutionary adaptation. The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.1 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Mnemonic for Characteristics of Life D-DNA- all living things have DNA O-Order G-Growth (increase in size/mass) & development (maturation) R-Regulation (Homeostasis) A-Adapt-Evolve with changing environment C-Cells- all living things are made of cells-prokaryote and eukaryote-simplest organisms to have all life characteristics E-Energy- all obtain Energy and use Energy- Autotroph and heterotroph R-Reproduce- All living things reproduce to continue the species- sexual and asexual S - Stimulus- Respond to environmental stimulus Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  1.2 Biologists Arrange the Diversity of Life into Three Domains (1 of 2) Taxonomists name species and classify them into broader groups. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Most classification schemes group organisms into three domains: 1. Domain Bacteria – Prokaryote – Peptidoglycan cell wall Eubacteria 2. Domain Archaea – Prokaryote – No peptidoglycan cell wall Archaebacteria Extremophiles Figure 1.4A, B Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Tree of Life Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Most classification schemes group organisms into three domains: – Domain Bacteria – Domain Archaea Figure 1.4A, B Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  – Domain Eukarya Figure 1.4C-F Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  3. Domain Eukarya Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Protista Kingdom Characteristics: Animal Kingdom Characteristics: Algae (plant like) Multicellular unicellular, multicellular and colonial mobile Small NO cell wall mobile Heterotrophs - ingests food Cell wall mobile Autotroph (does photosynthesis) Protozoa (Animal like) unicellular Mobile heterotroph *actually divided in to multiple kingdoms. Plant Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Characteristics: Characteristics: multicellular multicellular and Cell wall of cellulose unicellular (yeast) Autotroph Cell wall of chitin -Chloroplasts in Heterotroph cells -decompose and immobile absorbs nutrients Figure 1.4C-F Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Domains and Kingdoms of Life Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Six Kingdoms of Life Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Classification of Life Dumb Kings Play Chess on Fat Gorillas Stomachs Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.3 Visualizing the Concept: In Life’s Hierarchy of Organization, New Properties Emerge at Each Level (1 of 2) Biologists study life across a very broad range of scales, from the molecules in a cell to the entire living planet. They divide this vast scope of biology into a series of structural levels. Emergent properties result from the specific arrangement and interactions among component parts. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Biological Hierarchy Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.3 Visualizing the Concept: In Life’s Hierarchy of Organization, New Properties Emerge at Each Level (2 of 2) Checkpoint question Which of these levels of biological organization includes all of the others in the list: cell, molecule, organ, tissue? Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  The Process of Science Science Is: Science is not Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  1.4 What Is Science? (1 of 2) Science is a way of knowing—an approach to understanding the natural world. – Science uses an evidence-based process of inquiry to investigate the natural world. – A scientific theory is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning INDUCTIVE REASONING Discovery science can lead to important conclusions based on inductive reasoning. We derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations. Example: The sun always rises in the east. All organisms are made of cells. DEDUCTIVE REASONING Logic flows in the opposite direction, from general to specific. Example: If all organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction about a specific case). Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.4_3 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.5 Hypotheses Can Be Tested Using Controlled Experiments (1 of 3) In an experimental test of a hypothesis, researchers often manipulate one component in a system and observe the effects of this change. – The factor that is manipulated is called the independent variable. – The measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment is called the dependent variable. This variable depends on the manipulated variable. – A controlled experiment compares an experimental group with a control group. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.5 Hypotheses Can Be Tested Using Controlled Experiments (2 of 3) The use of control and experimental groups can demonstrate the effect of a single variable. For example, researchers found that mice models that did not match their habitat had higher predation rates than camouflaged models. Hypotheses can be tested in humans with clinical trials, as well as retrospective or prospective observational studies. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Figure 1.5 Beach mice and Inland mice match their environments even though they are the same species. The white and gray beach mice live on sparsely vegetated sand dunes. The brown mice of the same species live 30 kilometers inland. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table 1.5 Results from Camouflage Experiment Habitat Number of Attacks Number of Attacks % Attacks on on Camouflaged on Noncamouflaged Noncamouflaged Models Models Models Beach (light 2 5 71% habitat) Inland (dark 5 16 76% habitat) Data from S. N. Vignieri et al., The selective advantage of crypsis in mice, Evolution 64: 2153–8 (2010). Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.6 Scientific Thinking: Hypotheses Can Be Tested Using Observational Data (1 of 2) Scientists tested hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships of red pandas. – Based on observations of physical similarities, scientists initially hypothesized that the red panda was most closely related to raccoons. – Other scientists, observing that the diet and habitat of red pandas were similar to those of giant pandas, placed the two pandas together in their own family. – But recent studies comparing DNA sequences led scientists to classify red pandas as the only living species of their own family. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.7 The Process of Science Is Repetitive, Nonlinear, and Collaborative (1 of 2) Forming and testing hypotheses are at the core of science. This endeavor is influenced by three spheres: 1. exploration and discovery, 2. analysis and feedback from the scientific community, and 3. societal benefits and outcomes. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.8 Connection: Biology, Technology, and Society Are Connected in Important Ways The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena. In contrast, the goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose. These two fields, however, are interdependent. Technological advances stem from scientific research, and research benefits from new technologies. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Models According to the Next Generation Science Standards, scientific models can include diagrams, physical replicas, mathematical representations, analogies, and computer simulations if they are used to predict or explain phenomena. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkTncoPqo5Y Types of Models Physical models are smaller and simpler representations of the thing being studied. A globe or a map is a physical model of a portion or all of Earth. Conceptual models tie together many ideas to explain a phenomenon or event. Mathematical models are sets of equations that take into account many factors to represent a phenomenon. Mathematical models are usually done on computers. Comments: Useful tools, may have limitations Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  Five Unifying Themes in Biology 1. Evolution Is the Core Theme of Biology 2. Life Depends on the Flow of Information 3. Structure and Function Are Related 4. Life Depends on the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter 5. Life Depends on Interactions Within and Between Systems Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.9 Theme: Evolution Is the Core Theme of Biology (1 of 4) Life is distinguished by its unity and its diversity. The scientific explanation for this unity and diversity is evolution, the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast array of organisms living today. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.9a Unity and diversity among birds Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.9 Theme: Evolution Is the Core Theme of Biology (2 of 4) Darwin synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.9b_3 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.9 Theme: Evolution Is the Core Theme of Biology (3 of 4) Each species on Earth today has a family history. A species represents one twig on a branching tree of life that extends back in time through ancestral species more and more remote. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.9c Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.10 Evolution Connection: Evolution Is Connected to Our Everyday Lives (1 of 2) Evolutionary theory is useful in medicine, conservation, and agriculture. Through the selective breeding of plants and animals, humans also act as agents of evolution. As a result of artificial selection, our crops, livestock, and pets bear little resemblance to their wild ancestors. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.11 Theme: Life Depends on the Flow of Information (1 of 2) The processes of life depend on the transmission and use of information. – DNA is responsible for heredity and for programming the activities of a cell by providing the blueprint for proteins. – Information from the external and internal environment includes the stimuli, signals, and pathways that regulate body processes and gene expression. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.11b Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.11c Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.12 Theme: Structure and Function Are Related (1 of 2) The relationship between structure and function can be observed at every level of life. At the molecular level, the structure of a protein correlates with its function. For example, hemoglobin molecules transport oxygen in blood. On the cellular level, the long extensions of nerve cells enable them to transmit impulses from your spinal cord to your toes. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.12a Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.12b Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Video: Soaring Hawk Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.13 Theme: Life Depends on the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter (1 of 3) Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction – entering as sunlight, – converted to chemical energy by producers, – passed on to consumers, and – exiting as heat. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.13 Theme: Life Depends on the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter (2 of 3) Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of matter – from the atmosphere and soil, – through producers, consumers, and decomposers, – then back to the environment. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.13 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1.14 Theme: Life Depends on Interactions Within and Between Systems (1 of 2) The study of life extends from the microscopic scale of the molecules and cells that make up an organism to the global scale of the living planet. Emergent properties are the result of interactions between the components of a system. Using an approach called systems biology, scientists attempt to model the behavior of biological systems by analyzing the interactions among their parts. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.14 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. You Should Now Be Able To (1 of 3) 1. Describe seven properties common to all life. 2. Compare the three domains of life. 3. Describe the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships between levels. 4. Describe the concept of emergent properties. 5. Define science and distinguish between a hypothesis and a scientific theory. 6. Describe the structure of a controlled experiment. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  You Should Now Be Able To (2 of 3) 7. Explain how hypotheses can be used to test observational data. 8. Explain how science is repetitive, nonlinear, and collaborative. 9. Describe the relationship between science and technology. 10. Describe the process and products of natural selection. 11. Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all humans. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.  You Should Now Be Able To (3 of 3) 12. Explain how DNA determines an organism’s structures and functions. 13. Describe the relationship between structure and function in biology. 14. Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an ecosystem. 15. Explain how systems biology is used to understand biological systems. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.UN02 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.UN03 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.UN04 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.2_1 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.2_2 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.2_3 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.2_4 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.2_5 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.2_6 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.