Biology 255 Unit 4 Study Guide PDF 2024

BIOL 255 2024 Biology 255 Unit 4 Study Guide The numbers for each item on this study guide correlate with the numbers of the learning objectives for this unit. 1. Complete: Component of Basic Function Circulatory System Heart Pump blood and oxygen around...

BIOL 255 2024 Biology 255 Unit 4 Study Guide The numbers for each item on this study guide correlate with the numbers of the learning objectives for this unit. 1. Complete: Component of Basic Function Circulatory System Heart Pump blood and oxygen around the body and deliver waste products back to lungs to be removed Arteries Pulmonary arteries- take blood to lungs (Deoxygenated) Systemic arteries - take blood away from the heart and to the body (Oxygenated) Capillaries Sight of gas exchange in tissue Veins Pulmonary veins- bring oxygenated blood to the heart Systemic veins- bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart Lungs Gas exchange 2. List the 3 main functions of blood. Explain the specifics of each. a. Transportation: gases, hormones, nutrients and waste products b. Protection: Immune response (WBCs and antibodies) Clotting (platelets and proteins) c. Regulation: pH, fluid levels, temperature 3. Complete: Bodily Fluid Where It’s Found Basic Composition 1  BIOL 255 2024 Blood All throughout the body Plasma, formed elements (RBC, WBC and platelets) Plasma Found in blood Fluid matrix of blood (no cells) Interstitial Fluid Capillaries Derived from plasma Lymph Lymph vessels Interstitial fluid Serum Ground substance of blood Clotting proteins are removed 4. Complete: Term Describe (include numbers, %’s, etc) Formed elements Blood Cells (45%) Hematocrit Percentage of volume of all formed elements 45% total blood volume Buffy coat Leukocytes and platelets less than 1% Plasma 55% of whole blood Plasma solutes Ions, nutrients gases, and waste. 1% 5. Complete: RBC Feature Describe and Explain Shape Biconcave disks Intracellular structures No nucleus and no organelles, plasma membrane is very flexible- sceptrin 2  BIOL 255 2024 Function Gas transportation- huge surface area relative to volume for rapid gas exchange, filled with hemoglobin that binds to gases (mostly O2) ATP generation ATP is generated anaerobically, so no O2 use in erythrocytes Name Describe (include color) Function Hemoglobin Red pigmented protein with Each heme has iron that 4 heme groups. weakly binds O2 and each Heme can transport four O2 molecules Oxyhemoglobin Bright red Hemoglobin bound to oxygen (at iron ions) Oxygen loading occurs in lungs. Deoxyhemoglobin Dark red Hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues, oxygen delivery in body tissue. 6. (and 7) Complete: WBC Measure Normal % Function Meaning if high or low 3  BIOL 255 2024 Total WBC count 4500, Fights infections, Leukocytosis- WBC count 1100 bacteria, allergies, viral over 11,000. Normal response to infection, inflammation, or physiologic stress. Leukopenia- WBC abnormally low, serious disorder caused by infection, leukemia or toxins damaging RBM Neutrophils 50-70% Phagocytize infectious Nucleus segmented and pathogens, bacteria varied 2,5 lobes- granules appear light purple Eosinophils 1-4% Attack parasitic worms, Bi- lobed nucleus, phagocytize antigen- granules stain reddish- antibody complexes. pink Phagocytize allergens Basophils.5-1 % Release histamine and Bi lobed nuclei, granules- heparin during stained blue violet- inflammatory or occlude nucleus and allergic reactions cytoplasm 4  BIOL 255 2024 Histamine- vasodilates and increases permeability of capillaries. Heparin- anticoagulant Lymphocytes 20-40% T-lymphocytes- Inactive: smaller than RBC, orchestrate immune nucleus round and large response, directly with a thin rim of attack viruses- infected cytoplasm visible cells. Active: Larger than RBC B- lymphocytes (B with proportionally more cells)- develop into cytoplasm plasma cells and produce antibodies. Natural killer cells (NK cells) attack abnormal or infected tissue Monocytes 2-8% Exit blood vessels after Kidney shaped or C 3 days and enter shaped nucleus tissue, becoming macrophages, 5  BIOL 255 2024 phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, and dead cells WBC Granulocyte or Description/How to differentiate from other agranulocyte? WBCs Neutrophils Granulated Granules are light purple 2,5 lobes Eosinophils Granulated Granules stain reddish pink, bi lobed nucleus Basophils Granulated Granules stain blue- violet, bi lobed nuclei Lymphocytes Agranulocyte Inactive: smaller than RBC, nucleus round and large with a thin rim of cytoplasm visible Active: Larger than RBC with proportionally more cytoplasm Monocytes Agranulocyte Kidney shaped 8. Describe platelets. - Involved in blood clotting. - Too few platelets – excessive bleeding - Too many- blood clots - Help form a temporary plug that seals blood vessels. - Small, irregular, membrane enclosed cellular fragments, produced by megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow List the steps required to form circulating platelets. Megakaryocytes develop into giant cells; they undergo a process of fragmentation that results in the release of platelets 6  BIOL 255 2024 How long does a circulate in the body? 13 seconds for blood to circulate. What are the functions of platelets? Describe hemostasis. 1. Smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction. 2. Platelets plug formation- injury to lining of vessels exposes collagen fibers, platelets adhere. 3. Platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms. 4. Step 3: coagulation- fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets forming the clot. 9. Where are blood cells made until about the 7th month of pregnancy? By the 7th month, red bone marrow is primary hematopoietic area- axial skeleton and appendicular girdle, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur Where are blood cells made from then on? Red bone marrow 10. What is the name of the process of making blood cells? ________hematopoiesis_______________ RBC synthesis is called _______erythropoiesis______________. WBC synthesis is called _____leukopoiesis ___________________. Original Stem Cell Specific Stem Cell Specific blast cell Mature formed element Hemocytoblasts Myeloid stem cells Proerythroblasts Erythrocyte Megakaryoblasts Platelets Myeloblasts Neutrophil (granule) Basophil 7  BIOL 255 2024 Eosinophil Monoblasts Monocyte Lymphoid stem cells Lymphoid ( B or T Lymphocyte lymphocytes) 11. Complete: Heart Anatomical Structure Location/Description Basic Function Apex Pointed end projecting ---------------- inferolateral Base Superior portion where ---------------- major vessels are attached Fibrous pericardium Surrounds the heart Fibrous sac lined with serous membrane. Protects and anchors heart, prevents blood overfilling the heart, provides lower friction environment Serous pericardium Parietal layer of serous Stops friction membrane: Lines inside of fibrous pericardium Visceral layer: Lines outside of heart, covers myocardium 8  BIOL 255 2024 Pericardial cavity with Fluid between parietal and Pericardial cavity pericardial fluid visceral layers Epicardium Visceral serous pericardium Cardiac repair Serous membrane and areolar/ adipose CT Myocardium Cardiac muscle Cardiac pump Intercalated disks Ends of cardiac muscle Ensure that the cardiac muscle functions as a coordinated unit. Keep cells together during contraction Fibrous skeleton of heart Dense regular connective Provides structural support tissue located between the to atrioventricular heart chambers boundary and around valves Attachment for cardiac muscle (myocardium) Insulates electrical signal so that atrial and ventricular chambers contract at different times 9  BIOL 255 2024 Endocardium Simple squamous Endothelium lines heart, epithelium and areolar CT covers valves, continuous with endothelium of blood vessels Atria Right atrium: Superior to Holds deoxygenated blood: right ventricle superior and inferior vena Right atrium cava supply deoxygenated Left atrium: Superior to left blood to right atrium. ventricle Left atrium Holds oxygenated blood: right and left pulmonary veins supply the left atrium Auricle On the atrium: simple Covers the left and right squamous epithelial, atrium myocardium, cardiac tissue Pectinate muscles Inner walls ---- Fossa ovalis Opening between atria Depression that is a remnant from the fetal heart ciruclation Ventricles Right ventricle: inferior to Discharging chambers of Right ventricle right atrium the heart Left ventricle Left ventricle: inferior to left atrium. Atrioventricular valves Between atrium and Pathway of blood is Tricuspid valve ventricles unidirectional, valves Bicuspid valve prevent backflow 10  BIOL 255 2024 Tricuspid: Right side of heart Bicuspid: Left side of heart Semilunar valves Pulmonary: pulmonary Prevent back flow from Pulmonary semilunar trunk pulmonary trunk and aorta Aortic semilunar Aortic: aorta Chordae tendineae By the tricuspid and Connect ends of bicuspid valves atrioventricular valves to papillary muscle Papillary muscles Inner walls 12. Complete: Blood Vessel Transports blood Oxygenated or from to Deoxygenated? Superior and inferior vena Body Right atrium Deoxygenated cava Right and left pulmonary Lungs Left atrium Oxygenated veins Pulmonary trunk Heart Lungs Deoxygenated Ascending aorta Heart Body Oxygenated 11  BIOL 255 2024 Anterior coronary arteries Heart Heart Oxygenated List: Left coronary artery, left Supply blood to heart anterior, left circumflex, posterior artery, ramus artery Anterior cardiac veins Right ventricle Right atrium Deoxygenated List: Left superior vena cava, superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, internal and externa Juglar vein, subclavian vein, left superior intercostal vein, azygos vein. Posterior coronary arteries Heart Heart Oxygenated List: Interventricular artery Posterior cardiac veins Supplies the Supplies the Deoxygenated List: Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, heart heart anterior interventricular vein, small cardiac vein 13. Summarize blood flow: Pulmonary circulation - Right side of heart, lungs, left side of heart 12  BIOL 255 2024 Systemic circulation - Left side of heart, body tissues, right side of heart Coronary circulation- circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart 14. Where are the autorhythmic cells of the heart located? What make them different than the other myofibers of the heart? Autorhythmic cells are in the sinoatrial node. Specialized cells that initiate and conduct impulses to contractile muscle cells. They are different because they are like a pacemaker and have the ability to be spontaneous. List the steps in the sequence of cardiac muscle excitation; include all relevant structure names, including structures of the intrinsic conduction system. - Starts at the sinoatrial node (pacemaker), goes to the atrioventricular node, then to atrioventricular bundle, then to interventricular septum then to Purkinje fibers 15. Define: Systole- contraction of a heart chamber Diastole- relaxation of a heart chamber List the events of the cardiac cycle, in order. Atrial systole- atrial blood pushed into the ventricles through atrioventricular valves, ventricles relaxed (diastole). 13  BIOL 255 2024 Early Ventricular systole- atria relaxes (diastole), rising ventricular pressure causes AV valves to close. Late ventricular systole- ventricular ejection phase opens semilunar valves Early Ventricular diastole- backflow of blood closes semilunar valves, and atria fills Late ventricular diastole- atrial pressure rises causing AV valves to open 16. The heart is derived from which primary germ cell layer? Mesoderm Summarize the differences between circulation in the adult as compared to fetal circulation - Adult circulation: Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk/arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, body tissue. - Fetal circulation: completely bypass the liver capillary beds and pulmonary circulation. Ductus venosus- blood from umbilical vein bypasses liver and goes to r. atrium, foramen oval- blood from right atrium bypasses lungs and goes to left atrium. Ductus arteriosus- blood from pulmonary trunk bypasses lungs and goes to aorta. Once blood supplies fetal tissues, it returns to the placenta via the umbilical arteries. 17. Using the names of most vessel groups (arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries, lymphatics) and the heart, illustrate an overview of extracellular fluids through the vessels. 14  BIOL 255 2024 18. Complete: Blood Basic Describe the layer in each type of vessel. Vessel Function Explain how each layer helps the vessel with its function Tunica interna Tunica media Tunica externa Arteries Carry Contains cells that Thick and muscular Provides oxygenated provide smooth with smooth and structural support blood away lining to reduce elastic fibers and elasticity, from the resistance of allowing arteries to helping to heart blood flow withstand high maintain the pressure and shape and regulate blood flow prevent over through expansion constrictions and dilation Arterioles Small Think layer Contains more Provides branches of allowing smooth smooth muscle structural support arteries that blood flow than capillaries, lead to enabling control capillaries over blood flow controlling and pressure blood into through capillary contraction networks Capillaries Exchange of A single layer of Absent because Absent gases, endothelial cells, they do not need to nutrients and that allow dilate waste diffusion products between blood and tissues Venules Collect blood Thin layer similar Minimal Provides support from to capillaries construction capillaries and transport it to larger veins 15  BIOL 255 2024 Veins Return Contains cells, Lower pressure in Structural support deoxygenated often with valves veins and elasticity blood to to prevent heart backflow What are the differences between conducting and distributing arteries? - Conducting arteries- largest arteries- can withstand and reduce large blood pressure fluctuations. Large number of elastic fibers and less of smooth muscle in walls - Distributing arteries- Medium sized arteries, can vasoconstrict and vasodilate to adjust blood supply, increasing amount of smooth muscle smaller number of elastic fibers. What are anastomoses? Capillary Type Description and Location Continuous Most common- narrow, limited passage of substance through walls Fenestrated Many pores in endothelial cells that allow small molecules and fluids through. Endocrine glands Sinusoid Wide, incomplete basement membrane, spaces between endothelial cells allows large things to go through. Found in bone marrow, spleen, liver, and some endocrine glands Capillary Bed Feature Description and Function Metarteriole Feeds capillary beds Precapillary sphincter Regulates blood flow How do skeletal muscles and valves promote venous circulation? 16  BIOL 255 2024 - Push blood through the veins and prevents back flow. Since veins are lower pressure than arteries, the blood can be hard to move if there was no valves Describe how the venous system can act as a blood reservoir. 19. When do new blood vessels form in an adult? Occurs throughout life. What changes occur in blood vessels as you age? With aging comes, varicose veins (enlarged veins due to valve incompetence), atherosclerosis, and increased blood pressure may occur 20. Complete: Circulatory Describe route Systemic L. Heart to arteries, to body tissues, to veins, to right side of heart Coronary L. Heart, aorta, coronary arteries, heart tissues, cardiac veins, coronary sinus, right heart Hepatic Portal L. Heart, arteries to GI tract, GI tract capillary beds, hepatic portal vein, liver capillary beds, veins, r. heart Pulmonary r. heart, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, L. Heart 17  BIOL 255 2024 Cerebral L. Heart, common carotid arteries, brain, dural venous sinuses, internal juglar veins, right side of heart Fetal Placenta, umbilical vein/ductus venosus, inferior vena cava, heart/foramen ovale/ductus arteriosus, fetal tissues, umbilical arteries, placenta 21. Label full-body blood vessel diagrams in “Figures that may appear on Exam 4”. (Equivalent to Figures 23.9a+b.) 22. What is “lymph”? Where does it come from? Consists of interstitial fluid that has entered the lymph vessels. 23. What are the functions of the lymphatic system? Returns interstitial fluid (leaked plasma) to blood circulation. Monitors interstitial fluid and mounts immune responses when necessary. 24. Complete: Lymphatic Vessel/Duct Anatomy Function Lymphatic capillaries Along blood capillaries Closed ended tubes made of overlapping endothelial cells Creates one-way entrance into lumen Lacteals Lymphatic capillaries Transports chyle from GI tract: chyle (interstitial fluid, lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins) Lymphatic collecting Medium sized vessels: three vessels tunics, one-way internal 18  BIOL 255 2024 valves, can be deep or superficial Lymphatic trunks Right lymphatic duct Drains right arm and right side of head and thorax Thoracic duct Drains rest of the body 25. Complete: Lymphatic cell Function T lymphocytes Orchestrate immune response by releasing cytokines. - Attack and destroy foreign cells. - Activate other immune cells B lymphocytes Activated by T- cells. Produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies. Macrophages Removes dead cells and stimulates the immune system Dendritic cells Present things to T- cells Reticular cells What are antigens? Anything body perceives as a foreign (bacteria, toxins, viruses, cancer cells, mismatched cells from transfusions or transplants) What are antibodies? Proteins that bind to antigens, tagging them for removal from body 26. Complete: Lymphoid tissue/organ Anatomy and Location Function(s) Lymph nodes Clusters all throughout the Where lymphocytes reside body, neck, armpit, groin, and are exposed to antigens lumbar Functions- macrophages Lymphatic vessels destroy microorganisms and debris. Immune system activation- monitor for 19  BIOL 255 2024 antigens and initiate their removal. Primary exposure of B and T cells to foreign invaders Spleen Below the heart Where lymphocytes reside and are exposed to antigens Surrounded by fibrous capsule with trabeculae Monitors blood extending inwards White pulp- areas containing mostly lymphocytes involved in immune functions. Red pulp- remaining splenic tissue. Reservoir of red blood cells and platelets Macrophages phagocytize old, defective RNCs and platelets Thymus (primary) T cell maturation Anterior to the heart Not directly fighting antigens Bi-lobed organ in the mediastinum Increases in size throughout childhood and then stops growing and eventually atrophies in adult Tonsils Where lymphocytes reside On the face and are exposed to antigens Pharyngeal tonsil Detect anything that you are breathing in our digesting. Palatine tonsils Invaginated outer edges of Lingual tonsils tonsils form crypts- tap material to be identified and destroyed. First layer of defense. MALT (Define MALT) Where lymphocytes reside and are exposed to antigens Mucosa – associated lymph tissue 20  BIOL 255 2024 Found in walls of respiratory, Detects antigens in air, food, gastrointestinal, genital, urine and mounts immune urinary tracts response Which of these lymphatic structures are considered primary? Why? Thymus where cells mature or where they are produced. No immune response located here. 27. Complete: Lymph Node Structures Structures and Cells Function Cortex Outer portion beneath capsule Medulla Lymph sinuses Afferent vessels Lymph goes to node Efferent vessels Lymph leaves node 28. Complete: Tonsil Location Palatine Above Lingual Lingual Below Palatine Pharyngeal By the ear 29. Which parts of the respiratory system are included in the conducting zone? Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, and respiratory muscles 21  BIOL 255 2024 - Getting air but no gas exchange Which parts of the respiratory system are included in the respiratory zone? Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli What occurs in the respiratory zone that doesn’t occur in the conducting zone? Gas exchange, because walls are thin enough. Functions of respiratory system: Respiration has four distinct processes: - Pulmonary ventilation- moving air into and out of the lungs - External respiration- gas exchange between lungs and blood - Transport- movement of gases between lungs and tissues via blood vessels - Internal respiration- gas exchange between systemic blood vessels - and tissues - Ultimately drives intracellular aerobic respiration 30. Complete: Upper Respiratory Function System Component Nose/ Nasal Cavity Provides airway for respiration, conditions air/moistens and warns entering air, filters inspired air of foreign matter. Serves as resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors Vestibule and First entrance to nasal cavity; has hairs to filter coarse particles Vibrissae (vibrissae) Opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx. Divided by midline nasal septum. Roof formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones, floor formed by hard and soft palates Olfactory mucosa lines superior nasal cavity and contains olfactory receptors. - Functions: during inhalation- filters, heat and moistens air. During exhalation- minimize heat and moisture loss Respiratory mucosa Conchae Increases surface area. Protrude medially form lateral walls enhance air turbulence 22  BIOL 255 2024 Paranasal sinuses Connected to nasal cavity via canals under conchae, lightens skull and voice resonance Nasopharynx Posterior to nasal cavity; extends from sphenoid to soft palate, closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasal cavity. Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Pharyngeal tonsil on posterior wall. Auditory tube openings in lateral walls Oropharynx Posterior to oral cavity and fauces. Extends from soft palate to hyoid. Serves as common passageway for air, food, and drink. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium (protects form abrasion). Houses palatine and lingual tonsils Laryngopharynx Posterior to epiglottis; extends from hyoid to divergence of esophagus and larynx. Common passageway for food, drink and air. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium Epiglottis Flap of cartilage that covers laryngeal and inlet during swallowing Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines respiratory tract. Nasal cavity is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium: Goblet cells secrete mucin and cilia move mucus along apical surface. Many capillaries deep to PCCE Pharynx: Funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle connecting nasal cavity, oral cavity, larynx and esophagus Larynx: Connects laryngopharynx and trachea. Passage of air, switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels. Voice production 31. Which portions of larynx are used for vocalization? How do they contribute to the sound you can make? - Vocal ligaments, Attached to arytenoid and thyroid cartilages. Lined with mucosal tissue-vocal folds. Medial opening between them- Rima glottidis. Vibrate to produce sound as air rushed up from lungs. - Voice pitch- swinging the arytenoid cartilages. What is the function of the vestibular folds? Made by vestibular ligaments. Attached to arytenoid and thyroid cartilages. Mucosal folds superior to vocal folds. No part in sound production. Protect vocal folds; help prevent food and drink for entering the larynx. Which structures provide structural support for the larynx? Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate. 23  BIOL 255 2024 - Anterior shield shape with midline laryngeal prominence - Cricoid cartilage- ring of cartilage below thyroid cartilage - Arytenoid, Cuneiform, corniculate cartilage- paired, small internal cartilage. Connected to muscles and ligaments to make speech. Vocal production- speech- intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis. Pitch- determined by the length and tension of vocal cords. Loudness- determined by force of air rushing across vocal cords. Bronchial tree- Consists of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles Lumen- inside cavity 32. Complete: Respiratory tree Mucosa type Cartilaginous Function component support Trachea Goblet cells and Adventitia- Flexible and mobile tube ciliated outermost layer extending from larynx pseudostratified contains C-shaped into mediastinum. epithelium line rings of hyaline inside. cartilage to hold it Submucosa- open. connective tissue between mucosa and adventitia Bronchi pseudostratified Carry air to and from the epithelium line lungs. inside. Trachea splits at carina into right and left main bronchi. Bronchi are subdivided into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs. Divides further into smaller branches Bronchioles Lack mucus Lack cartilage Less than 1mm producing cells support diameter. Consists of cuboidal epithelium with thick layer of smooth muscle. Allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation. Terminal Bronchioles- 24  BIOL 255 2024 last portion of conducting system. Simple squamous allows gas exchange. What is the last tracheal cartilage called? How is its shape different than the rest of the tracheal cartilage components? The Carina, is the point where the trachea branches into the left and right main bronchi. 33. Complete: Alveolar cell type Function(s) Type I epithelial Simple squamous epithelial cell. Allows rapid diffusion of gases Type II cells Secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension and hold alveolus open. Surfactant coats the inside of the alveoli’s so simple squamous epithelial cells don’t stick to each other. Week 28 is when surfactant is developed Macrophages Removes dead cells and stimulates the immune system, Keeps alveolar surfaces sterile Alveoli: pores connect alveoli - Surrounded by fine elastic fiber- and creates alveolar sacs 34. Complete: Lung Anatomical Description (and function) Feature Root All structures passing through the hilum Costal surface Anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces in contact with the ribs Apex Narrow superior tip Base Inferior surface resting on diaphragm 25  BIOL 255 2024 Hilum Indentation containing pulmonary and systemic blood vessels Cardiac notch Anterior indented region on left lung Left Lung lobes 2 lobes (how many?) Right Lung lobes 3 lobes (how many?) Left Lung fissures 1 fissure (how many?) Right Lung fissures 2 fissures (how many?) Pulmonary arteries Root (in hilum) Pulmonary veins Root (in hilum) Bronchial arteries Root (in hilum) Bronchial veins Root (in hilum) 35. Complete: Pleura Function Parietal pleura Lines thoracic wall and superior diaphragm, continues around heart and between lungs Visceral pleura Covers external lungs surface 36. List the steps of how the following respiratory processes are achieved: Inhalation: Filter, heat and moisten air 26  BIOL 255 2024 Exhalation: Minimize heat and moisture loss Define the following two terms. Atmospheric Pressure: equal to pressure in the lungs to the outside of us Intrapulmonary Pressure: above atmospheric pressure Which direction would air go (into or out of the lungs) in the following scenarios? Atmospheric Pressure > Intrapulmonary Pressure: into the lungs Atmospheric Pressure < Intrapulmonary Pressure: out of the lungs 37. Oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are detected in the body by which structures? Medulla and Pons - Chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies send signals to medulla and pons What changes in these concentrations would stimulate respiration? _______________ Inhibit respiration? __________________ 38. Which germ cell layer(s) does the respiratory system develop from? What can cause respiratory distress in prematurely born infants? Not producing surfactant Before birth, alveoli are collapsed / inflated. (Circle one) After birth, alveoli are collapsed / inflated. (Circle one) A newborn would have a higher / lower (circle one) respiratory rate that an adult. 39. Review the “figures that may appear on Exam 4” posted on Canvas. 27  BIOL 255 2024 Lymphatic system: - Germinal centers house T cells, dendritic cells, proliferating B cells and some macrophages Top Hat Xray question: More likely to go to the right as it is a wider bronchus and doesn’t have to go around the heart. Respiratory membrane: Air blood barrier, composed of : alveolar simple squamous epithelial walls. Capillary endothelial walls. Their fused basal laminas. 28