Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary shape of red blood cells?
What is the primary shape of red blood cells?
- Flat discs
- Biconcave disks (correct)
- Spherical
- Cylindrical
What is the key function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the key function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
- To bind and transport oxygen (correct)
- To fight infections
- To transport nutrients
- To produce ATP
What color does oxyhemoglobin appear when bound to oxygen?
What color does oxyhemoglobin appear when bound to oxygen?
- Deep blue
- Bright red (correct)
- Pale yellow
- Dark brown
How is ATP generated in red blood cells?
How is ATP generated in red blood cells?
What physiological condition is indicated by a high total white blood cell count?
What physiological condition is indicated by a high total white blood cell count?
Why is the flexible plasma membrane of red blood cells important?
Why is the flexible plasma membrane of red blood cells important?
What percentage is considered a normal total white blood cell count?
What percentage is considered a normal total white blood cell count?
What occurs to hemoglobin when oxygen diffuses into body tissues?
What occurs to hemoglobin when oxygen diffuses into body tissues?
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune system?
What is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune system?
What distinguishes eosinophils from other white blood cells?
What distinguishes eosinophils from other white blood cells?
Which type of white blood cell orchestrates the immune response against viral infections?
Which type of white blood cell orchestrates the immune response against viral infections?
What is the function of basophils during inflammatory reactions?
What is the function of basophils during inflammatory reactions?
Which of the following white blood cells is typically the most abundant in a healthy individual?
Which of the following white blood cells is typically the most abundant in a healthy individual?
What is the primary function of the thymus in the lymphatic system?
What is the primary function of the thymus in the lymphatic system?
What is histamine's primary function in the immune response?
What is histamine's primary function in the immune response?
What percentage of white blood cells do lymphocytes typically constitute?
What percentage of white blood cells do lymphocytes typically constitute?
Which type of lymphatic tissue is described as the first layer of defense?
Which type of lymphatic tissue is described as the first layer of defense?
What occurs to B-lymphocytes when they become activated?
What occurs to B-lymphocytes when they become activated?
What happens to the thymus size during childhood?
What happens to the thymus size during childhood?
What is the primary role of macrophages in the lymphatic system?
What is the primary role of macrophages in the lymphatic system?
Where are lymphocytes primarily found?
Where are lymphocytes primarily found?
The invaginated outer edges of tonsils form structures called:
The invaginated outer edges of tonsils form structures called:
Which statement regarding the thymus is correct?
Which statement regarding the thymus is correct?
Which area does MALT primarily monitor for immune responses?
Which area does MALT primarily monitor for immune responses?
What is the primary function of arteries?
What is the primary function of arteries?
How does the tunica media contribute to the function of arteries?
How does the tunica media contribute to the function of arteries?
Which statement accurately describes arterioles?
Which statement accurately describes arterioles?
What type of layer is present in capillaries and what is its function?
What type of layer is present in capillaries and what is its function?
What distinguishes veins from arteries?
What distinguishes veins from arteries?
What is the role of the tunica externa in veins?
What is the role of the tunica externa in veins?
What is the main function of venules in the circulatory system?
What is the main function of venules in the circulatory system?
Which layer is absent in capillaries and why?
Which layer is absent in capillaries and why?
What is the primary function of conducting arteries?
What is the primary function of conducting arteries?
Which type of capillary is characterized by its many pores and is commonly found in endocrine glands?
Which type of capillary is characterized by its many pores and is commonly found in endocrine glands?
How do skeletal muscles and valves work together to promote venous circulation?
How do skeletal muscles and valves work together to promote venous circulation?
When do new blood vessels typically form in an adult?
When do new blood vessels typically form in an adult?
What changes are commonly associated with aging in blood vessels?
What changes are commonly associated with aging in blood vessels?
What is the role of the precapillary sphincter in blood circulation?
What is the role of the precapillary sphincter in blood circulation?
What is the primary route of the systemic circulation?
What is the primary route of the systemic circulation?
What characterizes sinusoid capillaries?
What characterizes sinusoid capillaries?
What is the correct order of the cardiac conduction pathway?
What is the correct order of the cardiac conduction pathway?
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events in the cardiac cycle?
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events in the cardiac cycle?
What is the primary germ cell layer from which the heart is derived?
What is the primary germ cell layer from which the heart is derived?
What is the main difference between adult and fetal circulation?
What is the main difference between adult and fetal circulation?
During which phase does the ventricular pressure rise causing AV valves to close?
During which phase does the ventricular pressure rise causing AV valves to close?
Which structure directs blood from the umbilical vein to the right atrium in fetal circulation?
Which structure directs blood from the umbilical vein to the right atrium in fetal circulation?
In which phase does the atrial pressure rise, causing the AV valves to open?
In which phase does the atrial pressure rise, causing the AV valves to open?
What is the definition of systole in relation to heart chambers?
What is the definition of systole in relation to heart chambers?
Flashcards
RBC Shape
RBC Shape
Biconcave disks.
RBC Intracellular Structure
RBC Intracellular Structure
No nucleus or organelles; flexible plasma membrane.
RBC Function
RBC Function
Gas transportation; large surface area for rapid gas exchange; carries oxygen using hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin Structure
Hemoglobin Structure
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Oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin
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Deoxyhemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin
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WBC Function
WBC Function
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Leukocytosis
Leukocytosis
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Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Cycle
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Systole
Systole
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Diastole
Diastole
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Atrial Systole
Atrial Systole
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Fetal Circulation
Fetal Circulation
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Ductus Venosus
Ductus Venosus
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Foramen Ovale
Foramen Ovale
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Ductus Arteriosus
Ductus Arteriosus
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Leukopenia
Leukopenia
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Basophils
Basophils
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Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
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Histamine
Histamine
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Heparin
Heparin
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Causes of Leukopenia
Causes of Leukopenia
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Artery Function
Artery Function
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Artery Tunica Interna
Artery Tunica Interna
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Artery Tunica Media
Artery Tunica Media
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Arteriole Function
Arteriole Function
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Capillary Function
Capillary Function
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Vein Function
Vein Function
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Vein Valves
Vein Valves
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Conducting vs. Distributing Arteries
Conducting vs. Distributing Arteries
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Conducting Arteries
Conducting Arteries
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Distributing Arteries
Distributing Arteries
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Anastomoses
Anastomoses
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Capillary Types
Capillary Types
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Venous Circulation
Venous Circulation
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Blood Reservoir
Blood Reservoir
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New Blood Vessel Formation
New Blood Vessel Formation
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Systemic Circulation
Systemic Circulation
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Thymus (primary)
Thymus (primary)
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Reservoir of RBCs and platelets
Reservoir of RBCs and platelets
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MALT
MALT
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Tonsils
Tonsils
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Macrophages
Macrophages
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Primary Lymphatic Organ
Primary Lymphatic Organ
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Lymphocytes location (MALT)
Lymphocytes location (MALT)
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Tonsil Structure (crypts)
Tonsil Structure (crypts)
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Study Notes
Circulatory System
- The heart pumps blood, delivering oxygen and removing waste products.
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart; pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- Capillaries facilitate gas exchange.
- Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart; systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- The lungs perform gas exchange.
Blood Functions
- Transportation: Blood carries gases, hormones, nutrients, and waste products.
- Protection: White blood cells (WBCs) and antibodies defend against pathogens; platelets and proteins are involved in clotting.
- Regulation: Maintaining pH, fluid balance, and temperature.
Bodily Fluids
- Blood: Found throughout the body, consisting of plasma and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)
- Plasma: fluid matrix (no cells).
- Formed elements: 45% of total blood volume.
- Buffy coat: Leukocytes and platelets (less than 1%).
- Hematocrit: Percentage of volume of all formed elements (45%).
- Plasma solutes: Ions, nutrients, gases, and waste (1%).
- Interstitial fluid: Derived from plasma, found in capillaries.
- Lymph: Found in lymph vessels, ground substance of blood without clotting proteins.
- Serum: Interstitial fluid without clotting proteins.
Blood Cell Types
- Formed elements (Blood Cells):
- RBCs (Red Blood Cells): 55% of whole blood. Biconcave disks, no nucleus, and very flexible plasma membrane.
- Functions: Gas transportation (oxygen binding). ATP generation.
- Hemoglobin (color red pigment with 4 heme groups): Each heme has iron binding oxygen, for oxygen transport. Oxygen loading (oxygen binding) occurs in the lungs.
- Oxyhemoglobin: bright red, hemoglobin bonded with oxygen.
- Deoxyhemoglobin: dark red, hemoglobin not bonded with oxygen
- WBCs (White Blood Cells): Less than 1%.
- Platelets: Less than 1%. Involved in blood clotting.
- For neutrophil type: 50-70 %, phagocytize infectious pathogens, nucleus segmented and varied in 2-5 lobes, granules appear light purple.
- For eosinophil type: 1-4 %, attack parasitic worms, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, bilobed nucleus, granules stain reddish-pink.
- For basophil type: .5-1 %, release histamine and heparin during inflammatory or allergic reactions, bi-lobed nuclei, granules stain blue-violet, occlude nucleus and cytoplasm.
- RBCs (Red Blood Cells): 55% of whole blood. Biconcave disks, no nucleus, and very flexible plasma membrane.
- Others:
- Lymphocytes (20-40%): Orchestrate immune responses, attack viruses/infected cells, produce antibodies (B cells), and natural killer cells.
- Monocytes (2-8%): Exit blood vessels and become macrophages, phagocytize pathogens.
Heart Anatomy and Function
- Apex: Pointed end projecting inferolaterally.
- Base: Superior portion where major vessels attach.
- Fibrous pericardium: Surrounds the heart, fibrous sac lined with serous membrane, protects and anchors the heart, prevents blood from overflowing into the heart, provides friction-free environment.
- Serous pericardium: Parietal layer lines the inside of fibrous pericardium, visceral layer covers external surface of heart.
- Endocardium: Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue.
- Atria: Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava and right and left pulmonary veins. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
- Ventricles: Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
Blood Vessels
- Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, thick and muscular walls with smooth and elastic fibers to withstand high pressure, regulate blood flow. Tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa.
- Arterioles: Small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries, thinner layer allowing blood flow and able to control blood flow, pressure through contraction.
- Capillaries: Sites of gas and nutrient exchange, single layer of endothelial cells.
- Venules: Collect blood from capillaries and transport to veins. Thin layer similar to capillaries to provide support & Minimal construction.
- Veins: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart, contain valves to prevent backflow, lower pressure than arteries, structural support and elasticity.
Lymphatic System
- Functions: Returns interstitial fluid to blood circulation; monitors interstitial fluid; mounts immune responses.
- Lymphatic capillaries: Closed-end tubes that collect interstitial fluid, and lipids (chyle in intestinal tract).
- Lymph nodes: Filter lymph; site of immune responses.
Lung Anatomy and Functions
- Respiratory Membrane: Alveolar simple squamous epithelial cells wall. Capillary endothelial walls.
- Alveoli: Sites of gas exchange in the lungs. Surfactant to prevent sticking.
- Pleura: Lining surrounding lungs to reduce friction. Parietal layer (thoracic wall); visceral layer (lung surface).
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