BIOL 1510 Exam I Sample Review Questions PDF

***** These review questions are most definitely not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam, and you should also heavily rely on your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions. They are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes but are...

***** These review questions are most definitely not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam, and you should also heavily rely on your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions. They are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes but are great examples of the types of questions you will see on your exam. ***** 1.) Name the characteristics of life, as we discussed in class A. Cellular Organization B. Ordered Complexity C. Sensitivity D. Growth, Development and Reproduction E. Energy Utilization F. Homeostasis G. Evolutionary Adaptation 2.) Explain the theories of reductionism and holism and why it is important to examine biology using both approaches. Reductionism – Theory that complex systems can be understood by studying their smaller parts Holism – Properties of the whole organism cannot always be understood as a sum of their parts Emergent Properties - Complex functions produced by the interaction of multiple components. 3.) Give an example of a A. Producer - plants B. Consumer - humans C. Decomposer – fungi 4.) If the domains Bacteria and Archaea are both unicellular and lack nuclei how do scientists distinguish between the two? Through DNA 5.) Put the following taxonomical terms in order from most broad to most specific (phylum, family, species, domain, order, genus, class and kingdom). Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 6.) Given the following hypothesis identify the independent variable and the dependent variable: The amount of sunshine (independent) shown on sunflower plants will not affect their growth rate (dependent). 7.) Critique the following experiment. Is there anything you would change? Is there any additional information you would like to know? A farmer would like to measure the effect of sunlight on sunflower growth. In order to test this the farmer plants two fields of sunflower seeds. He bought most of the seeds from a local feed and seed store but they did not have enough for both fields so he bought the rest of the seeds at the local hardware store. In order to change the amount of sunlight he put a tent over one field and left the other  uncovered. He also allowed the natural rainfall to water each field. ***** These review questions are most definitely not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam, and you should also heavily rely on your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions. They are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes but are great examples of the types of questions you will see on your exam. ***** At the end of the experiment he measured the height of the sunflower seeds and determined that the sunflowers in the field without the tent grew higher. He then concluded that sunflowers need the max amount of light to grow and more sunlight will make them grow taller. Additional Info/Questions Where the fields side by side? Same soil composition? How long was the experiment? Change Can’t mix seed types Tented sunflowers probably got less rain so how do we know growth wasn’t affected by rain and not actually sunlight 8.) The following figure is fluorine, as it appears on the periodic table. From this symbol what can you tell me about Fluorine? Fluorine has 9 protons, electrons and neutrons And its atomic weight is 18.998 (the average mass of all its isotopes) Its mass number is 18 9.) How many valence electrons does a neutral atom of magnesium have? 2 electrons 10.)Which statement is true of water's tensile strength (the strength of water’s bonds)? A. It results from hydrogen bonding B. It helps to pull water through plants C. It involves both adhesion and cohesion D. Both A and B E. All three 11.) Draw the placement of electrons on the element fluorine. F ***** These review questions are most definitely not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam, and you should also heavily rely on your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions. They are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes but are great examples of the types of questions you will see on your exam. *****  12.)What does F-2tell you about the element fluorine? It has a charge of -2 which means it has 11 electrons 13.)If an element has lost or gained an electron what is it called? Ion 14.)How does a covalent bond differ from an ionic bond? Ionic Bond – they type of bond formed when two ions with opposite charge transfer electrons Covalent Bond – the type of bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons 15.)What are the two types of covalent bonds and how are they different? Polar Covalent - one nucleus pulls the electrons closer/harder and causes a + and – end of the molecule Nonpolar Covalent - atoms share the electrons equally 16.)What is the octet rule and how does it influence binding between elements? The octet rule states that when elements bind, they are working toward filling their outer valence shell in order to be in their most stable state. This is why some elements are much more likely to bind with each other than others. 17.)A hydrogen bond can occur between two polar covalently bonded compounds. 18.)The specific heat of water is one of the largest of commonly known substances, what does this mean about heating or cooling water? It take a lot of energy to heat 1 gram of water 1 degree and water must lose a lot of heat in order to cool 1 degree. This is why water is good at resisting temperature change. 19.)A solution in which there are more OH- ions than H+ is called a ___base_____ and on the pH - scale has a value closer to which end? (0 or 14) 20.)Name the scientists who first invented the microscope. Zaccharias Janssen 21.)What are the two main types of microscopes? Light (simple, compound and confocal) and electron (scanning and transmission) ***** These review questions are most definitely not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam, and you should also heavily rely on your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions. They are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes but are great examples of the types of questions you will see on your exam. ***** 22.)The plasma membrane of most cells is made of a phospholipid bilayer. Draw this bilayer and explain how the heads are different from the tails. The heads are hydrophilic and like water and the tails are hydrophobic and dislike water. Both inside and outside of cells there is a large amount of water so the parts of the bilayer orient themselves accordingly. 23.)Name the three types of junction found between animal cells. Which one of these types allow for small particles, like ions, to flow between cells? A. Tight junction B. Gap junctions-allows small particles like ions to flow between cells C. Anchoring junction 24.) Name one of the many organelles we discussed in class, describe its function and what it looks like? See the table at the end of the ppt slides  25.) Bacteria and Archaea are two different domains but share some characteristics. These have led to scientists sometimes grouping them together as prokaryotes, especially when contrasting them with the domain Eukarya. What are some of those similarities? 1. Small 2. 3 common shapes 3. Nucleoid 4. Ribosomes 5. Cell wall 6. Locomotion 26.)What is the endomembrane system? Describe the path of a protein being produced, packaged and shipped out via this system. The group of organelles that works together to produce proteins and lipids. DNA in the nucleus is turned into a strand of messenger RNA which leaves the nucleus to go to the rough ER and is turned into a protein via ribosomes on the rough ER. The protein is then sent to the Golgi where it is folded, if necessary, and then shipped to where it needs to be in the cell/organism. ***** These review questions are most definitely not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam, and you should also heavily rely on your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions. They are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes but are great examples of the types of questions you will see on your exam. ***** 27.)What is Tay-sachs disease? What is it caused by? Tay-sachs is a disease caused when a single enzyme in lysosomes does not work correctly and does not adequately break down a lipid in nerve cells. This accumulation of lipids in nervous tissue causes a cascade of neurological and muscular symptoms in affected individuals and is usually fatal by the age of 5 years. 28.)What is the Theory of Endosymbiosis? The theory is that an ancient cell engulfed some prokaryotes (similar to modern mitochondria and chloroplast) that could produce their own energy. These two organisms began to coexist inside of the original prokaryotic cell and eventually turned into the eukaryotic cells we now know. 29.) What is the extracellular matrix and what is it composed of? The extracellular matrix is the space outside of cells and is composed of proteins and sugars. The ECM provides protection and support to the cell as well as many specialized functions. These specialized functions include determining the consistency of the ECM, giving the tissue some elasticity via collagen and also communication with the cell itself. **** The following review questions are not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam. When studying, you should rely on the ppt slides and your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions! These questions are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes, and are great examples of the types of questions you will see on your exam. **** BIO 1510 Exam II Sample Review Questions (Chapters 5, 6 & 8) 1. Discuss the evolution of photosynthesis and when it evolved on earth. What type of organisms existed before autotrophs and how did photosynthesis affect their evolution? Early life on the planet was likely single cell prokaryotes that used some sort of organic (containing carbon) molecules, but not glucose, for fuel. They did a process similar to cellular respiration but it only produced a small amount of energy and did not use oxygen. After ~ a billion years, the process of photosynthesis evolved producing glucose and putting a large amount of oxygen into the atmosphere. This accumulation of oxygen then allowed for the development of more complex, multicellular heterotrophs. 2. Describe the fluid mosaic model of eukaryotic cell membranes? What is it made up of and why is it called the fluid mosaic? The fluid mosaic model refers to the phospholipid bilayer of eukaryotic cells and all of the proteins embedded in the membrane. These proteins help to make the membrane fluid, i.e. slightly flexible, and can allow eukaryotic cells to change shape. This “changing shape” varies by type of cell though. Animal cells are more fluid than plant cells for example due to the presence of a cell wall in plants. The fluid mosaic model also refers to the fact that the position of proteins in the membrane is fluid. The proteins can move within the membrane to different locations. See the ppt slides for the video of the fusion of a human and mouse cell and how the proteins in their cell membranes mixed when fused. 3. What is the first law of thermodynamics? Give an example of the law in action. The 1st law states that energy is not created or destroyed, rather it only changes forms. Photosynthesis is an example; light energy is converted into glucose energy. A non biology :) example would be a battery powering a flashlight; stored energy from the battery is transformed into electrical energy when turned on. 4. What type of organic molecule are enzymes? What is their function in a cell? Enzymes are typically proteins and their job is to catalyze, i.e. speed up, reactions without being consumed in the process. They can catalyze reactions by either lowering activation energy or bringing reactants in a reaction closer together. 5. The example of using energy to build a building is an endergonic or exergonic reaction? Endergonic 6. The breakdown of nucleic acids into its nucleotide subunits is an example of an endergonic or exergonic reaction? Exergonic because it is breaking something down 7. What does ATP stand for? And how is energy released from ATP? ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate and the energy in the molecule is stored in the bonds between the phosphates. When that energy is needed, a phosphate is broken off (via hydrolysis) and the energy in that bond is released. The molecule is then transformed into ADP, adenosine diphosphate which only has 2 phosphates. ADP then can have energy added back into it, in a reaction called phosphorylation. This process adds a phosphate onto ADP and energy is stored in that bond, producing ATP. 8. How do C4 and CAM plants differ from C3 plants? C4 and CAM plants tend to live in dry or desert environments. C4 plants move part of the carbon reactions to specialized cells called bundle sheath cells in order to avoid photorespiration when there is excess oxygen. These bundle sheath cells are impermeable to CO2 so that keeps the cell from photorespiring if oxygen builds up. CAM plants do a  little bit of photosynthesis like C4 plants but they have also adapted to be able to open stomata only at night to reduce water loss. They exchange gasses at night, store CO2 in the bundle sheath cells **** The following review questions are not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam. When studying, you should rely on the ppt slides and your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions! These questions are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes, and are great examples of the types of questions you will see on your exam. **** and then during the day when there is light but it is also very hot, they can close their stomata but still do photosynthesis without losing water and also without photorespiring. 9. What are the three types of passive transport discussed? How are they similar? How do they differ? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Osmosis All three are movements from high to low concentration and all three are the preferred movement of molecules, so no energy is required. Simple diffusion is the movement of particles, without assistance from high to low. Facilitated is the same movement however, whatever molecule is moving across the membrane requires some assistance, i.e. that movement needs to be facilitated via a protein. That can be done via carrier proteins or channel proteins. Osmosis is a specific type of facilitated diffusion and is the movement of water, specifically, across a membrane from high to low. Water requires a specific channel protein called an aquaporin. 10. Total energy is the sum of: A. Potential energy B. Kinetic energy 11. How many turns of the carbon reactions/Calvin cycle are required in order to produce 1 molecule of glucose? 6 12. Use the figure below to label the products and reactants of photosynthesis. What is the function or significance of each? A. Light – excites electrons in the photosystems of the light reactions B. Water – spilt to get electrons for the light reactions; produces H+ions and oxygen C. Oxygen gas – a byproduct of splitting of water. It is released from the plant into the atmosphere D. ATP – it is produced in the light reactions and stores energy to be used in the carbon reactions when transforming carbon molecules. E. NADPH – it is also produced in the light reactions and stores energy in the form of electrons. It is used in the carbon reactions when transforming carbon molecules. F. ADP – formed from ATP giving energy to carbon reactions. After being produced in the carbon reactions, it returns to light reactions to get more energy from photosystem II. G. NADP+- the molecule that is formed when NADPH loses its energy. After being produced in the carbon reactions, it returns to the light reactions to get more energy from photosystem I. H. Carbon dioxide – the source of carbon for the carbon reactions. It enters the plant from the atmosphere and its carbon is needed to produce glucose. I. Glucose – the final product of photosynthesis. It is a carbohydrate produced from carbon dioxide and it is used to store energy for use by plants and other photosynthetic organisms. **** The following review questions are not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam. When studying, you should rely on the ppt slides and your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions! These questions are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes, and are great examples of the types of questions you will see on your exam. **** H AB D E Carbon Light Reactions Reactions F G CI 13. ___osmosis________ is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from _____high_______ concentration to _____low_________ concentration. This is an example of _____passive____________ transport. 14. Name the three type of environments we discussed that involve the movement of water across a cell membrane. For each environment, describe the direction that water will move and also why is water the only thing moving in these examples? A. Hypertonic – a cell placed in a solution/environment that is hypertonic will always shrink due to losing water. A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than that inside of the cell. B. Hypotonic - a cell placed in a solution/environment that is hypotonic will always swell due to gaining water. A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than that inside of the cell. C. Isotonic – the net movement of water when placed into a isotonic solution/environment is 0. However, some water does leave the cell but the exact same amount enters so there is no change in the cell size. An isotonic solution has a solute concentration that is the same as inside of the cell. 15. Oxygen is produced in the process of oxygenic photosynthesis. How is it produced and why? How does this differ from organisms that do anoxygenic photosynthesis? Water is split in order to provide electrons for the light reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis. Oxygen is produced when water splits and is the reason it is named oxygenic photosynthesis. In anoxygenic photosynthesis, something other than water (sulfur or hydrogen) is used to donate electrons and therefore oxygen is not produced. 16. Name and describe the two methods/inhibition that cells use to control when enzymes can work.  A. Competitive inhibition – when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme blocking the substrate that was intended to bind. **** The following review questions are not all inclusive of every topic covered on the exam. When studying, you should rely on the ppt slides and your notes in order to do well on the exam. Do not rely solely on these review questions! These questions are simply meant to be supplemental to your lecture notes, and are great examples of the types of questions you will see on your exam. **** B. Noncompetitive inhibition – when a molecule binds to the enzyme but not at the active site. This binding however, changes the shape of the active site which inhibits the intended substrate from binding. 17. Name one of the types of proteins found in a cell membrane and its function. 1. Transport – allow the entry and exit of certain molecules into/out of the cell 2. Enzymes – catalyze reactions inside of the cell 3. Cell surface receptors – bind chemical signals 4. Cell surface identity marker – identify a cell to others 5. Cell to cell adhesion – connect cells together 6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton – attach the membrane to the internal cytoskeleton 7. Affect membrane structure – the specific composition of proteins in a cell membrane affects the shape and structure of the cell 18. Energy is need in multiple steps of the carbon reactions in order to rearrange carbon molecules. Which steps need energy and where does that energy come from? Be specific! The transformation of 3PGA into 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate requires energy from ATP. The transformation of 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate into G3P requires energy from NADPH and finally, the regeneration of RuBP from G3P requires more ATP energy. 19. What is secondary active transport? Give an example. How does it differ from just regular active transport? Secondary active transport is movement of molecules from low concentration to high and requires the input of energy but it piggy backs on passive transport. It can move molecules in the same direction (symport) or opposite (antiport) of molecules that are being moved passively. It then uses the energy from the passive transport to pump the molecules for the active transport. 20. What is their function of channel and carrier proteins? How do they differ from each other? Both types of proteins can perform facilitated diffusion by creating a path across a phospholipid bilayer for certain molecules. Channel proteins create a channel in the membrane that multiple ions and water can flow through. Carrier proteins create a path through the membrane but only allow one molecule to move at a time. BIOL 1510 Exam III Sample Review Questions (Chapters 7 & 14- 16) 1. What are Okazaki fragments and why are they created? Okazaki fragments are the small fragments of DNA that are created on the lagging strand, which runs 5’ to 3’, during DNA replication. DNA polymerase III is responsible for reading the template strand of DNA and creating the complementary strand. However, DNA polymerase can only read in the 3’ to 5’ direction. So when reading the lagging strand, it will begin at the replication for and synthesize the complementary strand from reading in the 3’ to 5’ direction. Then as more DNA is opened up at the replication fork, DNA polymerase III can return to the fork and synthesize another fragment in the appropriate direction. Those fragments are eventually joined together into a seamless strand of DNA. 2. Describe where in the mitochondria each of the three steps of cellular respiration takes place. Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of the cell, right outside the mitochondria, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix, which is the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain happens across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. 3. What is the name of the location that activator proteins bind to? Describe the shape change induced in DNA when activators bind to this region. In eukaryotic cells, specific activator proteins are used to enhance transcription. Activator proteins bind to the enhancer region of DNA, which is upstream of the gene. This binding causes the DNA to fold and the activator protein to now interact with RNA polymerase II and the entire initiation complex. This interaction increases the frequency of transcription. 4. Discuss the evolution of processes that cells use to transform energy. I.e. which came first? When did they evolve? Early life on the planet was likely single cell prokaryotes that used some sort of organic (containing carbon) molecules, but not glucose, for fuel. They did a process similar to glycolysis that produced a small amount of energy. After about a billion years, the process of photosynthesis evolved and produced glucose and put large amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere. This accumulation of oxygen then allowed for the development of full aerobic respiration using glucose as the fuel produced by autotrophs and produced much more ATP than early forms of energy transformation. 5. During DNA replication, there are multiple enzymes involved in the process. What are the enzymes and what is their role in the DNA replication process? 6. Which direction does DNA polymerase III read the template strand during DNA replication? 3’ to 5’ 7. What is the operon system and how is it controlled in prokaryotic cells? The operon system is the process by which prokaryotic cells use repressor proteins bound to the operator region of a gene, just downstream from the promoter region, to intentionally stop (or repress) transcription and translation when it is not needed. For example - The lac operon is the series of genes that codes for protein production necessary in the metabolism (breakdown) of lactose. In prokaryotic organisms, a repressor protein binds to the operator region of DNA and blocks RNA polymerase when lactose is not present. When lactose is present, a small amount of it is metabolized by the proteins already present in the cell and a compound called allolactose is produced. Allolactose can bind to the lac repressor protein and inhibit it from binding to the DNA. Without the repressor present, RNA polymerase can complete transcription of the lac operon. 8. Contrast the structure of DNA and RNA. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single. DNA’s sugar is deoxyribose and RNA’s is ribose. DNA has the nitrogenous bases A, T, C & G and RNA has the nitrogenous bases A, U, C and G. 9. What similarities do DNA and RNA share? DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids and are made of a phosphate, sugar and a nitrogenous base (i.e. a nucleotide). 10. In transcription, what is the name of the region which tells RNA polymerase to finish matching base pairs and detach from the DNA? In which step of transcription does this happen? This is done very specifically in prokaryotes via the production of a hairpin turn in the mRNA. Describe this process in prokaryotic cells. The terminator region is the region at the end of a gene that tells RNA polymerase that transcription is completed. This segment is reached during the termination step in transcription. In eukaryotes the mechanism of termination is not well known but in prokaryotes it is. The terminator region contains a series of G-C bases which produces a complementary strand of mRNA with a string of C-G-C-C-G. This segment of alternating Cs and Gs allows the mRNA Gs to bind to the mRNA Cs and create a hairpin curve in the mRNA. Following the Cs and Gs is a series of Us. This string of Us (As in the DNA) causes the mRNA polymerase enzyme to pause transcription. The bond between the As in DNA and Us in mRNA is the weakest of the base parings and when RNA polymerase pauses, the A-U bond is not strong enough to hold the DNA and mRNA together and the mRNA dissociates and transcription is complete. 11. What is the difference in energy production of aerobic respiration vs. anaerobic vs. fermentation? Aerobic respiration produces the most amount of ATP, anaerobic, with something other than oxygen as the electron acceptor, makes a medium amount of energy and fermentation, which is glycolysis only, only makes 2 ATP, which is minimal compared to aerobic respiration. 12. What is the name of the enzyme during transcription that helps copy the strand of DNA into a strand of mRNA? Are there any differences in this enzyme in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes? Generally speaking it is called RNA polymerase and that is exactly what it is in prokaryotes. In eukaryotes there are multiple types of RNA polymerase, and RNA polymerase II is the one responsible for making a complementary strand of mRNA in transcription. 13. What is the only start codon which triggers the first step of translation? AUG 14. Use the figure below to label the products and reactants of cellular respiration. What is the function or significance of each? A. Glucose; this is the energy source created by autotrophs that is the beginning of cellular respiration. The goal of the cellular respiration process is to transform the energy in glucose to a useable form. B. G3P; glucose is transformed into this intermediate molecule during glycolysis. C. ATP; the usable form of energy. Ultimately this is the form of energy that the cell is trying to get from glucose. It is produced in all three steps of cellular respiration. D. NADH; one of two electron carrier molecules that is bringing electrons (i.e. energy) to the electron transport chain. E. Pyruvate; G3P is converted into pyruvate in glycolysis. This again, is an intermediate step in the transformation of glucose to useable energy. F. Acetyl-coA; pyruvate is not the form of carbon that can enter the citric acid cycle so pyruvate is oxidized prior to entering the citric acid cycle and turned into Acetyl-coA. G. FADH2; a second electron carrier molecules that is bringing electrons (i.e. energy) to the electron transport chain. H. CO2 (carbon dioxide); as carbon molecules are rearranged in the citric acid cycle some of the carbon is given off in the form of carbon dioxide. This is a byproduct of the cellular respiration pathway, is not needed and is expelled from the cell. I. O2 (oxygen); oxygen is known as the final electron acceptor in the cellular respiration pathway. As the name suggests, its job is to accept electrons, i.e. get reduced, at the end of the electron transport chain. When this happens the oxygen, with some hydrogen and its electrons, turns into water. J. H2O (water); this is produced from hydrogen protons and the oxygen, which just accepted electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. 15. 16. If the template strand of DNA strand reads TTACACTTGCAAC, what will the corresponding pre-mRNA strand read? AAUGUGAACGUUG 17. Using the table below, translate the following strand of mature mRNA into a protein AUG AAG UCA GUC CAU UGA Met – Lys – Ser – Val – His - STOP