Biology 1 Advanced Final Exam Review 2024-25 PDF

**[Biology 1 Advanced Review 2024-25]** **[T. Leslie]** **[Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Review]** *Vocab to know:* acid, atom, atomic mass, atomic number, atomic symbol, base, buffer, compound, covalent bond, electron, electronegativity, electron shell, element, hydrogen bond, hydrogen ion (H^+^), h...

**[Biology 1 Advanced Review 2024-25]** **[T. Leslie]** **[Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Review]** *Vocab to know:* acid, atom, atomic mass, atomic number, atomic symbol, base, buffer, compound, covalent bond, electron, electronegativity, electron shell, element, hydrogen bond, hydrogen ion (H^+^), hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydroxide ion (OH^-^) ion, ionic bond, isotope, matter, molecule, neutron, octet rule, orbital, pH scale, proton, salt, solute, solution *Sample multiple choice question:* 1. a. b. c. d. *Sample short answer question:* 2. **[Chapter 3 Chemistry of Organic Molecules Review]** *Vocab to know:* adenosine, ADP, amino acid, ATP, carbohydrate, cellulose, chitin, coenzyme, complementary base pairing, dehydration reaction, denatured, deoxyribose, disaccharide, DNA, enzyme, fat, fatty acid, functional group, glucose, glycerol, glycogen, hemoglobin, hydrolysis reaction, isomer, lipid, monomer, monosaccharide, nucleic acid, nucleotide, oil, organic, peptide, peptide bond, phospholipid, polymer, polypeptide, polysaccharide, protein, RNA, saturated fatty acid, starch, steroid, triglyceride, unsaturated fatty acid, wax. *Sample multiple choice question:* 3. a. b. c. d. e. *Sample short answer question:* 4. **Repair and Maintenance**  Protein is termed the building block of the body. It is called this because protein is vital in the maintenance of body tissue, including development and repair. Hair, skin, eyes, muscles and organs are all made from protein. This is why children need more protein per pound of body weight than adults; they are growing and developing new protein tissue. **Energy** Protein is a major source of energy. If you consume more protein than you need for body tissue maintenance and other necessary functions, your body will use it for energy. If it is not needed due to sufficient intake of other energy sources such as carbohydrates, the protein will be used to create fat and becomes part of fat cells. **Hormones** Protein is involved in the creation of some hormones. These substances help control body functions that involve the interaction of several organs. Insulin, a small protein, is an example of a hormone that regulates blood sugar. It involves the interaction of organs such as the pancreas and the liver. Secretin, is another example of a protein hormone. This substance assists in the digestive process by stimulating the pancreas and the intestine to create necessary digestive juices. **Enzymes** he creation of DNA could not happen without the action of protein enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the body. In fact, most of the necessary chemical reactions in the body would not efficiently proceed without enzymes. For example, one type of enzyme functions as an aid in digesting large protein, carbohydrate and fat molecules into smaller molecules, while another assists the creation of DNA. **Transportation and Storage of Molecules** Protein is a major element in transportation of certain molecules. For example, hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen throughout the body. Protein is also sometimes used to store certain molecules. Ferritin is an example of a protein that combines with iron for storage in the liver. **Antibodies**  Protein forms antibodies that help prevent infection, illness and disease. These proteins identify and assist in destroying antigens such as bacteria and viruses. They often work in conjunction with the other immune system cells. For example, these antibodies identify and then surround antigens in order to keep them contained until they can be destroyed by white blood cells. **[Chapter 5 Membrane Structure and Function Review]** *Vocab to know:* active transport, carrier protein, cell recognition protein, cell wall, channel protein, cholesterol, concentration gradient, crenation, diffusion, endocytosis, enzymatic protein, exocytosis, facilitated transport, fluid-mosaic model, gap junction, glycolipid, glycoprotein, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, isotonic solution, osmosis, phagocytosis, phospholipid bilayer, pinocytosis, plasmolysis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor protein, sodium-potassium pump, solute, solution, solvent, tonicity, turgor pressure **Channel protein** - **Carrier protein** -  **Receptor protein** - **Enzymatic protein** - *Sample multiple choice question:* 5. e. f. g. h. i. 6. a. b. c. d. *Sample Short Answer:* 7.  **[Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function Review]** *Vocab to know:* actin filament, apoptosis, bacillus, capsule, cell, cell envelope (of prokaryotes), cell theory, cell wall, central vacuole (of a plant cell), centriole, centrosome, chloroplast, chromatin, chromosome, cilium, coccus, cristae, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, endomembrane system, ER, eukaryotic cell, flagellum, Golgi apparatus, granum, lysosome, matrix, microtubule, mitochondrion, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleoid, nucleolus, nucleus, organelle, peroxisome, plasma membrane, plasmid, prokaryotic cell, pseudopod, ribosome, rough ER, secretion, sex pili, smooth ER, spirillum, stroma, surface area to volume ratio, thylakoid, vacuole, vesicle [Basic Organelles:] +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Name of | **Function** | **Image** | **Cells that | | Organelle** | | | have this** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Nucleus | The control | | Eukaryotic | | | center of a | | Cells | | | cell that acts | | | | | like the cell's | | | | | brain | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Plasma | Separates the |  | | | cell membrane | outside | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Cell Wall | In bacterial | | Plant cells | | | and plant | | only | | | cells, a cell | | | | | wall is | | | | | attached to the | | | | | plasma membrane | | | | | on its outside | | | | | surface. It | | | | | gives the cell | | | | | its shape and | | | | | helps protect | | | | | the cell. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Cytoplasm | The liquid |  | | | | everywhere | | | | | inside a cell. | | | | | It is a medium | | | | | for chemical | | | | | reactions, | | | | | helps with | | | | | support, | | | | | transport, and | | | | | storage, and | | | | | assists in cell | | | | | division. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Golgi Apparatus | The Golgi | | Eukaryotic | | | Apparatus helps | | cells | | | package and | | | | | send cellular | | | | | products. It is | | | | | like the | | | | | mailing service | | | | | of the cell. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Endoplasmic | Rough ER: |  | synthesis of | 26.png) | cells | | | proteins | | | | | | | | | | Soft ER: | | | | | synthesis of | | | | | lipids | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Ribosomes | Responsible for | | All cells | | | the synthesis | | | | | of most | | | | | proteins | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Vacuoles | Stores minerals |  | cells, small in | | | | | animal cells | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Lysosome | An organism | | Eukaryotic | | | containing | | cells | | | digestive | | | | | enzymes | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Centriole | A minute |  | animal cells | | | organelle near | | | | | the nucleus in | | | | | animal cells, | | | | | occurring in | | | | | pairs and | | | | | involved in the | | | | | development of | | | | | spindle fibers | | | | | in cell | | | | | division. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Chromosome | Long, | | All Cells | | | thread-like | | | | | structure of | | | | | DNA that | | | | | carries genetic | | | | | info | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Mitochondria | The POWERHOUSE |  | cells | | | Supplies energy | | | | | to the cell | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Chloroplast | In plant cells, | | Plant Cells | | | the chloroplast | | | | | helps with | | | | | photosynthesis. | | | | | It gives plants | | | | | their distinct | | | | | green color. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Cytoskeleton | Protein |  | cells | | | provide | | | | | structural | | | | | support and | | | | | organization. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Flagella | The tail of the | | Mostly | | | cell that helps | | prokaryotic | | | them float | | cells, a few | | | around | | eukaryotic | | | | | cells like | | | | | sperm | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | DNA | Short for |  | | | | c | | | | | acid. It | | | | | carries genetic | | | | | instructions | | | | | for the growth, | | | | | development, | | | | | functioning, | | | | | and | | | | | reproduction of | | | | | all cells. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Cilia | Small, | | Primarily | | | hair-like | | animal cells | | | structures that | | | | | protrude from | | | | | the surface of | | | | | many types of | | | | | cells. | | | | | Coordinates | | | | | movement of | | | | | cells. | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Nuclear | Separates the |  | Cells | | | everything else | | | | | inside the cell | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Capsule | Protects the | | Prokaryotic | | | bacteria cell | | Cells | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ *Sample multiple choice question:* 8. j. k. l. m. n. *Sample short answer question:* 9. **[Chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Review]** *Vocab to know:* active site, ADP, ATP, ATP synthase complex, chemical energy, chemiosmosis, coenzyme, cofactor, competitive inhibition, denatured, electron transport chain/system, endergonic reaction, energy, activation energy, entropy, enzyme, enzyme inhibition, exergonic reaction, feedback inhibition, free energy, heat, induced fit model, kinetic energy, laws of thermodynamics, mechanical energy, metabolic pathway, metabolism, (anabolism and catabolism), noncompetitive inhibition, oxidation, phosphorylation, potential energy, product, reactant, reduction, substrate, vitamin *Sample multiple choice question:* 10. o. p. q. r. s. *Sample short answer question:* 11. **[Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Review]** *Vocab to know:* acetyl CoA, alcoholic fermentation, anabolism, anaerobic, catabolism, cellular respiration, chemiosmosis, citric acid (Kreb's) cycle, electron carrier, electron transport chain/system, FAD, fermentation, glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation, mitochondrion, NAD^+^ oxidative phosphorylation, prep reaction, pyruvate  - *Sample multiple choice question:* 12. t. u. v. w. x. *Sample short answer questions:* 13. 14. Cellular metabolism processes involve a series of chemical interactions that work to provide energy and nutrients for the cell. These interactions are made up of metabolic pathways that are regulated by enzyme reactions. The roles of NADH and FADH2 are to act as electron carriers at specific steps within the metabolism process. Throughout a cell\'s metabolism process, it must manufacture the energy it will need to function. The cell respiration process is designed to produce ATP\--also known as adenosine triphosphate\--which is the energy fuel of the cell. Both NADH and FADH2 are involved in the cell respiration process. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle are two metabolic pathways that lead up to the making of ATP. NADH is a product of both these processes, whereas FADH2 is a product of the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down and used to create pyruvate molecules, which are also a type of sugar. This is the first stage of the cellular respiration process. ATP molecules produced from a previous respiration cycle are recycled. Their energy is used to help break down the glucose molecules. During this process of creating pyruvate, NADH molecules are manufactured. Glycolysis takes place within the cell cytoplasm. From there, NADH molecules travel to the mitochondria cell structures where the next stage of the cellular respiration process begins. The Krebs Cycle\--also known as the \"citric acid cycle\"\--is where citric acid molecules are manufactured and then broken down into energy for the cell\'s use. The energy produced in the Krebs Cycle is stored inside NADH and FADH2 molecules for use within the electron transport chain, which is the next stage of cellular respiration. As all of these cycles, or stages, are self-repeating, each essential molecule type can be recycled and used in the next round. Cellular metabolism processes involve a series of chemical interactions that work to provide energy and nutrients for the cell. These interactions are made up of metabolic pathways that are regulated by enzyme reactions. The roles of NADH and FADH2 are to act as electron carriers at specific steps within the metabolism process. Throughout a cell\'s metabolism process, it must manufacture the energy it will need to function. The cell respiration process is designed to produce ATP\--also known as adenosine triphosphate\--which is the energy fuel of the cell. Both NADH and FADH2 are involved in the cell respiration process. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle are two metabolic pathways that lead up to the making of ATP. NADH is a product of both these processes, whereas FADH2 is a product of the Krebs cycle. Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down and used to create pyruvate molecules, which are also a type of sugar. This is the first stage of the cellular respiration process. ATP molecules produced from a previous respiration cycle are recycled. Their energy is used to help break down the glucose molecules. During this process of creating pyruvate, NADH molecules are manufactured. Glycolysis takes place within the cell cytoplasm. From there, NADH molecules travel to the mitochondria cell structures where the next stage of the cellular respiration process begins. The Krebs Cycle\--also known as the \"citric acid cycle\"\--is where citric acid molecules are manufactured and then broken down into energy for the cell\'s use. The energy produced in the Krebs Cycle is stored inside NADH and FADH2 molecules for use within the electron transport chain, which is the next stage of cellular respiration. As all of these cycles, or stages, are self-repeating, each essential molecule type can be recycled and used in the next round. As electron carriers, NADH and FADH2 assist with delivering needed electrons through the electron transport chain. The chemical make-up of both molecules carries a charge. During the electron transport chain, these charges are passed along through a series of nine steps which end up creating H2 molecules. The difference between the two is NADH, which is introduced at the start of the electron transport chain; whereas, FADH2 appears around the third step in the process. The electron transport chain occurs during the last stage of the ATP production process. This stage takes place within the mitochondria structures that sit within the cell\'s cytoplasm. NADH and FADH2 provide the energy (charge) needed to convert O2 molecules into H2O. Integral membrane proteins work with NADH and FADH2 to create the pressure needed to move H2 molecules through the mitochondria membrane. Once the H2 molecules enter into the mitochondria, ATP synthesis, or ATP production can begin. **[Chapter 9 Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction (Mitosis) Review]** *Vocab to know:* anaphase, angiogenesis, apoptosis, asexual reproduction, aster, benign, binary fission, cancer, carcinogenesis, cell cycle, cell plate, centriole, centromere, chromatid, chromatin, cytokinesis, diploid (2n) number, haploid (n) number, interphase, kinetochore, malignant, metaphase, metaphase plate, metastasis, mitosis, nucleoid, prometaphase, signal, sister chromatid, somatic cell, spindle, telomere, telophase, tumor Interphase (G~1~, S, G~2~)- The time when a cell performs its usual functions and grows in preparation for mitosis. 1. - 2. - 3. - Mitosis - a process of cell duplication, in which one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. In mitosis, the nucleus is divided. Mitosis phases: **Prophase**- the first phase of mitosis. Nuclear division is about to occur. The chromosomes (X-shape) condense and start to become visible. **Prometaphase**- Late Prophase. Preparations for sister chromatid separation are evident. Nuclear envelope breaks down. **Metaphase**- In metaphase, the chromosomes align at the cell\'s equatorial plane, known as the metaphase plate. This alignment is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. **Anaphase**- During anaphase, the sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and moved toward opposite poles of the cell. This separation ensures that each daughter cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes. **Telophase**- New nuclear envelopes form around the daughter chromosomes. The spindle disappears as the new cell becomes evident. *Sample multiple choice question:* 15. y. z. a. b. *Sample short answer question:* 16.  **[Chapter 12 Molecular Biology of the Gene Review]** *Vocab to know:* adenine (A), bacteriophage, complementary base pairing, cytosine (C), DNA, DNA polymerase, DNA repair enzyme, DNA replication, double helix, genetic mutations, guanine (G), nucleic acid, nucleotide, proofreading, purine, pyrimidine, replication fork, RNA, semiconservative replication, template, thymine (T), anticodon, codon, elongation, exon, gene, genetic code, initiation, intron, mRNA, promotor, rRNA, ribozyme, RNA, RNA polymerase, RNA transcript, termination, transcription, tRNA, translation, triple code, uracil (U), wobble hypothesis. *Sample multiple choice question:* 17. c. d. e. f. g. *Sample short answer questions:* 18. 19.  20. 21.  22. ***Biology podcast list: [[https://podcasts.feedspot.com/biology\_podcasts/]](https://podcasts.feedspot.com/biology_podcasts/)*** Madi's midterm quizlet (Thank you!!!) - Camille's awesome quizlets (Thank you!!!!): -