Adv Biology Trimester 1 Final Review PDF

Adv Biology Trimester 1 Final Review Important Learning Targets The test is 75 pts - cumulative for the trimester Topic 1 Scientific Method, Basic Chem & water I can describe & give examples of the characteristics of all living thi...

Adv Biology Trimester 1 Final Review Important Learning Targets The test is 75 pts - cumulative for the trimester Topic 1 Scientific Method, Basic Chem & water I can describe & give examples of the characteristics of all living things I can identify the components of a scientific experiment. I can identify the four elements essential to life & the 6 that are in major macromolecules. I can define and distinguish valence electrons and how they bond. I can identify characteristics of water resulting from hydrogen bonding & its polarity. I can explain the pH scale, its sections using the words base, acid, neutral, H+ & OH-. Topic 2 Organic Molecules I can recognize the 4 different organic molecules of life by their carbon structures & a few common names. I can distinguish how their structures help them function for various jobs in the living organisms. I can explain why life is centered around carbon & its chemical properties. I can explain why enzymes are important to chemical reactions within living organisms (activation energy). I can explain how enzymes are specific, reusable as catalysts & how they can be denatured. Topic 3 Cells (Prokaryote vs Eukaryote) I can compare Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes in terms of their size, cell structures & examples of each. I can explain how antibiotics kill bacteria cells. I can determine the various organelles in a plant vs animal cell & the function of the eukaryotic organelles. Topic 4 Cell Membrane & transport I can describe how & why cell membranes are selectively permeable (semi-permeable). I can count solutes to determine the concentration gradients & how molecules flow. I can determine the different types of solutions: hypertonic, hypotonic & isotonic. I can compare & contrast passive versus active transports. Topic 5 Energy, Photosynthesis & Respiration I can define different types of energy molecules (ATP, ADP & glucose) I can write 2 balanced equations for photosynthesis & aerobic respiration. I can describe how light energy is captured, used & creates glucose in the chloroplast. I can describe the difference between aerobic cellular respiration & anaerobic respiration (fermentation). I can describe how the mitochondria converts glucose into ATP OR fermentation makes lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. Topic 6 Intro to Ecology I can define or find examples of the trophic levels in a food web or chain. I can determine what happens to populations based upon limiting factors. I can define and give examples of autotrophs, heterotrophs, scavengers, predators & decomposers. The following are sample questions to review past content. This will not be collected for a grade, however You are encouraged to find your weak areas to review. (September was a long time ago ☺ ) Scientific Method- Identify the following from the given experiment: 1. Hypothesis If vinegar is added to the soil, the plants will grow taller b/c some plants grow taller in acidic soil according to research. 2. Dependent Variable height of plants 3. Independent Variable vinegar 4. Qualitative or Quantitative data (or both?) quantitative 5. Constants same type of plants of similar height, same size of pot, same sunlight, water & temperature 6. Control Group plants grown without vinegar 1. Hypothesis If salt is added to water, it will freeze more quickly because of the solutes in the water changing the concentration of the solution. 2. Dependent Variable (data collected) if ice is formed after 20 minutes 3. Independent Variable salt water 4. Qualitative or Quantitative data (or both?) qualitative: Ice or not? 5. Constants same freezer; same amount of liquid, using distilled water in both trays as solvent  6. Control Group tray with distilled water (no salt) Characteristics of Living Things No single characteristic is enough to describe a living thing. Living things share eight characteristics. List and define those characteristics. 7. Cells 8. Growth & Development 9. Reproduce 10. Homeostasis/Regulation 11. React to stimuli 12. Evolution & mutations 13. Energy 14. DNA Organic Molecules & Water Molecules Organic Molecules What is the importance of this Everyday Diagram of structure molecule to living organisms? Examples 15. Proteins build structures hair, muscles, etc -N-C-C- in amino acids help with bodily functions enzymes & antibodies 16. Carbohydrates build cell walls, provide energy glucose, cellulose, ring of carbon starch with 1 oxygen 17. Lipids build structures: cell membranes fats, oils & waxes hydrophilic heads store energy in bonds phospholipids, (glycerol) & hydrophobic cholesterol tails (fatty acid chains) 18. Nucleic acids stores genetic information, DNA, RNA Double helix recipe for making proteins Water Molecules…the following terms are characteristics of water that help cells stay hydrated. Match each term with a description and give an appropriate example. Description Example *_C_ 19. polarity A. Same type of molecules stick together of A) water sticks to water *_A_ 20. cohesion B. Molecules stick to other molecules __________________ *_B_ 21. adhesion C. Molecules have + and – ends of C) water has - O & + H ends Chemistry 22. List the following from smallest to largest:  atom electron organism molecule cell population ecosystem 2 1 5 3 4 6 7 23. Look at the following chemical equation: C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O a) What are the reactants? 2 molecules of C6H12O6 b) What are the products? C12H22O11 + H2O c) Is this equation balanced? yes 24. Label the pH scale below with the following words: basic, acidic, neutral 0-6 Acid, more H+ ions 7 neutral water, OH- = H+ 8-14 basic, more OH- ions 25. What type of molecule are enzymes? proteins How do living organisms use enzymes? in chemical reactions to build molecules (polymers) or break them apart Why are enzymes compared to a “lock and key”? enzymes have a specific shape with an active site to work with certain substrates Label the substrate and active site on the diagram below: substrate is the blue/orange item & below the arrow is the active site on the enzyme Enzymes ___________________ chemical reactions in organisms by acting as catalysts. a. speed up b. slow down Cells: ❖ Organelles 26. In terms of organelles, why are prokaryote and eukaryote cells different? They have no nucleus 27. In terms of organelles, how are plant and animal cells different? Animals have __centrioles__ and plants have _cell wall__, ___chloroplast___ & ___central vacuole___.  28. What is the purpose of cells having organelles? 2 organelles that make energy: mitochondria & chloroplast Organelles that create proteins: ribosomes, nucleus, golgi body, rER Organelles that are for storage: vacuole, lysosome, nucleus Organelles that clean-up: lysosomes, cell membrane, vesicles ❖ Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes circle the all that apply 29. What group of organisms has a prokaryotic cell? What groups of organisms have eukaryotic cells? (bacteria plants animals fungi protists) (bacteria plants animals fungi protists) 30. A. Which type of cell do most multicellular organisms have and why? Eukaryote prokaryote they help with multiple functions for the larger organisms due to the multiple functions of organelles making differences in cells that make tissues & organs Compare and contrast cells Plant vs Bacteria Animal vs Bacteria compare compare cell wall, DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes & cytoplasm DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes & cytoplasm contrast contrast plant are larger & more complex animals are larger & more complex ❖Bacteria 31. How do antibiotics kill bacterial cells? List 3 ways attack the cell wall (bactericidal) , attach to the DNA or ribosomes (bacteriostatic) 32. Bacteria are nitrogen fixers… what does this mean & why is it important for both plants & bacteria? they make nitrogen available for plants (as nitrate) 33. Most bacteria are heterotrophs. What does this mean? decomposers eat other organisms for nutrients 34. Bacteria are important in the food chain of all ecosystems as decomposers. What does this mean? they convert organic matter into nutrients that the plants can use 35. What is the difference between broad spectrum & narrow spectrum antibiotics? broad treats both gram + & - bacteria, whereas narrow will typically only kill either gram + or gram - ❖Energy 36. How does the flow of energy connect the biotic & abiotic factors of a biome? the biotic part of the ecosystem are the plants & animals that transfer energy; the abiotic portion is the nutrients from the decomposers that are looped (consumed by plants, eaten by animals, decomposed to recycle) 37. What is the equation for photosynthesis? (compare reactants & products the equation for respiration) Use chemical formulas like H2O 6H20 + 6 CO2 + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 38. What is the equation for cellular respiration (aerobic)? Use chemical formulas like H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H20 + 6 CO2 + ATP 39. What is ATP? How is it created? Why is it important? a molecule cells use for energy (adenosine triphosphate) it is regenerated from ADP + P in the electron transport chains of the mitochondria or other membrane based organelles 40. Why are decomposers so important to the carbon cycle & the circle of life? recycle nutrients for plants ❖Cell transports 41. What makes a membrane semi-permeable? the chemistry of the molecules its made of & the chemistry of the solutes or molecules that try to pass through. Ex lipids have non polar tails, so the polar water molecules must past through aquaporins OR the ions like Na+/K+ must pass through an ion pump. The specialized proteins in the bilayer act as gates 42. Under which environment will a cell shrink? Hypertonic hypotonic isotonic 43. Under which environment will a cell grow in size/mass? Hypertonic hypotonic isotonic 44. What is the difference between passive & active transports? ACTIVE: energy required, movement to more concentrated gradients, use of a protein pump or vesicle, PASSIVE: no energy, diffusion on molecule movement to become equally concentrated; osmosis only moves water to balance ratio of concentration gradient 45. What are endocytosis & exocytosis? active transport process that move large amounts of molecules in & out of the cell, respectively using vesicles 46. What are Na+/K+ pumps? How do they differ from facilitated diffusion? protein pumps that are active transports & they require energy 47. When two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane (one side is hypotonic & the other hypertonic), why does osmosis occur? the hypertonic solution will try to balance the ratio of solutes:water; try to reach an isotonic or equilibrium solution on both sides of the membrane When is the solution considered to be isotonic? when the solute to water ratio is equal on each side of the membrane ❖Ecology 48. How do the following terms relate: a) Producer plant photosynthesis all same trophic level/same organism descriptors that do photosynthesis b) Consumers respiration/metabolism carnivore omnivore herbivore names of consumers & descriptors that do respiration in heterotrophs c) nutrients & decomposers BACTERIA that recycle nutrients are called decomposers 49. Construct a food web based on their trophic levels: insects clover rabbits hawks snakes coyotes clover -> insects & rabbits -> hawks & snakes -> coyotes 50. Why are the nutrient cycles considered limiting factors in a biome? less nutrients typically mean lower populations 51. Briefly describe the water, carbon & nitrogen cycles. biogeochemical cycles with loops to help nutrients recycle within the biome. Reservoirs exist in soil & atmosphere & also recycle through the biotic component of plants & animals/decomposers. 52. Making Connections: Why are the nutrients C, N, P, & water necessary for life? they make molecules which build living organisms and recycle within the the biome Identify the process or molecule(s) they create or help with: Carbon: photosynthesis & respiration: CO2 & glucose Nitrogen: nitrogen fixation, protein synthesis : DNA & proteins Phosphorus: photosynthesis & respiration: ATP, phospholipids Water: photosynthesis & respiration: all organic molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids) 53. What are keystone species? a species within a trophic level that impacts all other organisms in the same biome or food web. typically top down trophic cascade events will occur within the web. 54. How do energy pyramids determine ecological relationships & help illustrate trophic cascades? the trophic levels are links in a food chain & also determine the amount of organisms within the ecosystem. they can help analyze the “health” of the ecosystem by top down or bottom up analysis 55. What are some limiting factors in the carrying capacity of an ecosystem? food, sunlight, space, weather How can you determine the carrying capacity of a population? if the population is sustained for a period of time; line graph plateaus or levels out within a certain range ❖Bonding 56. What type of bond forms between 2 elements that share electrons? Ionic covalent hydrogen 57. What type of bond forms between 2 elements that lose/gain electrons? Ionic covalent hydrogen 58. How many valence electrons are on Oxygen? _6__ Nitrogen? _5__ Magnesium? _2__