Biology Chapter on Cell Structure and Function

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What primarily causes the fatal neurological and muscular symptoms in affected individuals by the age of 5?

Accumulation of lipids in nervous tissue (correct)
Accumulation of proteins in nervous tissue
Deficiency of essential vitamins
Increased levels of glucose in cells

What does the Theory of Endosymbiosis explain regarding the origin of eukaryotic cells?

Ancient cells engulfed prokaryotes that became organelles (correct)
Eukaryotic cells developed from environmental inorganic compounds
Eukaryotic cells evolved from complex multicellular organisms
Eukaryotic cells originated from the fusion of different animal cells

Which of the following best describes the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

The rigid structure inside the nucleus of a cell
The space outside of cells composed of proteins and sugars (correct)
The mechanism of energy production inside mitochondria
The cytoplasm's liquid content responsible for cellular movement

What was a significant result of the evolution of photosynthesis on Earth?

The production of glucose and increased oxygen levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of collagen in the extracellular matrix?

Offering elasticity and structural support (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the fluid mosaic model pertains to the membrane's components?

The membrane consists of diverse proteins and lipids that can move laterally (B) Signup and view all the answers

Before the development of photosynthesis, what kind of organisms primarily existed on Earth?

Single-celled prokaryotes using organic molecules (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of photosynthesis evolution, what crucial event occurred about a billion years ago?

Advent of the photosynthesis process producing oxygen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What property distinguishes the heads and tails of a phospholipid bilayer?

The heads are hydrophilic and like water. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of junction in animal cells allows for the flow of small particles like ions between cells?

Gap junctions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is specifically involved in the packaging of proteins?

Golgi apparatus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT commonly shared between Bacteria and Archaea?

Complex organelles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events in the endomembrane system for a protein intended for export?

Nucleus → Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Protein export (B) Signup and view all the answers

What specific condition results from the malfunction of an enzyme in lysosomes?

Tay-sachs disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes found on the rough ER?

Synthesizing proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is formed by the orientation of phospholipids in an aqueous environment?

Phospholipid bilayer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What structure is primarily described by the fluid mosaic model?

Phospholipid bilayer of eukaryotic cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do animal cells differ from plant cells in terms of membrane fluidity?

Animal cells are more fluid due to the absence of cell walls. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in cellular reactions?

To catalyze reactions without being consumed (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes an exergonic reaction?

It results in the breakdown of larger molecules. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is energy released from ATP?

Through the formation of ADP and hydrolysis of a phosphate bond (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the first law of thermodynamics?

Photosynthesis converting light energy to glucose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between ADP and ATP?

ADP is formed from ATP when a phosphate is removed (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose?

6 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of light in the photosynthesis process?

Excites electrons in photosystems (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is produced during the light reactions and is crucial for energy storage in the carbon reactions?

ATP (A) Signup and view all the answers

What byproduct is generated from the splitting of water during photosynthesis?

Oxygen gas (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does NADPH function after it is produced in the light reactions?

Stores energy in the form of electrons for carbon reactions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does carbon dioxide play in photosynthesis?

Serves as a source of carbon for the Calvin cycle (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ADP after it is formed in the carbon reactions?

It is recycled to the light reactions for more energy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of NADP+ in the photosynthesis process?

Forms when NADPH loses energy and returns for re-energizing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of solution does a cell always shrink due to the movement of water?

Hypertonic (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is water the only molecule consistently moving in the osmosis process across different environments?

Only water molecules are influenced by solute concentration (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hypotonic solution?

Lower solute concentration than inside the cell (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one outcome when a cell is placed in an isotonic solution?

There will be no net movement of water (A) Signup and view all the answers

During oxygenic photosynthesis, from where is the oxygen produced?

From splitting water (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis fundamentally differ?

Only oxygenic photosynthesis uses water for electrons (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the behavior of cells in a hypertonic environment?

Cells lose water and shrink (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of life?

Photosynthesis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between reductionism and holism in biological studies?

Reductionism examines smaller parts, while holism studies the whole system. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the classification system, which term is considered the most specific?

Species (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes how scientists distinguish between Bacteria and Archaea?

By examining their DNA. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a decomposer in the ecosystem?

Fungi (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the given hypothesis regarding sunflower growth, what is the independent variable?

The amount of sunshine on the sunflower plants. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of complex systems is highlighted by the theory of emergent properties?

They cannot be understood by examining individual components alone. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of taxonomical terms from most broad to most specific?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (C) Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics of Life (Biology)

Essential features defining living organisms, including cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity, growth/development/reproduction, energy utilization, homeostasis, and evolutionary adaptation

Reductionism (Biology)

A theory suggesting that complex systems can be understood by studying their smaller components.

Holism (Biology)

The idea that the properties of a complex system aren't always understandable simply by examining its parts; some characteristics emerge from the interaction of parts.