BIOL 108 Lec 1: Overview of Plant Cell Morphoanatomy and Functions PDF

Overview of the Plant Cell Morphoanatomy and Functions BIOL 108 LEC – General Physiology Overview of Plant Cell Morphoanatomy and The cell is the basic unit of life. Funct...

Overview of the Plant Cell Morphoanatomy and Functions BIOL 108 LEC – General Physiology Overview of Plant Cell Morphoanatomy and The cell is the basic unit of life. Functions Instructor: Rafael Joseph I. Terrazola, M.Sc. 1 2 The Cell Theory Characteristics of All Cells 1. Cells are the functional Each cell has four common units of life. components: 2. All living organisms are 1. Plasma membrane made of one or more 2. Region containing DNA cells. Matthias Jakob Schleiden 1804 – 1881 Theodor Schwann 1810 – 1882 3. Cytoplasm 3. New cells arise from German botanist German physician 4. Biochemical molecules & pre-existing cells. biochemical pathways Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow 1821 – 1902 German physician 3 4  Two Types of Cells Overview of the Plant Cell Morphoanatomy and Functions Prokaryotes Eukaryotes First cell type on Earth Fungi, protists, plant and animal cells Organelles are structures that Bacteria and Archaea Lack membrane-bound nuclei and Possess membrane-bound organelles enable the cell to live, grow and organelles Nucleoid – region of DNA Larger and more complex Unicellular Unicellular or multicellular reproduce. 5 6 Animal Cell Plant Cell 7 8  Cell Membrane Cell Membrane aka Plasma Membrane The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane as a mosaic of components – phospholipids, Outer layer of the cell cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates – that gives Allows nutrients into the cell and the membrane a fluid character. wastes outside of the cell 9 10 Cytoplasm Nucleus Houses and maintains an Houses chromosomes, which optimal environment for the are made of chromatin (DNA organelles. and proteins) Contains nucleoli, where ribosomal units are made Nuclear pores regulate entry and exit of material Control center of the cell 11 12  Mitochondria Ribosomes Sites for cellular respiration, Two subunits of ribosomal the metabolic process that RNAs and proteins uses oxygen to drive the Can be free in the cytosol or generation of ATP by bound to the endoplasmic extracting energy from reticulum sugars, fats, and other fuels. Sites for protein synthesis Powerhouse of the cell 13 14 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Apparatus Smooth ER Stacks of flattened membranous Synthesis of lipids sacs Metabolism of carbohydrates Responsible for sorting, Storage of calcium ions transporting, modifying, and Detoxification of drugs and poisons packaging proteins and lipids Rough ER into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. Aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins on bound ribosomes Packaging house of the cell Adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins Transportation system of the cell Produces new membrane 15 16  Cytoskeleton Lysosome Network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell. Digests food particles and cell parts Microfilaments “Garbage men” Thin rods that function in muscle contraction, ameboid movement (e.g. in Protects cell by digesting white blood cells), cytoplasmic streaming invaders and support of microvilli. ”Police men” Microtubules Shape the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes during cell division (centrioles in animal cells). Intermediate Filaments Support the cell shape and fix organelles in place. 17 18 Cytoskeleton Vacuole Cilia and flagella A space within a cell that is empty Motile appendages containing of cytoplasm, lined with a microtubules. Sperm cells membrane, and filled with fluid. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help secrete waste products. In plant cells, vacuoles provide structural support, and serve functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection and growth. Vacuoles also help maintain water Ciliated epithelium balance in plants. 19 20  Cell Wall Chloroplasts Surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and Found only in plant cells. osmotic stress. Contains chlorophyll, a pigment Allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure that makes plants green. of the cell contents against the cell wall. Sites for photosynthesis, the Made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides biological process where plants and proteins. turn sunlight, carbon dioxide and Primary cell wall water into sugar and oxygen. Characteristic of young, growing cells Secondary cell wall Thicker and stronger, are deposited when most cell enlargement has ended 21 22 Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Compare and contrast 23 24  Overview of the Plant Cell Morphoanatomy and Functions Meristems Plant growth is concentrated in localized regions of cell division called meristems. Apical meristem New plant cells are produced Occur at shoot and root tips Responsible for primary growth by dividing tissues called (lengthening of plant) meristems. Produces new leaves and flowers Lateral meristem Occur at the cambium Responsible for secondary growth (widening of plant) Produces bark on trees 25 26 Overview of the Plant Cell Morphoanatomy and Functions Dermal Tissue Three major tissue systems make up the plant body: dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Transpiration, gas exchange and defense. 27 28  Ground Tissue Vascular Tissue Xylem Phloem Transports Transports water and organic minerals from compounds Parenchyma cells the roots to such as sugars different parts made from Photosynthesis and of the plant photosynthesis storage Sclerenchyma cells to the rest of the Collenchyma cells Support of older plant plant organs, hardening Mechanical support 29 30 References Department of Biology, College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Caraga State University. Taiz, L., and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant Physiology, 3rd ed. Sunderland: Sinauer. The End. Urry, L.A. et al. (2021). Campbell Biology, 12th ed. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc. For further clarifications, you may reach me via: [email protected] CREDITS (ATTRIBUTION): This presentation template was inspired by SlidesGo. Some icons and images are from Vecteezy, Storyset and Flaticon. 31 32