BIO 101 Week 10 Chapter PPT_Layman ch09 (1) PDF

Chapter 9: Terms Related to Disorders of the Respiratory System BIO 101: Medical Terminology 1 Background and History Pulmonary – “refers to the lungs” Pneumonic – “refers to the lungs” Respiration – the “process of” (-tion) “breathing” (spir) “again” (re-)...

Chapter 9: Terms Related to Disorders of the Respiratory System BIO 101: Medical Terminology 1 Background and History Pulmonary – “refers to the lungs” Pneumonic – “refers to the lungs” Respiration – the “process of” (-tion) “breathing” (spir) “again” (re-) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 2 The Respiratory System Diagram of the Human Respiratory System By United States National Institute of Health: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons BIO 101: Medical Terminology 3 Respiratory System, Cont. The respiratory system is comprised of: The upper respiratory tract – located at the superior end of the breathing pathway The lower respiratory tract – located at the inferior end of the breathing pathway Sometimes referred to as the “respiratory tree,” because it branches off in many directions (Layman, 2007, p. 237) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 4 The Upper Respiratory Tract Components of the upper respiratory tract: Nasal cavity – used to inhale and exhale Oral cavity – used to inhale and exhale Pulmonary ventilation Inspiration – the “process of” (-tion) “breathing” air (spir) “into” (in-) the body Expiration – the “process of” (-tion) “breathing” air (pir) “out of” (ex-) the body Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (the main “windpipe”) (Layman, 2007, p. 237-238) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 5  Disorders of the Upper Respiratory Tract Rhinitis – “inflammation of the nose” Acute coryza – the common cold Catarrh – a “flowing down” of sticky mucus; “runny nose” Respiratory influenza – (“the flu”); from Italian word for “influence” Symptoms include cough, hyperthermia, and chills Epistaxis – nose-bleed; results from ruptured nasal capillaries Hemoptysis – a “spitting up” (-ptysis) of “blood” (hem) Pharyngalgia – a “painful” (-algia) “throat” (pharyng) Pharangitis – an “inflammation of” (-itis) the “throat” (pharyng) (Layman, 2007, p. 239-240) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 6 The Lower Respiratory Tract Begins just below the trachea Components of the lower respiratory tract: Right and left primary bronchii – first order windpipe branches Smaller bronchii Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Pulmonary alveoli Pulmonary alveolus – a “little cavity” (alveol) within the “lung” (pulmon) Site of respiration – gas exchange between respiratory system and bloodstream (Layman, 2007, p. 241-242) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 7 Normal versus Abnormal Pulmonary Ventilation Vital signs – signs “pertaining to” (-al) “life” (vit) Include: pulse (heart rate), body temperature, and respiratory rate (RR) Respiratory rate – measured in breaths per minute; also called ventilatory rate Acid-base balance – “the proper or optimal state of balance between various acids and bases or alkali” (Layman, 2007, p. 243) Normoventilation - breathing at appropriate rate and depth Acid-base balance and normoxia Hyperventilation – exhaling too much CO2 from body Alkalosis (not enough body acid, too much base) Most common cause is hysterical hyperventilation BIO 101: Medical Terminology 8 Abnormal Pulmonary Ventilation, cont. Hypoventilation – Exhale too little CO2 from body; and inhale too little O2 into body Acidosis (too much body acid, not enough base) Hypoxia (deficient blood oxygen) Causes: Pneumococcal pneumonia; also called pneumonitis – an “inflammation of” (-itis) the “lungs” (pneum) Pneumococcal – common type of pneumonia that “pertains to” (-al) “lung” (pneum) “berries” (cocc); refers to berry-shaped bacteria Occurs when an upper respiratory infection (URI) spreads to the lungs E.g., acute sinusitis – an “inflammation of” (-itis) the sinus BIO 101: Medical Terminology 9 Abnormal Pulmonary Ventilation, cont. Pulmonary emphysema – another major cause of hypoxia; from Greek for “blowing up” (emphysem) of the “lungs” (pulmon) Caused by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (Layman, 2007, p. 242-246) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 10 Summary of Terms Key Terms pneumonic bronchiole respiratory normoventilation inspiration normoxia ventilation hyperventilation hemoptysis hypoxia (Table 9.1, Layman, 2007, p. 247) BIO 101: Medical Terminology 11  Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier – French scientist (1743-1794) who discovered that oxygen gas is consumed by humans Also discovered that O2 consumption, pulse rate, and respiratory rate increased during exercise Named the element “oxygen” Was decapitated during the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution due to his ties to the former monarchy (Layman, 2007 p. 248-249 Antoine Lavoisier Author unknown, [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons BIO 101: Medical Terminology 12 Case History Terms Apnea – total “lack” (a-) of “breathing” (pnea) Anoxia – a “condition of” (-ia) a complete “lack” (an-) of tissue “oxygen” (ox) Epiglottis – a small flap of cartilage that forms a lid “upon” (epi-) the glottis Food bolus – a small, soft “ball” (bol) of food that is “present” (-us) Pathologic respiratory aspiration – potentially deadly “breathing in” (aspir) of food, liquid, or other foreign objects into the larynx and airways BIO 101: Medical Terminology 13 Case History Terms, cont. Epigastric region – the region lying “upon” (epi-) the “stomach” (gastr) Asphyxiation – the “process of” (-tion) “stopping the pulse” (asphyx) Tracheotomy – the “process of making a cut or incision” (- otomy) into the front of the “windpipe” (trache) Patent airway – “open” airway Intubate – process of inserting a “tube” (tub) “into” (in-) the windpipe BIO 101: Medical Terminology 14