AP World In Class Notes - Exam Notes

### ***[IN CLASS NOTES:]*** ***1.1*** --------- The Song Dynasty: Key Facts: - - - - - - Economy and Innovations: - - Buddhism & Cultural Transfers in Song China: - - - - - ***1.2*** --------- Developments in Dar al- Islam (1200-1400) - - - - - -...

### ***[IN CLASS NOTES:]*** ***1.1*** --------- The Song Dynasty: Key Facts: - - - - - - Economy and Innovations: - - Buddhism & Cultural Transfers in Song China: - - - - - ***1.2*** --------- Developments in Dar al- Islam (1200-1400) - - - - - - Expansion of Muslim Rule: (universalizing religion) - - - Intellectual Achievements in Dar al Islam: - - - ***1.3*** --------- South and Southeast Asia: South Asia = [India] East asia = [China, Korea, Japan] SouthEast asia = Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, [Indonesia], Philippines, Vietnam Religions: - - - - Buddhist Monasticism: - - - Bhakti Movement: - - - - Sufism: - - - - States in South and Southeast Asia: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ***1.4 & 1.5*** --------------- The Mississippian Culture: - - - - - - - - - - - - State Building in the Americas: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - State building in Africa: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **1.6** ------- Religions in europe (1200-1450): - - - - - - - - - European Feudalism: - - - - - - Manorial System: - - - Agrarian Society: - **[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]** **2.1 -- The Silk Road** ------------------------ Causes of Growth: - - - - - - - Rise of New Empires: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Improvements in Transportation: - - - - - - - - Effects of Growth: - - - Kashgar: - - - - - - - Samarkand: - - - - Caravanserai: - - - Commercial Innovations: - - - - - - - - - Effects of growth: - - - - - - - - - - Causes of Growth: - - - - - - ### **2.1 -- The Mongols/Developments in Central Asia** Steppes of Central Asia: - - - - Mongol Society: - - - - - - - - - Mongol Fighters: - - - - - - Chinggis/Ghengis Khan: - - - - Early Campaigns: - - Death of Chingis Khan: - - - - - - Yuan Dynasty: - - - - - - Society in Yuan China: - - - - - - - Significance of Mongols: - - - - - Marco Polo: - - - - - CONTINUED.... Context: - Conquest & Rule: - - - Mongolian Army: - - - - - - - The Khan at Peace: - - - - The Mongols & the Silk Road - - - Battle of the Next Khan: - - ### **2.3 -- The Indian Ocean Trade** - - - Trade technologies: - - - - - - Demand for Products: - - - - - - Effects of Trade: - - - - - - - - - - - - ### **2.4 -- The Trans- Saharan Trade Network** - Impact of Isalm: - - - Innovation: - - Growth of State and Empire on the Trans-Saharan trade network - - - - - - ### **2.5/2.6 -- Cultural and Environmental Consequences of Connectivity** Cultural consequences: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Spread of Religion: - - - - - - - - The Black Plague: - - - - - Migration of Crops: - - - Environmental Degradation - - Plague: - ### **[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]** ### **Expansion of Gunpowder Empires:** - - - - ### **3.1, 3.2, & 3.3 -- Expansion, Administration, & Beliefs** **[Europe:]** *Expansion (3.1):* - - - - - - - - - - - *Administration (3.2) -- Centralizing Control in Europe* England: - - - - - - - - - - France: - - - - - - **[Russia:]** *Expansion (3.1):* - - - - - - - - - *Administration (3.2)-- Centralizing Control in Russia* - - - - - - Peter The Great: - - - - - - - **[East Asia:]** *Expansion (3.1):* -The yuan dynasty -- founded by Kublai Khan was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368. Ming rulers stabilized power for over 300 years until Portugal and other European nations came in to try and dominate Asian trade routes. The Ming were overthrown by the foreign Manchu people from Manchuria who established the Qing Dynasty which remained until 1911. The emergence of the Quing dynasty illustrates gunpowder empires replacing existing empires. Manchruia = NOT NATIVE / ETHNICALLY CHINESE - Rulers: - - - - - - - - - Financial Troubles: - - - - - *Administration (3.2)-- Centralizing Control in China* China (***Ming***): - - - - China (***Qing***): - - - - *Administration (3.2)-- Centralizing Control in Japan* \*\*not important *Context:* Japan was ruled by military leaders called Shoguns, but they were in constant conflict with landholding aristocrats (the daimyo), leaving Japan fractured. Each daimyo had an army of samurai loyal only to him. Gunpowder allowed 3 powerful daimyo to take control and consolidate power in Japan. - - - The Tokugawa Shogunate consolidated power by: - - - - - *Expansion (3.1):* - - - - - - - - - 1. *Expansion (3.1):* - - - Leaders: - - - - - - - - Decline: - - - - *Administration (3.2)-- Centralizing Control in the Ottoman Empire* To consolidate control over vast lands: - - - - - - - - - 2. *Expansion (3.1):* - Leaders: - - - - - - Women: - Decline: - - - - 3. *Expansion (3.1):* In the 1520's Babur, a descendant of Tamerlane, finally centralized India in the Mughal empire. - - - - - Decline: - - *Administration (3.2)-- Centralizing Control in the Mughal Empire* - - - - - - - - - ### **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** Europe -- - - St. Petersburg and Peter the Great -- - - - - Askia the Great of Songhai -- - Mughal Empire and Shah Jahan -- - - a. Ottoman Empire -- - - - Ming -- - Qing -- - In every empire around the world, they had to find a way to make money to continue their rule: Russia: - - Ottoman: - - Mughal: - Ming: - - Tribute Systems: - - - ### **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** *Beliefs (3.3) --* - - - - - - - John Wycliffe: - - Martin Luther: - - - John Calvin: - - - - - Anglicanism - The powerful church did not sit quietly while the Protestant Reformation spread. They led their own counter-reformation that was made up of three parts: - - - - - - - - The counter-reformation kept Catholicism the main religion in West Europe and the Mediterranean region. Also, as Catholic nations began to colonize, Catholicism spread to the new world. - - *Wars of Religion:* - - - - - - The Thirty Years' War - Religious conflict starting in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) and eventually including numerous nations of Europe. - - - - - Islamic Religious Schisms: **As the use of gunpowder spread, existing rivalries and conflicts deepend** Ottoman: - - - Safavid : - - - - Mughal: - - - - - - LEGITIMIZE: Europe: divine right of king, taxes (tax-farming), art/architecture (palace of versailles) Russia: strict social classes (boyars & bureaucracy) Ottoman: janissaries (devshirme system of tax collectors) Japan: Shoguns (military leaders) **[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]** ### **4.1 -- Transoceanic Interconnections** Technological Innovations: - - - - - - - - - - - - - **[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]** ### **5.1 -- The Enlightenment** Important People: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Scientific Revolution (1600s): - - - \~ The Enlightenment (1700s-1800s): - Age of Isms: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Challenged the role of powerful Monarchs & the Church: - - - - - - - - - - - The Philosophes: \~ group of 18th c. thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Reactions to the Enlightenment: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### **5.2 -- Nationalism and Revolutions** - - - American revolution: - - - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand Wars: - - - French Revolution: \~ Encouraged by ideas of **liberty, equality, and fraternity** from the Enlightenment Philosophes Causes: - - - - ***[REVOLUTION CAUSES & EFFECTS:]*** American Revolution: - - - - - - - - - - - French Revolution: - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand Revolution: - - - - - - - - - - - Haitian Revolution: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Creole Revolutions: - - - - - - - - Nationalism: - - - - - - - - - - - ### **5.3 & 5.4 --The Industrial Revolution Begins & Spreads** - Preindustrial Societies: - - - Cottage Industries: - - - - - - Agricultural Improvements: - - - Other Improvements - \~ The improvements led to an **increase** in population, and the need for **fewer** farmers Technologies: - - - - - - - \~The water frame doomed cottage industry as it was too big to have in houses. - - - - - - - - - - Great Britain: 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - 4. - 5. - 6. - France: - - - Germany: - - US: - - - - Russia: - - - - - - Japan: - - - - ### **5.5 -- Technology in the Industrial Age** [First Industrial Revolution: ] - - - - - - \~ The switch to **coal** to f**ossil fuels** - - - Water Transportation: - - - - - - - Iron**:** - - [Second Industrial Revolution: ] - - - - - Steel Production: - - - - - - - - - - - - - Communications: - - Global Trade & Migration: - Transcontinental Railroad: - - - - As countries like GB, Germany, and the US continued to industrialize: - - ### **6.1 -- Rationales for Imperialism** - - *\~ Imperialism = establishment of overseas empires motivated by nationalism, a desire for economic wealth, a sense of religious duty, and a belief Europeans were biologically superior.* Countries Motives: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Cultural & Religious Motivations: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Economic Motivations: *\~ Ideological motivations were used to justify economic imperialism. Europeans established trading posts through treaties with local Indian, E. African, and E. Indies rulers. Companies moved into the region for the spice trade and had some governmental powers (armies, conquering territory). Industrialization sped up this search for resources creating competition between imperial powers.* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### **6.2 -- State Expansion** \~ Joint-Stock Companies monopolized trade in India regions between Africa and South America - - \~ European nations had a relationship with Africa due to slave trade - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Scramble For Africa -- competition of Europeans to colonize Africa and get natural resources - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Imperialism in Asia: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Imperialism in SouthEast Asia: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - American Imperialism in Latin America: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Outcomes of Imperialism: - - - - - - - - - - - ### **6.4 -- State Expansion** - - - Technological Advancements: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Raw Materials: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Agricultural Products: - - - - - - Global Consequences: - - - - - - ### **6.5 -- State Expansion** \~ Britain pushed India out of textile market \~ India created cotton to be sold to British factories, and Britain sold goods back to them at inflated prices \~ Britain entered the Chinese market selling Opium Economic Imperialism: - - - - - Economic Imperialism in Hawaii: - - - Economic Imperialism in Asia: \~ England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 allowing the British and Dutch to talk over the Asian Spice trade from the Spanish and Portuguese \~ India: 1600 - British East India Company formed to take part in spice trade - - - - - - - - Economic Imperialism in China: \~ Chinese goods like silk, tea, and porcelain were in high demand in GB, but China did not import finished goods from GB creating a trade imbalance so GB started selling Opium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - \~ Imperialism led to interconnected global economy→ migration in search of opportunity \~ Industrialization pushed many people to urban centers. \~ So, demand for labor after slavery led to forced, coerced, and semi-coerced migration. **6.6 -- Migration through Labor Systems** \~ Slavery was ending & demand for resources was increasing, so European states looked for new types of laborers to work on plantations - - - Types of Labor Systems: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Migration due to Challenges: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Migration to Settler Colonies: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Migration, Transportation, Urbanization: - - - - - - ### **6.7 -- Effects of Migration** \~ demographic changes, home-changes, cultural diffusion, racial prejudice Changes in Home Society: - - - - - - - - - - - - Effects of Migration: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Prejudice & Regulation of Immigration: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -