Untitled

• These notes cover Unit 1 through Unit 6.7.

Unit 1: The Song Dynasty

• Ruled from 960-1279.
• Confucian principles and imperial bureaucracy were used to maintain and justify rule.
• Centralized government was structured around meritocracy.
• Officials were selected through a rigorous civil service exam based on Confucian text.
• Song policy reforms included state-sponsored schools and financial/agricultural reforms to support the economy and reduce corruption.
• The government was stable and efficient, and the empire flourished.
• Increased commercialization and urbanization occurred.
• Productive capacity increased, expanding trade networks, and many innovations such as Champa rice led to an increased population and advancements in silk production, and the Grand Canal construction increased trade.
• Chan Buddhism became influential in China.
• Neo-Confucianism (a synthesis of Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist thoughts) spread to Japan, Vietnam, and Korea.
• Adoption of Chinese writing systems, architectural styles, and Buddhism led to cultural transformation during the Japanese Heian period.
• The Goryeo Dynasty in Korea adopted many Song cultural and administrative practices, including Confucian education and the civil service exam.
• The Ly Dynasty in Vietnam embraced Confucian principles and Chinese-style governance.

Developments in Dar al-Islam (1200-1400)

• The Abbasid Caliphate began to fragment in the 9th century, giving rise to new Islamic political entities.
• The Seljuk Empire was located in Southwest Asia.
• The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt helped spread Islam into Africa.
• The Delhi Sultanates of India helped spread Islam to Southeast Asia and Indonesia.
• Military conquest in India: The Delhi Sultanates' establishment began with the conquests of Muhammad of Ghor in the late 12th and early 13th centuries.
• His victory at the second battle of Tarain in 1192 CE laid the foundation for Muslim dominance in northern India.
• Muslim traders played a crucial role in spreading Islam to Southeast Asia.
• Muslim merchants had established trade links with port cities like Malacca and Aceh by the 13th century. These interactions led to the gradual conversion of local rulers and their subjects to Islam.
• Sufism established brotherhoods and centers of learning attracting converts through an inclusive approach.
• Sufi missionary Baha' al-Din Naqshband worked in central Asia to spread Islam and emphasized the inner dimensions of Islamic practice.
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi made advances in trigonometry influencing both Islamic and European scholars.
• A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah, produced extensive poetic works.
• The House of Wisdom in Baghdad served as a major intellectual hub where scholars translated and studied classical texts.

South and Southeast Asia

• South Asia is present-day India.
• East Asia consists of China, Korea, and Japan.
• Southeast Asia includes Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
• Buddhism includes meditation, monastic life, and pilgrimage.
• Hinduism includes temple worship, festivals, and rituals.
• Islam includes prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, and the caste system.
• Buddhist monasteries served as hubs for education, art, and architecture were located along trade routes, and promoted the study of philosophy, medicine, and astronomy.
• The Bhakti Movement was a Hindu movement emphasizing devotion and personal connections with deities and expressed through poetry, music, and dance with an inclusive approach cutting across caste and gender.
• Sufism is the mystical branch of Islam focusing on personal experience of the divine and practiced through poetry, music, and dance and spread through missionaries.
• States in South and Southeast Asia showed continuity in state formation by integrating religious principles into governance and using trade networks for economic power.
• The Vijayanagara Empire had 300 seaports.
• The Srivijaya Empire in Indonesia controlled trade through the water passage.
• The Khmer Empire was a Hindu-Buddhist empire in Cambodia and consisted of Angkor Wat.
• The Majapahit was a Hindu-Buddhist empire in Indonesia considered to have set the precedent for Indonesia's modern-day boundaries.
• The Sinhala Dynasties were Buddhist kingdoms in Sri Lanka and developed advanced irrigation techniques.

The Mississippian Culture

• It was the first large-scale civilization in North America and started in the Mississippi River valley.
• They built large mounds.
• The largest is called Cahokia.
• The class structure was similar to the Hindu class system.
• 1st class = Great Sun (ruled each town).
• 2nd class = priests and nobles.
• 3rd class = farmers, hunters, merchants, and artisans.
• 4th class = slaves (usually prisoners of war).
• Women farmed, and men hunted.
• It was a matrilineal society.
• The reason for decline is unknown, but it is presumed to be flooding, which led to crop failure.

State Building in the Americas

• The Inca Empire was in the Andes Mountains of South America.
• It consisted of a centralized bureaucracy and an extensive road system which connected the entire civilization together.
• It was ruled by the Sapa Inca, considered a descendant of the sun god Inti.
• Maya City - States were present in day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador.
• The Maya were independent city-states.
• The Maya achievements included mathematics including the concept of zero, astronomy such as predicting solar eclipses, and writing with a developed hieroglyphic script.
• The Aztec Empire was in Central Mexico.
• It was a centralized empire with a powerful military and tribute system.
• The capital city of Tenochtitlan included the Templo Mayor, aqueducts, and causeways.
• The Chaco Culture was in Northwestern New Mexico.
• The culture included mounds and large multi-story buildings and consisted of a theocratic society.
• The Cahokia/Mississippian culture was near present-day St. Louis, Missouri.
• It included mounds and was the largest and most influential urban settlement or the Mississippian culture.
• It was ruled by a paramount chief or a ruling elite, with a complex social hierarchy.
• Mesa Verde was located in Southwest Colorado.
• It was in the desert and consisted of cliff dwellings built into the sides of mesas.
• Villages were likely governed by a council of elders and religious leaders, with a focus on community planning and cooperation.

State Building in Africa

• Long-established trade networks connected African states to the broader world, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.
• Great Zimbabwe was located in Southern Africa, modern-day Zimbabwe.
• It was a centralized kingdom whose economy was based on cattle herding, agriculture, and gold.
• It consisted of massive stone walls and structures such as the Great Enclosure.
• The Hause Kingdoms were in West Africa, modern-day Nigeria and Niger.
• There was a network of city-states, each with its own ruler and was rich in art, music, and literature, and whose economy was based on trade and agriculture.
• Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa.
• It was a Christian kingdom with a centralized monarchy and was famous for rock-hewn churches such as those in Lalibela.

Religions in Europe (1200-1450)

• Christianity was the dominant religion in Europe with core beliefs in Jesus Christ as the savior, and the Bible as the holy scripture.
• Judaism was a significant minority, primarily in Eastern Europe, believing in monotheism and the Torah as the central religious text.
• Islam was present in Spain and the Balkans with core beliefs in the Five Pillars of Islam and the Quran as the holy text.

European Feudalism

• There was an exchange of land for loyalty and a decentralized government.
• A monarch granted land to fiefs (lords), and in return, the lords became a king's vessel (owed services).
• Lords then proved land to knights, and in return, knights became vassals to the lords.
• Lords provided land and protection to peasants, and in return, peasants farmed and lorded land
• Provided security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who served a lord
• Manors were large fiefs or estates that were self-sufficient.
• Serfs were peasants who worked the land for both their own use and for the benefit of the lord.
• It limited the need for trade or contact with outsiders
• Europe was predominantly an agricultural society with the majority of the population living in rural areas. Free and coerced labor was the driving force of production in medieval European agrarian society.

Unit 2: The Silk Road

• The Crusades helped pave the way to expanding networks of exchange.
• Lords & their armies of knights brought back fabrics and spices from the East.
• The Silk Road trade routes remained in operation as did the sea routes across the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean.
• China wanted Europe's gold and silver.
• Europe wanted silk, tea, and rhubarb.
• Global trade increased.
• Although Europeans had not yet found a route around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, they had been making overland trips across Europe for many centuries.
• The collapse of classical civilizations led to the end of the first golden age of the Silk Roads.
• By the 8th/9th centuries, Arab merchants from the Abbasid Empire revived by the land route of the Silk Road as well as sea routes in the Indian Ocean.
• Tang China had much to offer the newly revived global trade network, including the compass, paper, and gunpowder.
• China exported porcelain, tea, and silk.
• China imported cotton, stones, pomegranates, dates, horses, and grapes.
• This period marked the second golden age of the Silk Roads.
• The most significant impact on the expansion of trade occurred with the rise of the Mongol Empire.
• The Mongols conquered the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258.
• 14th-century China came under Mongol control by the 14th century.
• Unified control occurred for the first of the Silk Roads with an authority that respected merchants and enforced laws.
• The Mongols improved roads and punished bandits, increased the safety of travel on the Silk Roads, and established new trade channels between Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Europe.
• Travelers learned that traveling with others in caravans was safer than traveling alone.
• Saddles were designed for camels that greatly increased the weight of load.
• China had made advances in naval tech that allowed it to control sea-based trades routes in the South China Sea. Magnetic compass and an improved rudder, aided navigation and ship control.
• The Chinese junk, also developed in the Han Dynasty, was similar to the Southwest Asian dhow.
• Multiple sails and was as long as 400 feet - tripled the size of the typical Western European ships.
• The hull of a junk was divided into compartments.

Effects of Growth of the Silk Road

• Long stretches of the overland Silk Roads passed were hot and arid lands where water was scarce.
• Cities along the trade routes that were watered by rivers became thriving centers of trade.
• Kashgar was located at the edge of China and at crossroads of silk roads and leading to destinations in Central Asia, India, Pakistan, and Persia, where the Taklamakan Desert meets the Tian Shan Mountains and is watered by the Kashgar River.
• Crops there include wheat, rice, fruit, and cotton. Travelers depended on Kashgar for its abundance of water and food.
• Artisans there produced textile rugs, leather goods, and pottery. It was once a primarily Buddhist city that became a center of Islamic scholarship.
• Samarkand, in present-day Uzbekistan in the Zeravshan River valley, was a stopping point on the Silk Roads between China and the Mediterranean and was a center of cultural exchange and trade.
• Samarkand consisted of diverse religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Islam. For its artisans it was known as a center of Islamic learning and a decorated mosque.
• Caravanserai were inns that sprung up roughly 100 miles apart.

Commercial Innovations of the Silk Road

• To manage the increasing trade, China developed new financial systems. China had long used money.
• The copper coins they used became too unwieldy to transport for everyday transactions.
• The government developed a system of credit known as flying cash, allowing merchants to deposit paper money under their name in one location and withdraw the same amount at another location.
• Locations for flying cash became the model for the banks of the modern era (including the banking houses in European cities in 1300s).
• Locations for flying cash became the model for the banks of the modern era (including the banking houses in European cities in 1300s).
• At the banking house, an individual could present a document stating the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date and receive that amount in change.

Effects of Growth on Trade

• The Crusades awakened Europeans' interest in luxury goods from Asia.
• 13th-century cities in northern Germany and Scandinavia formed a commercial alliance called the Hanseatic League.
• Member cities of the league such as Lubeck, Hamburg, and Riga, were able to drive out pirates and monopolize trade in goods such as timber, grain, leather, and salted fish.
• League ships rounded the Atlantic Coast of Western Europe, proceeding to the ports of the Mediterranean, where goods were acquired from Arab caravans.
• This lasted until the mid-17th century, when national governments became strong enough to produce their merchants
• The growing demand luxury goods from Afro-Eurasia, China, Persia, and India led to a corresponding increase in supply through expanded production.
• Craft workers expanded their production of such goods for export.
• Increased demand also expanded iron and steel manufactured in China motivating pro-industrialization.
• Increased demand for luxury goods in Europe caused by the Christian crusades as well as improved transportation technology such as magnetic compasses, travel caravans and saddles, and the Chinese inventions of the rudder & Junk boat.

The Mongols/Developments in Central Asia

• Mongols lived in steppes (dry grasslands at high elevations).
• These grasslands/shrublands have few trees and border the Gobi desert and Siberian forest.
• Nomadic society
  • Lived in Yurts
  • Migrated in search of grazing lands -Drove herds of goats and sheep
  • Ate meat and milk from herded animals
  • Traded hides and dairy products for jewelry, weapons, and cloth
• Mongol society was divided into tribes and combined during war and when threatened.

Mongol Fighters

• Accomplished horseman used short bows.
• Used battering rams; cannons; catapult; flaming arrows; gunpowder later thru contact w/ China.
• Able to cover large distances quickly due to the Yam System of relay stations where messengers carry urgent messages.
• The warrior code emphasized bravery.
• Used spies and information to create maps of areas they were going to invade

Chinggis/Ghengis Khan

• He was an excellent warrior, military leader, motivator, and visionary who unified Mongol tribes into large confederation by breaking individual tribe loyalties and demanded loyalty to himself.
• Recognized merit rather than status and was elected leader of Mongol tribe of in 1206

Mongol Empire post Khan

• Empires were divided into khanates and weakened by disputes over power, allowing them to weaken and decline.
• Conquest of Xi Xia and Jin Empires, led to turn toward the Song Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty and led forces against Song.
• Yuan established in 1279
• Kubliai passed many laws to separate Mongols and Chinese; society was ordered by race; was influenced by Chinese culture
• Mongols created the largest land empire in history with peace and stability for easy communication through the facilitation of Silk Road trade and spread Bubonic plague.
• Venice merchant Marco Polo wrote about his travels to Yuan (Kublai Khan) Dynasty leading more Europeans to learn about Central Asia and stirred interest in East Asian trade and products. Prior to the Mongol Empire, empires in Afro-Eurasia began to decline, the success of which can be attributed to
• The great Khan's ability to build loyalty thru promotion
• World domination focus in tribes

Mongol Conquests

• Were fierce. Entire towns that didn't surrender before being confronted were killed
• The army was highly trained and structured was used to trick and subdue enemies and in peace, the empire was religiously tolerant where cultures and trade flourished.
• The Mongol rule the "third golden age of the silk road" due to expanded trade and regulated travelers.

The Indian Ocean Trade

• Muhammad encouraged Muslims to travel and learn resulting in the Muslim empire connecting more cities than ever before.
• This resulted in expansion and wealth for Muslim cities.
• Navigational advancements such as knowledge of winds, lateen sails, astrolabes and junks made Indian Ocean trade possible
• The most Maritime trade was cheaper than land trade.
• India was at high demand for cotton, leather, stonework and spices whereas Malaysia and Indonesia were Spice Islands spices.
• China produced silk and pocelain and Southwest Asia produced horses, figs and dates.
• Monsoon wind knowledge helped create diasporic communities- communities that resulted in cultural assimilation in the region that include East African Arabs and Persians and southeast Asian Chinese communities.
• Increased trade and demand led to stronger governments to rise such as Malacca, Swahili city states, and Gujarat, and helped spread religion, especially Islam.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

• Trade was very limited in the East African Coast before Islam due to geography, but after Missionaries came to Africa Islam spread and merchants moved in.
• They used camel saddles to help increase trade and formed caravans.
• Gold became very valuable. Empires rose such as Mali.

Cultural & Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

Cultural:

• Spread and encouraged innovation of: Gunpowder from China, champa rice, seafaring technology Greeks, advancements, and the Swahili language
• Because of all this, civilizations became more politically stable

Unit 3: Technological Advancements

The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan. The ming rulers after Yuan stabilzed Asian trade despite protugal dominance. The power of Manchu people was established in the Quing dynasty by the emgergence of gunpowder empires. Emperor Kangxi was China's longest ruler and maintained a peaceful rule.

Power consolidation in China

Used political strategy to make the civil service exam which got rid of the previous Mongol system. All of these European and Asian advances led into the Scientific Revolution focused primarily on scientific thinking rather than religious. Scientific and cultural diffusion led to the Enlightenment movement that helped give rise to individual thought, which further strengthened and legitimized Monarchies in Europe. Other types of legitimizing the rule included strict social classes like in Russia and military rule like in Japan.

The reformation

As Europe shifted politically it had many challenges within. Martin luther didn't churches. John Calvin broke away into calvinism where god chose to make you good. Europe became protestant. The catholic church tried three big counter-reformations such as the wars of relgion, and the jesuits.

Unit 4: Technological Innovations and their Effects

• Magnetic Compass helped w navigation and more direct sunlight.
• Caravel- Portugal was able to devlop better ships that had maneuver capabilities allwong them to dominate trade.

Unit 5: The Englightenment

• Important people such as: John Locke, Thomas Hobbs, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
• Ideas all were: no divine right, natural rights, and social contract.
• Other revolutions and reformation all had similar beliefs.

Unit 6: Imperilsm

Competition among countries as they seeked to industrialize helped to make them find new colonies. Cultural motives included racism and missionaries wanting to spread their cultures to other people. GB, East India Company, and Dutch trading were at peak. The Berlin Conference divided people for colonization in the colonies.