AP World History Period 3 Notes (PDF)

AP WORLD PERIOD 3 Notes 5.1 1)​ Developments in Americas a)​ Age of New Ideas i)​ Enlightenment was thought to be optimistic and applied God’s laws, however, it did become less pervasive. ii)​ Socialism and liberalism...

AP WORLD PERIOD 3 Notes 5.1 1)​ Developments in Americas a)​ Age of New Ideas i)​ Enlightenment was thought to be optimistic and applied God’s laws, however, it did become less pervasive. ii)​ Socialism and liberalism became new schools of thought to improve society while conservatism was practices by the ruling class(isms) iii)​ New ideas of thought and old political structures clashed leading to revolutions and created new forms of government which created nationalism(In which one believes and protects their nation, language, and culture and the threatened European multi ethnic empires. b)​ New Ideas and Their Roots i)​ Empiricism(promoted by Fancis Bacon) is the belief that knowledge comes from experience rather than your own principles, religion, etc. ii)​ Thomas Hobes thought social control was giving up some rights to the government for law and order while John Locke argued that it implied the citizen to revolt against unjust governments who denied their natural rights. Also, he proposed that human’s personalities were dependent on their environment which were radical for the time. iii)​ Philosophes explored social, political and economic theories and popularized scientific and traditional beliefs. iv)​ Baron Montesquieu raised the ideas of new constitutions in France and in the Americas such as the British’s parliament in separating into the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. v)​ Francois-Marie Arouet(Voltaire) best known for his social satire Candide. He advocated for civil liberties and was exiled for 3 years due to his conflict with a member of French aristocracy and lived in England leading him to create a deep appreciation for the monarchy’s civil rights and brought them to France to reform the religious liberties and judicial reform. This influenced the religious liberty of the US constitution vi)​ Jean Jacques Rousseau expanded the idea of the social contract and laid out his ideas on child-rearing and education and inspired many revolutions in the 18th century. c)​ Age of New Ideas Continue i)​ Adam Smith supported some state regulations, he advocated for a laissez faire system which the government took a step back which played the grounds for the building of capitalism. ii)​ Deism emphasized the reexamination between the relationship of humans and gods but still regularly attended church as an important obligation. Thomas Paine The age of reason and Common Sense made him popular in America for advocating liberty from England but anti-church people diminished him. d)​ Age of New Ideas Continue  i)​ The new Enlightenment increased urbanization and industrialization which increased poverty and disease and disregarded their political representations. Christians tried to give charity and think they tried to give ideas to the government but the government blamed the poor people. ii)​ Utopian societies were a form of socialism where each person did their role and alterations existed. Henri de Saint-Simon believed that workers could operate cleanly and efficiently to beautifully maintain a society, Charles Fourier wanted a utopia and Rober Owen made small utopias across England and Indiana. iii)​ Fabian society was a gradual socialist reforming society through parliament. iv)​ Classical liberalism is a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics and reduced spending on armies and established churches and backed male suffrage. v)​ Feminism was the period for the equality of women’s rights with Mary Wollstonecraft who argued for the sample rights for females as males. vi)​ Abolitionism was the movement of slavery and the End of the serfdom was well the end of nobles owning serfs tied to the land. vii)​ Zionists were Jews 5.2 2)​ Nationalism and Revolution a)​ The American Revolution + New Zealand Wars i)​ European Enlightenment provided the ideas of the unalienable right of life, liberty and pursuit of Happiness on the Declaration of Independence from the British. As well as it was in Opposition of the English’s mercantilism. ii)​ The Maori people revolted against the Europeans who had annexed their nation and had developed their own sense of nationalism but eventually lost to the British in 1872. b)​ The French Revolution + Haitian Revolution i)​ The economic Woes of France spending too much money and giving aid to the US to revolt, the French government met and the commoners(National Assembly) broke away from the meeting and tried to force the Emperor to give them their deserved freedoms and Marquis Lafeyette tried to be a mediator. ii)​ The emperor Louis XVI and the nobility did not want to give these freedoms away and limit their rule so the common people made a new government i.e. the French Republic. iii)​ During the Reign of Terror the King, Queen, nobility and others were executed and after this Napoleon became the emperor in 1804. iv)​ In Haiti, Haitian slaves revolted against their masters and along with the Maroons, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture continued the revolts and was a capable general leading to their established independent government. v)​ L’Ouverture deemed himself as governor and reformed Haiti (citizenship and equality), but the French killed him and Jean-Jaques Dessalines made the declaration of permanent independence. c)​ Creole Revolutions in Latin America i)​ Creoles took up the revolutionary ideas due to the conflicts with the peninsulares due to them not having enough political power or ability to sell to other countries causing them to want independence however, slave uprising visions stopped them. ii)​ Caudillos were the generals of the independent armies in South America and were strong local leaders who controlled governments and disregarded representative government. iii)​ Slavery was legally ended but laws made the people not able to vote but was changed in later years(1860) and the creoles were the upper class  and became powerful. Women couldn’t vote or be educated much during their era. iv)​ Spain lost its Caribbean territories and Lola Rodriguez de Tio became famous and became the meeting place for revolutionaries and thinkers. d)​ Revolt in the Philippines i)​ The Philippines was still a Spanish Colony and many rich mestizos and creoles would go to Europe and study there and studied enlightenment thinking. This lead to Jose Rizal who advocated for the autonomy of the Philippines and was arrested and killed, sparking a revolution in 1896 after his execution. e)​ Nationalism and Unification in Europe i)​ Nationalism thrived in France and other lands Conquered by Napoleon from the Germanic areas of the HRE. Count di Cavor united the Italian Peninsula under the house of Savoy and believed in natural rights, progress, and constitutional monarchy(liberal). He believed in practical politics or realpolitik and used manipulation to force Napoleon in a war with Austria but then he backed out fearing the wrath of the Pope. ii)​ In Germany, nationalist movements under Napoleon Bonaparte increased nationalism and Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck used nationalist feelings to engineer their wars to bring German unification (Denmark, Austria, and France. iii)​ Italy and Germany became two new powers and led to World War 1 but poverty and Italy still remained and caused people to move to the US or Argentina. f)​ Balkan and Ottoman Nationalism i)​ The decline of the Ottoman influence allowed for Austria and Russia to take over the Balkan area which created Balkan Nationalism. Also, Greece in 1800 met Enlightenment ideas that allowed for Greece to regain its nationalism and revolted and gained their independence. In Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania, similar events followed with the help of Russia and Austria. ii)​ Ottoman Nationalism or Ottomanism wanted to create a more unified and central state to minimize ethnic, linguistic and religious differences in the empire and mandated things in the school education to drive this. The attempt to create a more unified state created tension between the Ottomans and others. iii)​ Nationalism shapes how people view themselves, political allegiances and religion, but it started to decline due to the universalization of currency and free traveling which shifted countries away from nationalism. 5.3 3)​ Industrial Revolution Begins a)​ Agricultural Improvements i)​ The Agricultural revolution led to seed drills and crop rotation which led to an increase of food production which allowed for populations to grow. Also, Infant mortality rates went down and people lived longer which enabled more people to work in factories and provide manufactured goods. b)​ Pre-Industrial Societies i)​ In the British Empire rural fails grew most of their food and made most of their clothes and spun the fabrics they needed. Britain didn’t want Indian cotton to become mainstream so they began to build their own industries (cottage industries) where the women worked at home and spun fabric which gave them some form of independence. But Investors wanted faster production so they looked for the development of machinery and technology. c)​ Growth of Technology i)​ Spinning jenny and water frame decreased time to spin yarn and weave cloth. The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s and allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time and Richard Arkwright invented the water frame which doomed the household cottage industry and was the father of the factory system. ii)​ Interchangeable Parts were invented by Eli Whitney in 1798 for the Us military where identical parts could be changed out if it was broken. And With this, factory owners no longer had to rely on skiller laborers and could have them specialize in one thing. This led Henry Ford to the creation of the assembly line. d)​ Britain’s IndustrialAdvantages i)​ Britain had an industrial advantage with the raw materials and sea ways allowed them to use coal which was used to power steam boats which became a large industry. Also, they gained a lot of resources and cash from their colonies, creating excess capital. ii)​ They had lots of Rivers in N.E. America had the world’s strongest fleet of naval defense and commerce ships for trade to bring products to Britain to be made into finished products. Also, the Entrepreneurs had protection of Private Property that wouldn't be taken by other businessmen or government. iii)​ Due to the successes in agriculture, people moved out of rural areas and moved towards urban areas as there wasn't as much food production needed anymore and the enclosure movement moved people more towards the cities. 5.4 4)​ Industrialization Spreads a)​ Spread of Industrialization i)​ France’s sparsely populated urban areas and the French revolution hindered the Industrial Revolution. ii)​ Germany was fragmented till 1871 and became a leading producer of steel and coal. iii)​ The US began the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century and by 1900 became the leading force of the world. Immigrants were the main reason coming from East Asia and Europe for factory work. iv)​ Russia focused on railroads(36k miles) and industries. The Trans-Siberian Railroad went from Moscow to the Pacific and became the fourth largest producer of steel but was mainly agricultural till 1917. v)​ Japan was the first to Industrialize and adapted to European technology to protect its traditional culture. This caused it to emerge as a leading world power. b)​ Shifts in Manufacturing i)​ Shipbuilding in India was huge till the British took over and stripped them of their navy and the British took complete control over the Indian Ocean. ii)​ The East India company’s control of parts of India and the steep British tariffs led to the inability to mine and started to close mines leading to rebellion. iii)​ Mining in India remained non-existent until the early 20t century due to lack of technological innovation which made the mines seem inaccessible. iv)​ The British started to improve their own textile Industry in Lancaster and put a 5% tariff on other countries, mainly India and Egypt which lost their export market in textiles and it’s domestic market due to european goods. 5.5 1)​ Technology in the Industrial Age a)​ The Coal Revolution i)​ The steam engine by James Watt provided an inexpensive way to use coal for machinery in textiles and in 50 years was used to make steam powered trains ii)​ Steamships revolutionized Sailing and and allowed for ships to go up stream and they could be turned on and off when needed. This led to the development of the steam boat ocean faring ships worldwide and created coaling stations in Cape Colony and other islands. iii)​ Mass production of Iron from the coke which used refined coal to make larger iron producing furnaces and Henry Cort patented the processes of making the less strong more workable iron. b)​ A Second Industrial Revolution i)​ The US, Germany, and Britain were the key players of the Industrial revolution on steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics. ii)​ Steel became possible due to the bessemer process which removed impurities and became the backbone of the industrial industry. iii)​ Oil wells were a new resource like petroleum which is derived from plants and animals which led to the use of it for kerosene and the internal combustible engine for automobiles where gasoline became more important.Electricity was used for street lighting and electric street trains in the 1890s. iv)​ The development of electricity led to AGB to create the telephone but Thomas Edison refined the telephone and made it more practical. v)​ Gugliemo Maroni sent a radio signal across the atlantic ocean and radio became a popular form of mass media. c)​ Global Trade and Migration i)​ The Transcontinental railroad connected the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in 1869 and was built with public funds and natural resources from the US government. Countireslike GB, Germany, and the US intensified industrialization and the increasing need for more and protecting their resources. ii)​ Deism emphasized the reexamination between the relationship of humans and gods but still regularly attended church as an important obligation. Thomas Paine The age of reason and Common Sense made him popular in America for advocating liberty from England but anti-church people diminished him. 5.6 2)​ Nationalism and Revolution a)​ Quick Info i)​ Egypt and other countries developed due to western pressure and encouraged such developments like in Egypt and in China, they grew weaker due to not promoting industrialization effectively. ii)​ China was split by the Opium War and became a republic and became weak iii)​ Japan grew stronger in front of Western challenges and adapted to them. b)​ Ottoman Industrialization i)​ The Ottoman empire suffered after the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent and the mamluks who were formerly enslaved had ruled for 600 years till Muhammad Ali took over and became governor of egypt. Then he acted independent of the sultan and reformed Egypt and made it more European and established schools and sent military officers to Europe to study. ii)​ He put high taxes on the people and forced them to give their lands to the state for state profit of food and agriculture and made big profits during the Napoleonic wars and took lands from the religious lands for agriculture. iii)​ He also pushed toward industrialization and had factories to produce armaments(Cairo) and in Alexandria he set up ship building facilities and gave Egypt its own navy(first moderned ruler of egypt). c)​ Japan and the Meiji Restoration i)​ Japan had little contact with the outside world and other empires wanted to sell to Japan and they wanted to refuel from Japan as they sailed to China and east Asia. ii)​ Commodore Matthew Perry came to Yedo and the Tokyo bay to ask for trade privileges from the US and demanded this and they gave in and yielded to other states. iii)​ After this, Japanese leaders saw how China was torn apart so they adopted western technology and methods to protect their culture(Meiji Restoration) and brought the emperor back to power. iv)​ The Meiji Restoration Abolished Feudalism, established prussian based model monarchy(emperor=sub political leader), equal law and no cruel punishments, instituted conscription, created new school systems, build railroads and roads, and created tea, silk, weaponry, ship building, and sake. v)​ The government financed this through high taxes on agriculture and provided rapid growth, however, women were abused in mill factories and were exploited. vi)​ In Japan there were zaibatsu who businesses were sold to who were like conglomerates and encouraged innovation and the Toyoda loom works created the automatic loom and became the Toyota Motor company today. 5.7 3)​ Economic Developments and Innovation a)​ Start of Info i)​ Mercantilism was replaced by a laissez-faire system of government and reduced tariffs on trade and were supported by transnational institutions like HSBC and manufacturers like Unilever. b)​ Effect on Business Organizations i)​ Giant corporations formed during the Industrial revolution and were chartered by the government and owned by stockholders and were sold by corporations and received dividends when the company did well and if they went bankrupt they would get all their money back ii)​ Alfred Krupp of Essens corporation in Germany gained a monopoly over the German steel business through the Bessemer process and John D. Rockefeller in the US oil industry. iii)​ Cecil Rhodes founded the De Beers Diamonds and wanted to make a road from cape town to Cairo but didn’t succeed because Britain never gained control over the land and was made by paying colonial laborers so little. iv)​ Transnational corporations operated internationally like the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Unilever Corporation which focused on household goods and soap in Australia, Switzerland, and the US. And they made their factories of soap in the Congo and gained wealth. v)​ Corporations were owned by one person and some other people who made the business decisions and was a flexible large structure with lower risks of investment and became safe and attractive. vi)​ Despite critics opinions on corporations they dominated most of the business world from banking to manufacturing to providing services and created thousands of jobs for communities. vii)​ Marine insurance was large and Lloyd of London began with coffee houses with reliable shipping news and established this industry. viii)​ Consumerism became large and consumption of unnecessary things became popularized and led to the invention of the safety bike which rides fast and is safer than the big wheel bike. ix)​ Companies wanted people to do athletics for excess consumerism and soccer became an important escape for workers in Britain and baseball in the US. 5.8 4)​ Industrial Revolution Begins a)​ The Intellectual reaction i)​ John Stuart Mill and some economists criticized capitalism due to its inhumane nature and wanted legal reforms(unions, child labor, and working conditions) and these ideas became adopted in industrial societies. ii)​ Utilitarianism sought the greater good the greatest number of people and addressed the problem growing with it Rational advocated for reform. b)​ Karl Marx i)​ He critiqued capitalism and his his approach as scientific socialism and he and Friedrich Engles published the Communist Manifesto which critiqued capitalism and it was more advanced feudalism and produced tremendous wealth but added more to poverty and separated the classes into the Proletariat which was the working class and the bourgeoisie which were the middle class and the investors. ii)​ He said that market competition caused the bourgeoisie to exploit the masses for higher profits through means of production and the other received very little and wanted even spread of wealth for socialism to take over capitalism and into communism. c)​ Ottoman Response to Industrialization i)​ Mahmud II abolished the Janissaries corps and the feudal system which marked their end of power and tax collections went directly to the central government which paid the military which ensured their loyalty. The reforms of the sultan included a postal service and roads and set up a government of charities and created a European style ministry. ii)​ The Tanzimat rooted out corruption, created secular education and colleges, codified Ottoman laws and commercial and penal code for foreign business, and created equality for all men regardless of religion or ethnicity. iii)​ After the Napoleonic wars the prices for food declined but the Ottoman empire’s economy was still in palace from the mediterranean follow of wealth and banking increases which affected men and women differently. iv)​ Women were restricted in their rights of property and allowed a few girls to get education. v)​ The sultan had tight control over the empire and Young turks were exiled and the Armenians and Assyrian Christians were killed and Sultan Abdulhamid became known as the Red Sultan. d)​ Reform Efforts in China i)​ The Self-Strengthening Movement in China was from modernization pressures from internal and external problems and wanted to advance to the same power as the Western Powers. Britain and France helped with such reforms and a stable government allowed for them to collect  revenue and repay debts and participate in trade. Reformation was imminent. ii)​ The Chinese government had its own diplomatic corps and customs service to collect taxes and graft modern technology into Chinese tradition. iii)​ Kang Youwei was able to meet with Emperor Guangxu and convinced him to reform the nation after the defeat from the Japanese and eliminated the exam, corruption and established a western system(Hundred day reform). iv)​ Empress Dowager Cixi wanted to stay conservative and she led a coup d’ etat and imprisoned the emperor and repealed his edicts due to fear of foreign influence. She then saw that later on that the civil service exam was corrupt and she abolished this and her conservatism led to the downfall of china. v)​ China had to modernise after the rebellion against Empress Cixi and had to go under the protection of Western powers and eventually became a republic. The American influence protected them from the Japanese influence. e)​ Resistance to Reform In Japan i)​ Japan got rid of the Samurai and forced them to never wear their swords again in public and they either became elder statesmen or rebelled with the samurai shogunate forces and were defeated. ii)​ Some of the Japanese reforms worked better and literacy rates improved and the economy industrialized rapidly and went towards democracy but army officers began to dominate the government. 5.9 5)​ Society and the Industrial Age a)​ Effect on Urban Areas i)​ Poor planning of cities by way of the government made working class families cradle into tenements located in the slums where contaminated products, water and pollution were. ii)​ Families here faced cholera which spread and these areas created the police and firefighters to battle violence and fires. Though, over time cities did implement sanitation reforms and made building standards. iii)​ Industrialization to the growth of the middle class which had access to goods, housing, culture and education and there were more opportunities for them. This brought more people to the Urban areas for a better life. iv)​ Class structure emerging in Britain Had the laborers(working class) which were at the bottom and could be easily replaced which led to competition for jobs and kept the wages low. v)​ White collar workers were office jobs and were middle class and the top was the industrialists who took the power over the aristocrats. vi)​ Women were taken off their jobs and the factory work was a culture shock for farmers who completed tasks on their own schedules and spent 14 hours a day 6 days a week and were exhausted leading to injuries and deaths. vii)​ Children were given jobs at mines and faced dangerous conditions like coal dust, oppressive heat, and mine collapses viii)​ Women only got half the pay that men did and they had to take up these jobs if they were working class but the middle class women only had to stay at home and raise the kids and take care of the house and it became a status symbol. The cult of domesticity led to advertisement of house products for women to make the home a better place for the husband. ix)​ Feminism came in 1848 during the Seneca Falls convention in New York where 300 women met up for equality for all women. x)​ The industrialization burning of coal led to toxic air pollution and smog was deadly to respiratory systems and companies dumated their waste into lates, rivers, and streams which allowed for diseases to ravage neighborhoods. 6.1 1)​ Developments in Americas a)​ Nationalist Motives for Imperialism i)​ Nationalism led to a strong sense of identity and loyalty to the state and countries like Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands built empires in Africa and Asia and possessed them. ii)​ Britain looked for new lands in New Holland(Aust.), India, Ceylon, Burma, Malaysia, and Borneo and took over them. The French occupied Algeria, New Caledonia, Sengal, and Indochina. iii)​ Italy and Germany just formed and didn't begin colonization till the mid-1800s and Spain did not participate in the second wave of imperialism due to its declining power. iv)​ Japan bested China in the Sino-Japanese War and took Korea and seized Taiwan. b)​ Cultural and Religious Motives for Imperialism i)​ Colonizers thought of themselves as “benevolent protectors” however they were not as such. ii)​ Whites thought they were inherently superior and Pseudo scientists claimed proof of other races inferiority. Phrenologists studied skull size and stated the smaller skull size of Africans, indigenous Americans, and Asians proved their mental feebleness. iii)​ Charles Darwin studied natural selection and had the theory of survival of the fittest and Social Darwinism used this theory to prove the biological superiority of whites and politicians used this to further imperialism within their own country. iv)​ Countries would impose their own religion, language, and culture on their colonies and Congressionalist minister Josiah Strong said that the Anglo-Saxon race will convert all other races. v)​ Missionaries wanted to “civilize” populations like the protestants and the catholics who persuaded people to give up their beliefs and adopt European beliefs.Missionaries; set up schools for religion and taught children to be lawyers, teacher or other professionals; provided medical care; and worked to end the Sub-Saharan African illegal slave trade. c)​ Economic Motives for Imperialism i)​ During the expansion of countries, the British, French, and Dutch chartered companies to establish trading posts and have power over the places which they inhabited. ii)​ The East India Company has a monopoly over Indian Trade and was a major agent of British Imperialism in India. iii)​ The Dutch East India company had a trade monopoly on Cape of Good Hope, Javan Islands, and the straits of Magellan but corruption led to the downfall of the company. iv)​ After the Napoleonic Wars and Industrial Revolution Britain was a leading economic power and got its raw materials of cotton, wool, jute, vegetable oils, and rubber for its factories, as well as foodstuffs such as wheat, tea, coffee, cocoa, meat, and butter for its growing cities from New Zealand, South Africa, and Australia. 6.2 2)​ State Expansion a)​ Imperialism in Africa i)​ Euorpe had a long relationship with Africa through slave trade and resources, though they made it illegal and exported guns, alcohol, for goods like palm old(for machinery) gold and diamonds. ii)​ Europeans spread through Africa thanks to quinine(malaria treatment), expanding steamship businesses which lead to the development of the zeus canal(100 miles long) through taxation of Egyptians, killing thousands. The British gained control of West African states like the Gold Coast♛, Sierra Leone, Gambia, and Lagos♛. iii)​ Europeans made treaties with kings like King Jaja of Opobo but after competition for the areas became prevalent, the Europeans saw these treaties as just paper. Also, the French took Algeria+Ivory Coast+Niger. b)​ The European Scramble for Africa i)​ The Berlin Conference divided up Africa and developed colonial borders without African leaders and The British took South Africa and introduced English, moving the Afrikaners towards Cape Colony. ii)​ The Boer Wars were bloody and thongs died in concentration camps with poor medical care and sanitation, 15k africans died and the British took control leading for millions of black farmers and Afrikaners poor. iii)​ King Leopold held a private stake in the Congo state and got 220 million francs from them through exploitation and slavery of the congolese till Belgium took over with the government's help and conditions improved. iv)​ Only Abyssinia and Liberia remain unclaimed. c)​ Imperialism in South Asia i)​ France and Britain fought in the 7 year war and Britain won, driving France out of India and the British East India Company Took the land of the Mughals and controlled from Pakistan to Kashmir. Also they invited native Indian soldiers who then rebelled but were suppressed. d)​ Imperialism in East Asia i)​ Europeans carved spheres of influence in China and the Taiping Rebellion made their domination of economic affairs in CHina that much easier. That rebellion was suppressed by warlords and the French and British. ii)​ Empress Cixi ordered the boxers in 1900 to kill all foreigners, however they killed 100k Chinese christians and only ~225 foreigners which was a humiliating defeat undermining her power and Western powers continued to erode Chinese sovereignty. iii)​ After Japan was opened by Commodore Mathhew Perry and the Meiji Restoration, Japan sought other lands and established a colonization Society and set up its place in Korea, Chna, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands till World War I. e)​ Imperialism in SouthEast Asia  i)​ English and Dutch took over much of the power from the Spanish and the Portuguese after the period 1600. ii)​ The Dutch East India Company began the Dutch Imperialism and it seized the spice Islands and took the spice trade from Portugal although they went bankrupt due to corruption in 1800 and the Government took control of the Dutch East Indies and the government had forced plantation to produce tea, rubber and sugar for export.This limited rice cultivation and the people force the government to implement humanitarian reforms which failed to help. iii)​ The French had control over Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam by the 1890s and named it French Indochina for cash crops(mainly rubber). iv)​ The British had control over the Malay Peninsula, Burma and Benero(BEIC) and extracted tin and gold and produced pepper, tobacco, palm oil and rubber. Malaya(Biggest rubber producer) v)​ Siam was the only independent nation due to their swift diplomatic relations with the British and French and modernized themselves, like in Japan, and industrialized, building roads and schools for the government. f)​ Australia and New Zealands i)​ Britain sent convicts to Australia and some free people and became NEw South Wales and took control of the entire continent. They developed a copper, wool, and gold industry there ii)​ Britain angst New Zealand in 1839 and gave the MAori the right to be protected though as the gold rush continued, Europeans took their land g)​ U.S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific i)​ The “American people” started to take Native lands and force them on the Trail of Tears which forced them to migrate to Oklahoma. ii)​ President James Monroe issued his doctrine that stated European countries should not intervene in the Western Hemisphere. iii)​ White Americans believed in manifest density and bought Alaska from Russia and forced Native Americans onto reserves with the development of the transcontinental railway. iv)​ The United States took over Hawaii and took Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from the US and president Rosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stating that they would intervene if there was Instability within Latin America. h)​ Russian Expansion i)​ Catherine the Great Annexed Poland from the Ottomans and Alexander I took Finland, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and part of Armenia. ii)​ The Russian-American company had their HQ in Arkhangelsk and established and abandoned Fort Ross and sold Alaska to the US. Russia and the British Competed for Afghanistan(Great Game). Took Manchuria. 6.3 3)​ Indigenous Responses to State Expansion a)​ Nationalist Movements in the Balkans i)​ The Balkans sought independence and Serbia and Greece got independence after long wars, Bosnia and Herzegovina(Austria Hungary♛), Montenegro, and Bulgaria all rebelled against Ottoman rule and the Russo-Turkish war freed Bulgaria, Romania and Montenegro b)​ Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas i)​ Proclamation of 1763 gave the land between the Appilatian and Mississippi river to the Native Americans from the French but were overrun by the British colonists. The Cherokee nation adopted the Us constitution and became literate but were forced to relocate after the Indian Removal act to Oklahoma. Ghost dances were thought to bring back the dead to drive out the whites but were put down after the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890. ii)​ Tupac Amaru was a descendant of the last Incan Ruler and revolted against Spain with the help of the criollos and revolt spread from Peru, to Bolivia and Argentina before he was captured in 1781 and he and his wife and sons were executed and tortured. iii)​ Napoleon III sided with Mexican conservatives to overthrow Benito Juarez and make Archduke Maximilian emperor of Mexico(crowned June 10, 1864) but was executed 3 years later and Benito went back to presidency. c)​ South Asian Movements i)​ The sepoys revolted against the British in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 through the British oppression of killing pigs and cows though were crushed and created Indian nationalism. ii)​ The Mughal emperor was exiled and India won its Independence from Britain in 1947 as the British Raj and took orders from London. iii)​ Indians attended British universities and established the Indian National Congress and started to self-rule. d)​ Southeast Asian Resistance i)​ The Vietnamese resisted colonialism and emperor Ham Nghi(12) had mostly top advisers as French critics and the French tried to take him from the royal palace but were removed by the people. Then he was captured in 1888 and was sent to Algeria after his supporters continued support and Phan Dinh Phung became a hero for future revolutionaries. ii)​ Jopse Rizal began a reform movement called Liga Filipina and was loyal to Spain and was arrested and executed, shocking many which caused the Philippine Revolution. The Spanish American war led the Philippines to be Under US rule which started the Philippine-American war ending in a US victory and remaining in US hands till 1946. e)​ Resistance in Australia and New Zealand  i)​ The aboriginals lived in Australia for 50k years and the government didn’t treat them kindly and did not recognize their ownership of land and weren't protected by British law. ii)​ The Maori were welcoming to newcomers and the Treaty of Waitangi(1840) promised to protect their property rights but were ignored by the government to pressure the Maori to sell their land and took almost all of their land and property. f)​ African Resistance i)​ The Sokoto Caliphate used Islamic and religious practices and Usman dan Fodio created the Caliphate in Sokoto and sold people for economic power and the British tried to stop it and were subdued in 1903 to be made part of Nigeria. ii)​ The British were fought by the Xhosa from 1811 to 1858 who didn’t want to be ruled over and they began to kill their cattle which resulted in famine but the British were not removed. iii)​ The Zulu Kingdom on the South coast of Africa went into war with the British in the 1870s but were defeated. iv)​ Chieftain Samory Toure led powerful warriors in Guinea in 1868-1880 and fought the French and failed and was offered protection but he couldn’t expand so he fought them and failed again and was sent to exile after trying to reestablish his kingdom in the Ivory Coast. v)​ During the Mahdist Revolution Muhammad Ahmad decreased himself to Mahdi and formed a group to fight against the Egyptian government and overran the British-Egyptian forces but capitulated after his death and infighting between leaders and Sudan returned to the British. vi)​ Yaa Asantewaa War began in 1823 when the british tried to subjugate the Asante Empire in Ghana but the final and fifth war, the war of the golden stool, had taken that object for the British governor of the gold coast and Yaa Asantewaa was exiled and the country became part of the G. Coast. 6.4 4)​ Global Economic Development a)​ Global Economic Development i)​ Railroads helped with the transportation from the interior of colonies to coastal ports and helped to open up colonial markets for manufactured goods. ii)​ The Europeans pointed to railroads as their evidence that imperialism helped Africa and Asia but it was for their own economic and political interests. iii)​ Cecil Rhodoes(De Beers Diamonds) wanted a railroad to go from Cairo to Cape Town for governance and mobilization for war although it was never made due to Britain not getting all their land.He paid the workers little and extracted as many resources as possible. iv)​ Steamships started to be used for long distance in the 1870s and the refrigeration equipment allowed perishables to be transported as well like meats and dairy across the oceans. v)​ The telegraph allowed for instantaneous information travel and these lines followed railroad routes and was Introduced to India(1850) and a connection between Europe and Australia(1872) and South America and Europe(1874). b)​ Agricultural Products i)​ Europeans turned agricultural societies into cash crop societies who grew tea, cotton, sugar, palm oils, rubber, and coffee for trade and had a detrimental effect on the subject nations. ii)​ Cattle ranches in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay produced beef for export for the European Middle class and sheep in Australia and New Zealand for lamb and mutton which could be processed and canned and shipped over long distances or shipped fresh. iii)​ Guano was an excellent fertilizer which in Chile and Peru had vast quantities of it and mined it(Chinese or Polynesian laborers). iv)​ The British started to improve their own textile Industry in Lancaster and put a 5% tariff on other countries, mainly India and Egypt which lost their export market in textiles and its domestic market due to European goods. c)​ Raw Materials i)​ Britain banned Indian textiles and got 80% of their cotton from the US and during the Confederacy’s posts being blocked, farmers in Australia to the West indies had to make up for the cotton loss and Egypt benefited from it and got 93% of its export revenue from cotton. ii)​ Rubber was made of Latex sap of trees and Charles Goodyear used vulcanization to make bike tires, hoses, gaskets, waterproof clothing, shoe soles and more. This rubber was native to South America and Central Africa and supplied half the world rubber supply and rubber  barons forced indigenous people into slavery and killed people who didn’t meet their quotas. Ceylon had received rubber tree seeds and thousands of acres were cleared to plant these trees for rubber plantations. iii)​ Palm oil was needed for constant lubrication of machinery in Europe and was used as trade currency in Africa and the Europeans established palm oil plantations in Malaya and Dutch East Indies. iv)​ Ivory tusks were valued and used for piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles, and ornamental carving. v)​ Chile, Northern Rhodesia, and the Belgian Congo produced copper(telegraph), Mexico produced silver, Bolivia , Nigeria, and the Dutch indies produced tin for storing food products, lastly Australia, SOuth Africa, West Africa, and Alaka produced and mined gold. vi)​ Cecil Rhodes was sent to South Africa and joined his brothers during the Diamond Rush and got his degree at Oxford and formed the De Beers Mining Company and produced 90% of the world’s diamonds. Eventually he was elected to Cape Parliament at 29 and became the most powerful man in South Africa and in 1890 became the prime minister of Cape Colony and drived racial segregation. d)​ Global Consequences i)​ Industrialization was from the need to find raw materials and make them into finished goods and export them and new technologies made this possible and improved agriculture to help the people. This allowed nations to become wealthier and grow global markets rapidly. ii)​ Farmers of cash crops created monoculture agriculture which plagues countries till this day due to depleting soil fertility and crop disease. 6.5 1)​ Economic Imperialism a)​ The Rise of Economic Imperialism i)​ Industrial powers like France, Japan, Germany, Britain and the US gained agricultural and raw material influence and Economic imperialism developed and took advantage of non-industrialized societies and exploited them to no end and colonial powers served their own economic interests, turning colonies into export economies for the main country’s gain. b)​ Economic Imperialism in Asia i)​ EEIC formed in 1600 and took control of the textile world in the 1700s and forced Indian weavers to correlate to European tastes but the British demanded them to limit their production. ii)​ The DEIC had the Dutch East Indies, but the government took control in 1799 and introduced a culture system where ⅕ of their crops had to be cash crops of work in a government field for 66 days if they had no land. iii)​ The British forced the Indians to grow opium in India and sell it in China which many became addicted to, and the company used the profit to buy tea. iv)​ The Chinese emperor criminalized the use of opinion and led to the first opium war and the British won but China was stumped at the power difference and the Treaty of Nanking was signed forcing China to open 4 ports to foreigners and opium. Then later Chinese officials were not satisfied with the treaty and led to the Second opium war and the Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to the British and legalized opium. v)​ Japan, France, GErmany, Russia, and the Us forced China to give them exclusive trading rights and the Us proposed a system where they could use China equally. c)​ Economic Imperialism in Africa i)​ The Europeans turned Africa from a farming for food crops to a land for producing cotton which left Africa in a drought, bringing famine, food shortages and many more due to greed. ii)​ Egypt embraced cotton and 93% of its exports relied on it and Sudan had many weaving companies owned by the British, Uganda exported cotton as well and in Kenya, the colonial governments forced the Africans out and had to provide cheap labor to white farmers and African farmers couldn’t export cash crops. iii)​ Though slavery was outlawed by the British in 1833, only until 1912 was it supresse in African colonies and it was used for palm oil, coffee, and cacao. People stopped using slave-grown cacao and it fell. d)​ Economic Imperialism In Latin America  i)​ The New imperialism sought for cheap labor, raw materials, and new markets for their goods which landed in Latin America where britain became the LArgest inverter($10bn) in Argenia, Mexico and Brazil ii)​ The Us first invested in Mexico and Cuba and supported infrastructure, industry railways, shipping, banking and financial sectors. Also, it produced the Monroe Doctrine which opposed European colonization as it was in the US's sphere of Influence. iii)​ Britain invested more in Argentina than India and turned it into the richest in South America and improved breeding stock, railroads, and telegraph systems. The British also financed Puerto Madera. iv)​ Chile produced copper and it became 1/3rd of the government’s income. v)​ The rubber industry declined in Brazil due to Malaysia’s lower cost demonstrating the European and US company advantages. vi)​ Foreign investors used the government to get what they wanted like the United Fruit Company pressured landowners to maintain favorable conditions becoming banana republics which were unstable. e)​ Economic Imperialism in Hawaii i)​ The power of investments dominated small states like Hawaii which overthrew their Constitutional Monarchy and became a US territory. ii)​ The Industrial Revolution developed the demand for raw materials and technological abilities and set the stage for economic imperialism. 6.6 2)​ Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World a)​ Migration through labor Systems i)​ Although slavery was abolished, European states recruited new laborers to work on plantations, Indians to Africa, Caribbean and Fiji, Chinese to California and Malaya and Japanese to Hawaii Peru and Cuba. ii)​ Slavery was abolished in most American countries except for the Us but was abolished in 1865. Indentured servants were working to be free and transportation or to pay off debt. Some stayed and brought their cultures to the new lands. iii)​ Asian Contract laborers were sent to Triniadad and around 500k Chinese were sent to South East Asia and 12500 to Cuba who worked on Sugar plantations. They were unskilled laborers and were exploited and worked for low wages and the Media criticized the system leading to Us congress banning Asian contracting working.] iv)​ The British sent convicts from England, Scotland, and India to Australia and many worked on government projects to earn their freedom. Though it was stopped as it was not considered as a punishment and attracted 60k Chinese due to the gold rush and became successful. v)​ French New Caledonia served as a prison for convicts and political prisoners and were underfed and forced to do hard labor. b)​ Migration in the Face if Challanges i)​ Poverty drove Indians to take contacts on working in plantations in British colonies and were on 5 year contracts and 1.5 million were shipped to Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Oceania before 1916. ii)​ The Chinese migrants only moved to the gold rush first in California and were racially segregated. Many paid to move and some were indentured servants but a majority planned to move back to China. Most migrated due to famine or the Taiping Rebellion causing many to emigrate to the Americas. iii)​ Irish people left the Uk due to political reasons or the great famine causing many to move to the US. iv)​ 7 million Italians moved to other countries in Europe or the Americas due to poverty and the unification of Italy or organized crime in Southern Italy. c)​ Migration to Settler Colonies i)​ France and Britain fought in the 7 year war and Britain won, driving France out of India and the British East India Company Took the land of the Mughals and controlled from Pakistan to Kashmir. Also they invited native Indian soldiers who then rebelled but were suppressed. d)​ Migration,Transportation, and Urbanization i)​ British citizens lived in the colonies permanently in Canada, SA, Aus,or NZ but others didn’t stay in India, MA, and Kenya.  ii)​ Geddes Bain emigrated to Cape Town in 1816 and made the first geological map of South Africa and reported the copper mines and British engineers spread western science throughout the world. iii)​ Argentina was Britain's informal colony and the British who settled in Argentina were businessmen, traders, bankers, and engineers who founded banks and developed Industry as well as importing luxuries for the middle class. iv)​ Japan established its own Colonization Society and sent many to the Us to study and the Us and Japan had an informal agreement where Japan would no longer allow emigration to the US. e)​ Migration, Transportation and Urbanization i)​ Improvements in transportation technology allowed for people to go home in which Japan made a contract with Hawwi for 19k Japanese to work on sugar plantations for 3 years. 6.7 3)​ Effects of Migration a)​ Changes in Home Societies i)​ Women got more power over their lives in other countries while going with their husbands and if they stayed home, the money they got from their husbands helped them to get an education along with their children. b)​ Effects of Migration on Receiving Societies i)​ Ethnic enclaves were formed where people of the same foreign country would come together to form a similar way of life as their home country. ii)​ Chinese would emigrate to Southeast Asia where they managed commerce(Indochina), opium farms(British) held posts within colonial governments(DEI) and controlled trade throughout Southeast Asia. iii)​ The Chinese immigrants came to the US during the California gold rush and worked on farms and the TCRR. iv)​ Between 1847 and 1874, 225k Chinese workers were sent to Cuba and Peru and 80% worked on Sugar plantations, cigarette factories, and public works projects and built the Andean railroad. They left their imprint on the food in Peru. v)​ Indians were the first indentured servants sent to work in British colonies of Mauritius, South Africa, Malay, Ceylon and Burma. vi)​ Idnians were sent to Kenya(32k) and have a large impact on the populations of both Kenya and Mauritius. vii)​ Hindus brought their caste system and social laws but were abandoned and the Hindu and Muslim Indian populations were divided and Mohandes Gandhi wanted to practice law but was not able to and he founded the Natal Indian Congress to expose the racism of Indians in South Africa and became a leader in the nationalist movement against British Rule. viii)​ In south east asia, the kangani system in which families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations led 6 million to migrate there and kept close ties with india. ix)​ Scots-Irish came before the American Revolution while those who came after were poor and worked in factories and constructed canals. They migrated due to the Great Famine and many were women seeking work and husband and became domestic servants. x)​ They Influenced the development of St.Patties day and some became wealthy like the Kennedys and Fitzgeralds. xi)​ The Argentine Constitution allowed for Europeans to gain the same civil rights as their citizens and by the early 20th century, ⅕ were Italian of the European emigrants and influenced the Argentine Spanish.  xii)​ Wages in Argentina were higher than italy and the cost of living was lower which led Italians to move there and 40% of Buenos Aires was owned by Italians. c)​ Prejudice and Regulation of Immigration i)​ The US passed laws which prohibited hiring Chinese, made them not citizens, and encouraged towns and cities to remove them or segregate them. ii)​ The Chinese Exclusion Act banned Immigration of Chinese and was repealed in 1943. Though after the US passed those laws they moved to Mexico which supported immigration working as truck farmers, shopkeepers, and manufacturers. iii)​ Australia limited the amount of Chinese who could come there and Chinese were killed and plundered their things in New South Wales and were imposed a tax for entering the country in 1881. iv)​ Chinatowns developed in Australia in Queensland and they hated the Chinese and Anti-Chinese leagues developed. 6.8 4)​ Causation in the Imperial Age a)​ Global Economic Development i)​ Due to increased automation, the use of interchangeable parts, the division and specialization of labor, and the assembly line, the efficiency of industrial production increased leading to greater output and increased industrial production leading to competition and increasing the standards of life. ii)​ The standard of living is adjusted for inflation and is seen through real wages and studies show wage increase was low till 1819 and parallel consumption.Although, the wealth gap became more pronounced and was offset by pollution, crowded cities and costs of war. b)​ Overseas Expansion i)​ Domestic markets couldn’t consume the amount of goods produced leading to international trade of capitalist systems which caused political rivalries amongst industrialized societies who sought new customers and enlisted government help. ii)​ New amounts of natural resources were acquired like iron, tin, bauxite, rubber and copper from Africa, SE Asia and Latin America. Also, the US, Western Europe and Japan saw the benefit of controlling world resources from the past of creating colonies in the WH and IO. iii)​ Dependent colonial economies saw little development and reliance on cash crops left them vulnerable to natural disasters. People In these regions were dominated by Western Powers and most of Africa was under control of Europeans and same with Asia. They were able to do this through technological advancements through the industrial revolution, advancements in military, ship building, and medicine to assert their control. c)​ Seeds of Revolution and Rebellion i)​ After the colonies revolted and became independent, France threw out the monarchy and Spanish or Portuguese colonies became independent. ii)​ Other people would see these revolutions like the sepoys who rose but were suppressed but they did affect the disbandment of the BEIC and become under rule of the British government(British Raj). iii)​ In China, the Boxers tried to get rid of Western influence of Christian missionaries and such nacacest movements led to successful nationalism after WWII. d)​ Migration and Discrimination i)​ People moved from rural or under-industrialized societies to more developed areas of Europe and they often left to go to the US or Canada for economic opportunity, increasing their workforce. People often settled there and Indentured servants from China, Japan, and SOuth Asia moved toward the Americas, SEA, Africa, or Australia and were persecuted against them due to them providing cheaper labor and went into enclaves.