AP World History Unit 6 Economic Imperialism PDF

ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM (c. 1750 – C. 1900) 6.5 Economic Imperialism (c. 1750 – c. 1900) Topic 6.5 Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900. The Rise of Economic Imperialism (late 1800s) industrial countries (Britain, US, France, Jap...

ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM (c. 1750 – C. 1900) 6.5 Economic Imperialism (c. 1750 – c. 1900) Topic 6.5 Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900. The Rise of Economic Imperialism (late 1800s) industrial countries (Britain, US, France, Japan, Germany) controlled global production of food and raw materials economic imperialism developed (foreign business interests have economic power and influence beyond their national borders) colonial powers served own economic interests as colonies exported cash crops, minerals, raw materials and bought manufactured goods Economic Imperialism in Asia (1700s) British East India Company dominated textile industry (supplying raw materials to Britain and finished fabrics to the world) (1858) British government ended East India Company’s control of India after the Sepoy Rebellion (establishing the British Raj) Dutch East India Company dominated the Spice Islands in Southeast Asia (1799) Dutch government revoked company’s charter and took direct control of Dutch East Indies (1830) Dutch introduced the Culture System forcing farmers in Dutch East Indies to produce cash crops or perform corvee labor Dutch government expected 1/5th of all cash crops produced or 66 days of labor a year (if they had no land) British East India Company got silk and porcelain from China in exchange for silver (Chinese bought no British goods creating a trade imbalance) East India Company began forcing farmers in India to produce opium (highly addictive drug) and sold it in China in exchange for silver Opium factory in India (1830s) 30,000 chests of opium entering China annually (the Chinese grew desperate to stop the trade) 1767: 1,000 chests of opium sent to China 1838: 40,000 chests of opium sent to China (1840) 2 million addicts (1880) 120 million addicts failed diplomacy and law enforcement to end opium trade led the Chinese to burn warehouses and ships containing opium Chinese authorities ordered the destruction of opium (20,000 chests) “By what right do [British merchants] use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people? I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries.” -Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of England “I take the opportunity unhesitatingly to declare that after the most unbiased and careful observations, I have become convinced that during my stay in China the alleged demoralizing…evils of opium have been and are vastly exaggerated. I have neither myself seen such vicious consequences…nor have I been able to obtain proofs or information of their existence.” -Henry Pottinger, British diplomat The HMS Nemesis (modern battleship) Chinese junk Called the “Devil Ship” by the Chinese (1839) the Opium Wars began when Britain declared war on China (several tons of opium had been burned) (1842) the British easily defeated China and forced them to sign Treaty of Nanjing China had to pay for costs of war, open five ports to British trade (ending Canton system), and gave up island of Hong Kong China had to open five more ports to British trade, in addition to Canton China had to pay Britain’s expenses for the war, totaling $21 million dollars! China had to give up Hong Kong Island to Britain “in perpetuity” treaty forced China to grant Britain “most-favored-nation” status giving it trading advantages over other nations (like a low tariff) (1856-1860) further wars saw China sign more “unequal treaties” with France, Russia, the US, and Japan (by 1900) Chinese ports controlled by foreign powers as spheres of influence (granting exclusive trading rights and extraterritoriality) the US suggested the Open Door Policy in China (urging European nations to allow free competition over Chinese market) policy opposed by nations with established spheres but was embraced by those looking to exploit the Chinese market (like the US) other nations reluctantly agreed to Open Door Policy (further opening China to economic imperialism) Economic Imperialism in Africa Africans provided industrial powers with cash crops and minerals and bought manufactured goods in return the unequal trade between Africans and colonial powers made the colonies economically dependent on industrial countries reliance on single cash crops left Africans vulnerable (a drought or falling global prices could mean economic disaster) as food production declined (in favor of cash crops) Africans became more susceptible to famine Egypt, Sudan (where the British Plantation Syndicate forced transition to cash crops), and Uganda produced cotton for the British in Kenya the British drove the native Kikuyu people into desolate lands while the most fertile lands were reserved for white farmers cocoa became major cash crop in West Africa (along with palm oil, palm kernels, peanuts) (1833) Britain banned slavery in its African colonies but slavery remained widespread in rest of Africa French army paid African soldiers in slaves and French colonial administrators relied on slave labor slave labor used in cash crop plantations (though some European companies and countries began phasing it out through the 1800s) Economic Imperialism in Latin America (1800s) despite earning political independence, many Latin American countries grew economically dependent on industrial countries this “new imperialism” (led by US and Europe) focused on raw materials, cash crops, exploiting cheap labor, establishing new markets Britain replaced Spain as the major trading partner with Latin America but as the US industrialized it sought more economic influence (1823) the Monroe Doctrine warned against European influence in the Americas (to protect US economic interests in Latin America) “The occasion has been judged proper for asserting…that the American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. We should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. …we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them…by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States” -Monroe Doctrine US investments were concentrated in Mexico and Cuba (supporting infrastructure, mining, ranching, cash crops) Britain invested heavily in Argentina (helping that country become the richest in Latin America) Argentina’s Pampas (grassy plains) saw development of large-scale farming and ranching Argentinian port of Puerto Madero built by the British to facilitate export of goods Chile’s economic development saw transition from cash crops to copper mining (serving the demand of industrial countries) Brazil’s rubber industry declined as cheaper production expanded in other parts of world Brazil’s economy was devastated which demonstrates how relying on a single cash crop creates a fragile economy the US and Europe supported dictators in Central America and the Caribbean that served their economic interests these “banana republics” were politically unstable states economically dependent on exporting products to industrial countries (1899) the United Fruit Company based in the US owned fruit plantations throughout Central America and the Caribbean Economic Imperialism in Hawaii (1820s) US increased influence in Hawaiian Islands (providing the US with better access to Asian markets) US signed treaties with Hawaii establishing trade rights and use of Pearl Harbor Hawaiian sugar and fruit trade increasingly valuable (dominated by US businesses) 1875 - Reciprocity Treaty 1890 - McKinley Tariff 1893 - American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani 1894 - Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani opposed annexation but Americans living in Hawaii revolted in 1893 Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha-a-Kapaʻakea after the revolt annexation seemed likely but some Americans opposed colonization (given democratic ideals of US) “the military demonstration upon the soil of Honolulu was of itself an act of war; unless made either with the consent of the government of Hawaii or for the bona fide purpose of protecting the imperiled lives and property of citizens of the United States. …the existing government, instead of requesting the presence of an armed force, protested against it. There is as little basis for the pretense that forces were landed for the security of American life and property.” -President Grover Cleveland (1898) the US annexed Hawaii during the Spanish-American War as the country sought to increase colonial possessions