AP World History World War I PDF

Descent Into the Abyss World War I The Road to World War I Militarism: glorification of war and the military Increased size of armies Increased influence of military leaders Conscription accepted practice Alliances: nations formed alliances with one another, signing formal alliances an...

Descent Into the Abyss World War I The Road to World War I Militarism: glorification of war and the military Increased size of armies Increased influence of military leaders Conscription accepted practice Alliances: nations formed alliances with one another, signing formal alliances and informal agreements Triple Entente: Russia, France, and Great Britain Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Brinkmanship Imperialism: stronger countries taking control of weaker countries Economic Political Social Tension Nationalism: growing pride in their own country Competition v Cooperation Intensified rivalries among nations Imperialist expansion Intensified trade Raw materials New markets  Labor Colonial holdings There are 4 main reasons for WW I M ilitarism A lliances I mperialism N ationalism Growing Militarism Creates Tension Aggressive nature of Germany Franco-Prussian War: France lost Alsace-Lorraine Balkan unrest Austria annexes Bosnia Ended Serbian desire for united Balkan state Schlieffen Plan Germany would fight war on 2 fronts Archduke Francis Ferdinand Visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia Gavrillo Princip: Serbian nationalist killed the Archduke and his wife Austria declares war on Serbia Russia (Serbia’s ally) declares war on Austria And the “Great War” is about to begin! Germany attacks France, by way of Belgium Engages Britain Germany attacks Russia Russia attacks Austria Allies and colonies all at war! Technology Wins! New weapons Machine guns  Barbed wire Poison gas Trench warfare Airplanes Submarines Early stalemate What is Total War? Homefront Political leadership Industry Women Colonies Raw materials Manpower U.S. Entry into War: A Shot in the Arm! 1915: Lusitania American supplies to allies German submarine use April 1917: Declaration of War American economy booms! Treaty of Versailles Germany guilty of starting war Reparations Reduce army Eliminate air force Return Alsace-Lorraine Rhineland a DMZ Germany VERY unhappy Vows to resist No League of Nations The World Between Wars: Revolution, Depression and Authoritarian Response The 1920’s were in a large part shaped by WWI and movements in place before the war. 1. Western Europe only partially recovers 2. U.S. and Japan become industrial giants. 3. Revolutions shake Mexico, Russia and China The Twenties Optimism, cultural creativity Women ◦ Lose place in workforce ◦ Gain voting rights Canada, Australia, New Zealand become more autonomous ◦ Strong economies, rapid immigration New Authoritarianism The Rise of Fascism Benito Mussolini- Italy ◦ Eliminates opponents ◦ Government directed programs ◦ Suspends elections, 1926 New Central European Nations Authoritarian governments dominate Representative governments ◦ e.g. Germany, Canada, Japan Social change, economic prosperity Democracy challenged ◦ Italy, central Europe American, Japanese powerful Revolutions: First Waves Mexico-land reform, education and nationalism Zapata, Villa, Huerta eventually yield to Obregon Post-Revolution led by pro-Marxist PRI under Rivera ◦ “Indianize” ◦ Gov’t control of oil industry ◦ Russia Tsar abdicates 1917 Kerensky leads failed provisional government Lenin (Bolshevik) ends involvement in WWI Trotsky leads red army in civil war Union of Soviet Socialist Republic-1923 ◦ authoritarian Soviet Union Communist Party ◦ Organize workers, students, women ◦ Encourage education Lenin dies 1924 Stalin wins control ◦ “socialism in one country” ◦ Kills or exiles rivals China Fall of Qing in 1912 Led by Sun Yat-sen’s Revolutionary Alliance Weak May 4th Movement to Westernize Warlords hold power Japanese involvement Seizure of Power Sun Yat-sen dies 1925 Chiang Kai-shek takes over (anti-Communist Guomindang) West approves Mao Zedong-revolutionary Marxist, courted peasant support Long march-1934, 90,000 travel 1,000’s miles to remote area Goal to prevent Japanese takeover Great Depression Global Causes: ◦ WWI European economy ◦ Farmers overproduce and prices fall ◦ Lending nations demanded repayment ◦ High tariffs ◦ Employment declining Worldwide Depression NYSE collapses October 1929 Employment and production fall worldwide Western governments take more control of their economies Stalin creates brutal industrial society Japan’s decline leads to political crisis Response to Depression West-ineffective or overturned parliamentary systems New Deal-aid to Americans, economic planning, growth of government and increased confidence Europe-rise of fascism Authoritarian regimes in L. America and Japan Totalitarian regime in Soviet Union Nazism Treaty of Versailles Hitler exploits situation calling for need to unite Took power in 1933 Totalitarian state Gestapo Nationalism, propaganda and Jewish attacks Treaty violations met with weak response Fascism Spreads Hungary Romania Italy Spanish civil war Latin America Mexico-land redistribution, oil nationalized Brazil-Vargas; corporatist regime modeled after Italy Argentina-Peron; militarist, nationalist https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Spy3Nd2D6w Japan Military authoritarian rule based on expansion By 1938 controlled Manchuria, Korea, Taiwan and parts of China Heavily industrialized Stalinism Totalitarian state by late 1920’s Communist and independent-avoided Great Depression Repressive police state (similar to Nazism) “collectives” replaced private ownership Economy enforced by starvation and murder of millions Highly industrialized Wasteful of resources Soviet Rule Cities grow Welfare services increased Heroic image of workers Artists, writers and intellectuals exiled to labor camps Opponents executed Non-aggression pact with Germany Attacks eastern Poland and Finland 20th Century Revolutions: Causes Similar to earlier revolutions, causes included rural discontent, population pressure and high taxes. New causes include the disruptions of the Industrial Revolution and a Western-centered global market system. Discontented WWI soldiers were a ready source of militant action. Opposition to Western influence and the Communist theories of Marx, Lenin and Mao were factors not existing in prior revolutions. World War II and the End of the European World Order The Path to War in Europe Hitler’s rise to power Jan. 30, 1933: Chancellor Revise unfair Treaty of Versailles March 9, 1935: formation of new air force March 16, 1935: draft to increase army Alliances: Franco in the Spanish Civil War Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia Austria: Anschluss-threat of invasion forces chancellor to put Nazis in charge of government European response: Great Britain: appeasement France: non-aggressive without support from Great Britain Unwillingness to risk war The Path to War in Japan Manchuria Seized by Japanese soldiers “Mukden” incident Need for resources Desire for Siberia Alliances See Hitler as an ally Russia-German Non-Aggression Pact Southeast Asia New source for resources Roosevelt criticizes bombing of U.S. Navy ship in China The War Europe Hitler invades Poland (1939) Denmark and Norway (1940) Netherlands, Belgium, and France (1940) Rapid surrender to Luftwaffe Troop trains Great Britain: never gains a foothold Bombs naval bases, harbors, communication centers, and war industrial complex Hitler changes tactic: bombs civilian areas RAF has opportunity to rebuild Russian Front Hitler turns attention to Russia in 1941 Defeat before winter 1,800 mile front Fierce resistance Defeat of Nazi troops for first time! Back to Japan! Plan for surprise attack…but where!?! Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 Destruction of U.S. warships Belief U.S. would surrender Don’t want war Cowardly Undisciplined Accept Japanese domination of the Pacific U.S. declares war on Japan Last Years of the War: 1943-44 Italy Strong German lines prevented Allied win until June, 1944 Germany Allied invasion of Normandy in June, 1944 Paris free by August Joined Soviet troops to liberate Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria An End in Sight in Europe! Mussolini killed April 28, 1945 by his troops Hitler blames war on the Jews Kills himself April 30, 1945 But no end in sight in the Pacific… Battle of Midway Turning point for Allied forces June 1942: U.S. planes destroy 4 Japanese aircraft carriers “Island hopping” General MacArthur Atomic bomb Hiroshima: August 6, 1945 Nagasaki: August 9, 1945 Japanese surrender unconditionally! It’s finally over…but the suffering goes on…and on! Hitler’s Europe German supremacy Superiority of Aryans Take land and resources as needed Enslave or eliminate those in the way Holocaust Aryan supremacy threatened by Jews Eliminate Jewish “problem” Concentration camps Extermination: 2 out of 3 Jews Mass graves One-half million Gypsies and Slavic people killed Result of war on the home front: The Soviet Union Suffered huge losses 2 out of 5 killed were Soviet citizens Stalin concerned with military readiness Massive production of military machines Shortages for citizens Food and housing scarce Little concern for production of consumer goods Postwar U.S. No war on U.S. turf Boom towns Economic boom Fulfill industrial demands Mass move to cities Black migration leads to racial issues Shortages of housing Shortages of schools Japanese-Americans Internment camps Postwar Germany Early success Rapid victories Gain resources No sacrifice on part of German people Total mobilization Eventual losses create need to mobilize Economy Military Too late for success Defeat for Japan Tradition of obedience Loyal to government Obey emperor Brings honor Hierarchical society Do what you are told Respect those above you Kamikaze : “divine wind” Sacrificed their lives Good of the whole society Common thread…critical role played by women