DSE Geography Notes 2025 Fieldwork-Based Questions PDF

DSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES 2025 Fieldwork-based Question (FBQs) 2025 DSE FBQ topics : C3 Changing Industrial Location***************** C6 Disappearing Green Canopy*** C7 Climatic Change The flow of the field trip : Step 1 : Planning and preparation - Season /...

DSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES 2025 Fieldwork-based Question (FBQs) 2025 DSE FBQ topics : C3 Changing Industrial Location***************** C6 Disappearing Green Canopy*** C7 Climatic Change The flow of the field trip : Step 1 : Planning and preparation - Season / Day / Time of field trip - Fieldwork Topic (Hypothesis / Aim) Step 2 : Data collection - 6 diSerent sampling methods - 8 diSerent data collecting methods - Primary data and Secondary data Step 3 : Data processing and presentation - Data Processing : Categorization/Combination, Counting, Calculation, GIS - Data Presentation : 7 types of graphs, Correlation, Three types of thematic map Step 4 : Conclusion Step 5 : Evaluation - Extension - Limitation and improvement 1  CH.1 Planning and Preparation Step 1 : Planning and preparation - Season / Day / Time of field trip - Fieldwork Topic (Hypothesis / Aim) 1. Get relevant data? 時 Weather? (Temperature? / Rainfall? Visibility?) 2. High risks? 地 Accessible? Safe? 時 What are the advantages/disadvantages of the chosen seasons/date/time of the field trip? Topic Season +ve -ve C6 Spring Stable weather = low risk Foggy weather = high risk Summer Denser Vegetation Growth = Extreme hot weather/Unstable Getting adequate relevant weather = High Risk data Autumn Stable weather = low risk High risk of hill fire Winter High risk of hill fire Extreme cold weather = High risk Topic Season +ve -ve C3 Spring Stable weather = low risk / Summer SuSicient Sunlight = Extreme hot weather/Unstable C7 Getting adequate relevant weather = High Risk data Autumn Stable weather = low risk High risk of hill fire Winter High risk of hill fire Extreme cold weather = High risk 2 Topic Time +ve -ve C6 Noon SuSicient Sunlight = Extreme hot weather/Unstable Afternoon Getting adequate relevant weather = High Risk data At night Get lost in the woodland = High risk Topic Time +ve -ve C3 Weekday Suitable for field studies that Extreme hot weather/Unstable / Peak hour require more heavy traSic, weather = High Risk C7 more working population à Getting adequate relevant data Weekend Suitable for field studies that Restricted access at night Non-peak require less heavy traSic, less à Cannot get adequate hour working population relevant data à Getting adequate relevant data 地 What are the site selection criteria of the field trip? Topic Sites C6 - Related to the field trip topic à Getting adequate relevant data - Related to accessibility - Risks / Safety issue related to woodland condition C3 - Related to the field trip topic à Getting adequate relevant data / - Related to accessibility C7 - Risks / Safety issue related to road condition 3 Question for discussion 1. A group of students conducted a geographical investigation to study the impact of urban encroachment on agricultural land uses over the past decades in area X. Figure 1a is a sketch map showing area X and its adjacent area. Explain why area X is an appropriate field study site for the geographical investigation. (4 marks) _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 4 2. A group of students conducted a geography fieldwork in Hong Kong. Table 1a shows some fieldwork instructions. Positive Negative Getting adequate relevant data High risk 5 3. A group of students conducted a geography fieldwork in woodland in Hong Kong. Table 1a shows some fieldwork instructions. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 6  Setting up hypothesis Fieldwork Topic Aim-setting Setting up hypothesis To predict the relationship between two variable (e.g.) Alternative Hypothesis : - Two variables contains (positive / negative) relationship : (A increase ; B increase) (A decrease ; B decrease) Null Hypothesis : No relationship between two variables Aim-setting A clear fieldwork topic should be set before data collection at field sites Question for discussion A group of students conducted a geography fieldwork on the coast to study longshore drift. Figure 1a shows the tools and instruments required for the field study. Figure 1b is a sketch map of the field study sites and the surrounding areas. Table 1c shows the data collected in the field study. 7 1. Why is this investigation not a hypothesis? (2 marks) _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 8 2. What is the aim of this field study? ( 1 marks ) _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Suggest another field study topic to be carried out in the area shown in Figure 1b. (1 mark) _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9 Question for discussion A group of students conducted a geography fieldwork in Yuen Long InnoPark. Table 1a shows some fieldwork instructions. Figure 1b shows a conversation between two groupmates. Table 1a Fieldwork topic A study of the relationship between the industrial activities and the environmental quality Fieldwork schedule A day in Jul at 20:30 Sites for data collection KEY : Investigation Area Figure 1b Groupmate A : It will be more suitable to conduct the field study at noon. Groupmate B : No, it may have trouble. I suggest to have a field study at winter. […] 10 Refer to Table 1a, (a) Does this study have a suitable fieldwork topic? (3 marks) _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ (b) Comment on the fieldwork schedule. ( 4 marks ) _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Refer to Figure 1b, (c) Which groupmate do you agree? Explain your answer. ( 3 marks ) _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 11  Topic 2 : Data collection Step 2 : Data Collection - 6 diSerent sampling methods - 8 diSerent data collecting methods - Primary data and Secondary data 6 di%erent sampling methods Probabilistic sampling method 1. Random sampling 2. Systematic sampling 3. Stratified sampling Non-probabilistic sampling 4. Convenience sampling method 5. Quota sampling 6. Purposing sampling Sampling methods (1), (2), and (3) are less prone to bias (they are more objective and thus more representative of the population). Still, they are time-consuming, less cost- eSective, and more diSicult to implement. 時間成本容易代表偏覆 Pros Cons Time 時間 Time-eSicient Time-consuming Cost 成本 Cost-eSicient Not cost-eSicient Degree of Ease Easy / Simple Complex / DiSiciult 容易 Representative Can represent the population : Fail to represent the 代表 - SuSicient coverage population : Bias 偏 - Objective / Fair methods minimize - InsuSicient coverage Coverage 覆 sampling bias - Subjective methods increase the chance of sampling bias 12 Probabilistic sampling method 1. Random sampling 2. Systematic sampling 3. Stratified sampling 13 1. Random sampling Sample units are picked at random Procedure : 1. Deciding on the population 2. Deciding on the sample size from the population 3. Assigning a number to each individual, sample units are picked at random Deciding the population Deciding the sampling size Random selection N n Nàn Deciding the population Deciding the sampling size Random selection ○ 1 ○4 ○ 6 ○7 ○ 9 Pros and cons(P. ) Advantage - Good representation of the population - No human bias ( as it is a probabilistic sampling method) - When the population is small : time-eSicient, low cost, simple to implement - Easy to conduct statistics Disadvantage - Time-consuming and expensive when those samples are scattered over a wide area, or the population is too high - Hard to achieve in practice, as it requires an accurate list of the whole population - Coverage : May not be able to cover all sub-groups of the population 14 Hypothesis : Temperature of commercial land use is higher than that of recreational land use 15 2. Systematic sampling Sample units are picked according to regular interval Procedure : 1. Deciding on the population 2. Deciding on the sample size from the population 3. Calculate the sampling interval ( Total / number of sample) 4. Randomly assign the starting point 5. Sample units are picked according to regular interval Deciding the population Deciding the sampling size Select at regular interval N n (N/n), (N/n) Deciding the population Deciding the Select at regular interval sampling size n = ___ Pros and cons(P. ) Advantage - Good representation of the population - No human bias ( as it is a probabilistic sampling method) - Wide coverage : evenly sampled/ achieving regular sampling pattern - Easy to implement Disadvantage - Error occurs for ordered data 16 Aim of study : Human impact on wind speed in a woodland 17  3. Stratified sampling Dividing the population into a number of sub-group Procedure : 1. Deciding on the population 2. Deciding the population into a number of sub-group according the characteristic of the sites 3. Deciding on the sample size from the population 4. Selecting same number or proportional number of sample points in each sub-group 5. Deciding on another sampling method : Stratified (random/systematic) sampling Deciding the population Dividing into sub-groups Deciding on sample size of each sub-groups N N1 N1 à n N2 N2 à n N3 N3 à n Stratified random sampling : Stratified systematic sampling : Random selecting Selection at regular interval In each sub-groups : In each sub-groups : - Assigning a number to each individual - Calculate the sampling interval - Sample points are picked at random - Randomly assign the starting point - Sample units are picked according to that regular interval 18 Pros and cons(P. ) Advantage - Good representation of the population - No human bias ( as it is a probabilistic sampling method) - Good for statistical analysis : Comparison between sub-groups Disadvantage - Very time consuming to find the population size of each stratum - DiSiculty in identifying appropriate strata - Statistical analysis : More complex to organize and analyze results Hypothesis : Temperature of commercial land use is higher than that of recreational land use 19 Question for discussion 1. A group of students conducted a geography fieldwork in woodland in Hong Kong. Table 1a shows some fieldwork instructions. Refer to Table 1a, (a) Which sampling method did the students use? How do you know? (2 marks) (b) Explain why this sampling method is used. (4 marks) 20 2. Refer to Figures 1a and 1b. Account for the merits and demerits of the method of selecting field study sites used by the students. ( 4 marks ) 21 3. A group of students carried out a geographical field study in an urban area of Hong Kong. Figure 1a shows the information on the field study. Figure 1a Aim of study To investigate the level of outdoor thermal comfort of pedestrians Fieldwork schedule 15:00 Sites for data collection KEY : ----(Tsuen Wan) Area A Area B Key : (Sites for data collection) (Sampling Point) Refer to Figure 1a. Describe the sampling design process of this field study and account for the advantage of the chosen sampling method. (5 marks) 22 Non-probabilistic sampling method 4. Convenience sampling 5. Quota Sampling 6. Purposing sampling 23  4. Convenience sampling Finding sample units that are easiest / most convenient to access Question for discussion 2024 DSE (modified) A group of students conducted a geography field study on the wind speed in urban area. Table 1a shows some fieldwork instructions. Refer to Figure 1a, (a) Describe and explain why the field study area suits this geography field study. (3 marks) (b) Identify and explain the sampling method used to select the sampling points. Then, state the merits and demerits of this sampling method. (5 marks) 24  5. Quota sampling For each data set, a quota is set on the sampling unit Procedure : 1. Deciding on the sample size 2. For each data set, a quota is set on the number of sampling units Example 1 : Example 2 : Interviewing _______ Tsuen Wan residents on the street to investigate their perception of the thermal comfort of their living area : Data set Quota Sample size Age 11-15 Age 16-20 Age 21-30 Age 31-40 Age 41-50 Age 51-60 Age 61-70 25 Pros and cons(P. ) Advantage - Easy to conduct - Time-eSicient - Cost-eSective - Coverage : Spreads the sample more evenly over the population Disadvantage - Not representative as it is non-probabilistic sampling method - Prone to human bias - Prone to statistical error ( incomprehensive statistical analysist) 6. Purposive sampling Finding sample units that contain the characteristics that you need in the sample Example : Conducting an interview about the predication of Hong Kong weather in 2050 under possible scenarios of global warming - Finding experts from local universities or Hong Kong Observatory as the interviewees Pros and cons(P. ) Advantage - Easy to conduct - Time-eSicient - Cost-eSective - Achieving the aim of the research : Quality responses can be conducted Disadvantage - Not representative as it is non-probabilistic sampling method - Prone to human bias - Prone to statistical error ( incomprehensive statistical analysist) 26 8 di%erent data collecting methods (MC 觀察掃評繪問卷訪問) 1. Measurement 2. Counting 3. Observation 4. Sketching/field notes(observation) 5. Assessment form/ scoring(observation) 6. mapping (observation) 7. Questionnaire survey 8. Interview Methods How (Step) Example Methods How / (Step) Example 1. Measurement - Use instruments to conduct - Measuring soil measurement to achieve the aim of moisture in the soil study laboratory Abney level (⼿⽔準儀) - Measuring tree height of a woodland by using Abney level and measuring tape - Measuring light intensity of a woodland by using Measuring tape(拉尺) a light meter Light meter (光度計) 27 Methods How / (Step) Example 2. Counting - A counter - Using a counter to count the vehicle flow in a urban field study 3. Observation - Choose an appropriate sampling - Industrial and method urban field study : Types of vehicles - Make observation of each sampling site and mark the result on the record sheet - Take relevant photos of the site 4. Sketching/field notes(observation) - Choose an appropriate sampling method - Make observation of each sampling site and sketch the view on the field notes 28 Methods How / (Step) Example 5. Assessment - Prepare an environmental quality assessment form – using form/ the form to evaluate diSerent aspects by observation scoring(observation) - Choose an appropriate sampling method - Make observation of each sampling site and mark the result on the record sheet - Take relevant photos of the site - Calculate the total marks and grade the environmental quality 6. mapping (Use a map to show your observation) - Investigating the (observation) impact of diSerent Type 1 : Using points, lines, polygons land uses on air - Prepare a base map temperature - Categorizing land uses - Prepare the legends (key) for diSerent land uses - data collection by observation - Choose an appropriate sampling method - Make observation of each sampling site, then identify and record land use - Take relevant photos of the site Type 2 : Using grids - Dividing the field study area into grids - DSE2021 : - Identifying the most representable land To study the use in each grid square impact of urban - Collecting data by observation encroachment on agricultural land - Choose an appropriate sampling use method - Make observation of each sampling site, then identify and record land use - Take relevant photos of the site 29  https://shorturl.at/QQQwB Type 3 : Geographic Information System (_______________) - After data collection, maps are made in GIS software by performing map overlay - Outputting a map layer consisting of new shape by overlaying two or more layers Supplement - Overlying ‘grid’ Combining characteristics of two or more layers and assign a new value to each grid in the output layer + = As it is technically easier to use grids to perform map overlay, sometimes conversion from “point, line or polygon” format to “grid” format is performed before performing map overlay 7. Questionnaire survey Qualitative Quantitative 8. Interview ○ 7 ○ 8 Questionnaire 1. Setting questionnaire questions related to the topic (Determining the format of questionnaire, e.g. close-ended questions, setting scales, giving scores?) 2. Determining targeted interviewees 3. Adopting appropriate sampling method for selection of interviewees ( e.g. Quota sampling) 4. Determining suitable mode of interview (face-to-face?) 5. Carrying out pilot test if necessary (can make adjustment) 30  Interview 1. Setting interview questions related to the topic (Determining the format of questionnaire, e.g. close-ended questions, setting scales, giving scores?) (follow up questions can be asked whenever necessary) 2. Determining targeted interviewees 3. Adopting appropriate sampling method for selection of interviewees ( e.g. Quota sampling) 4. Determining suitable mode of interview (face-to-face? / phone interview?) 5. Carrying out pilot test if necessary (can make adjustment) Supplement Designing a questionnaire or interview, we need to take care of the question, wordings and response choices : Question Related to the field topic (Achieve the aim comprehensively) Avoid …. asking leading questions / asking repetitive / asking two questions in one Wording Avoid using diSicult wording and asking double negative question Response Choice Avoid too many or too few response choices 31 8 di%erent data collecting methods (MC 觀察掃評繪問卷訪問) 1. Measurement 2. Counting 3. Observation 4. Sketching/field notes(observation) 5. Assessment form/ scoring(observation) 6. mapping (observation) 7. Questionnaire survey 8. Interview Methods Advantage Disadvantage = ( P. __________) 1. Measurement Pros Cons Time 時間 Time-eSicient Time- consuming Cost 成本 Cost-eSicient Not cost- eSicient Degree of Ease Easy / Simple Complex / 容易 DiSiciult Representative Can represent the Fail to 代表 population : represent the Bias 偏 - SuSicient population : Coverage 覆 coverage - InsuSicient - Objective / Fair coverage methods minimize - Subjective sampling bias methods increase the chance of sampling bias 2. Counting Pros Cons Time 時間 Time-eSicient Time- consuming Cost 成本 Cost-eSicient Not cost- eSicient Degree of Ease Easy / Simple Complex / 容易 DiSiciult Representative Can represent the Fail to 代表 population : represent the Bias 偏 - SuSicient population : Coverage 覆 coverage - InsuSicient - Objective / Fair coverage methods minimize - Subjective sampling bias methods increase the chance of sampling bias 32 3. Observation Pros Cons Time 時間 Time-eSicient Time- consuming Cost 成本 Cost-eSicient Not cost- eSicient Degree of Ease Easy / Simple Complex / 容易 DiSiciult Representative Can represent the Fail to 代表 population : represent the Bias 偏 - SuSicient population : Coverage 覆 coverage - InsuSicient - Objective / Fair coverage methods minimize - Subjective sampling bias methods increase the chance of sampling bias 4. Sketching/field notes(observation) Pros Cons Time 時間 Time-eSicient Time- consuming Cost 成本 Cost-eSicient Not cost- eSicient Degree of Ease Easy / Simple Complex / 容易 DiSiciult Representative Can represent the Fail to 代表 population : represent the Bias 偏 - SuSicient population : Coverage 覆 coverage - InsuSicient - Objective / Fair coverage methods minimize - Subjective sampling bias methods increase the chance of sampling bias 33 5. Assessment form/ scoring(observation) Pros Cons Time 時間 Time-eSicient Time- consuming Cost 成本 Cost-eSicient Not cost- eSicient Degree of Ease Easy / Simple Complex / 容易 DiSiciult Representative Can represent the Fail to 代表 population : represent the Bias 偏 - SuSicient population : Coverage 覆 coverage - InsuSicient - Objective / Fair coverage methods minimize - Subjective sampling bias methods increase the chance of sampling bias 6. mapping (observation) Pros Cons Time 時間 Time-eSicient Time- consuming Cost 成本 Cost-eSicient Not cost- eSicient Degree of Ease Easy / Simple Complex / 容易 DiSiciult Representative Can represent the Fail to 代表 population : represent the Bias 偏 - SuSicient population : Coverage 覆 coverage - InsuSicient - Objective / Fair coverage methods minimize - Subjective sampling bias methods increase the chance of sampling bias 34 7. Questionnaire survey Pros Cons Time 時間 Time-eSicient Time- consuming Cost 成本 Cost-eSicient Not cost- eSicient Degree of Ease Easy / Simple Complex / 容易 DiSiciult Representative Can represent the Fail to 代表 population : represent the Bias 偏 - SuSicient population : Coverage 覆 coverage - InsuSicient - Objective / Fair coverage methods minimize - Subjective sampling bias methods increase the chance of sampling bias 8. Interview Pros Cons Time 時間 Time-eSicient Time- consuming Cost 成本 Cost-eSicient Not cost- eSicient Degree of Ease Easy / Simple Complex / 容易 DiSiciult Representative Can represent the Fail to 代表 population : represent the Bias 偏 - SuSicient population : Coverage 覆 coverage - InsuSicient - Objective / Fair coverage methods minimize - Subjective sampling bias methods increase the chance of sampling bias 35 Primary Data and Secondary Data Primary data 1. Measurement 2. Counting 3. Observation 4. Sketching/field notes(observation) 5. Assessment form/ 6. mapping (observation) scoring(observation) 7. Questionnaire survey 8. Interview Secondary data - Documentary - Web-based information - Research paper - Old maps -etc. 36 Question for discussion 1. A group of students conducted a geography field study on the wind speed in urban area. Table 1a shows some fieldwork instructions. 37 Refer to Figure 1a and Table 1b. Suggest other primary data to be collected to enrich the wind speed study at the existing sampling points. Describe and explain how the data would be collected. (6 %) ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 38 2. 39 ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 40 ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 41 3. A group of students conducted a geographical investigation to study urban environmental quality in an area. Figure 1a shows the guidelines of the field study. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 42 4. 43 ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 44  Topic 3 : Data processing and presentation / Conclusion Step 3 : Data processing and presentation - Data Processing : Categorization/Combination, Counting, Calculation, GIS - Data Presentation : 7 types of graphs, Correlation, Three types of thematic map Data Processing : Categorization Counting Calculation of mean value, total value and percentage Map overlay by GIS Data Presentation methods : (I) Showing changes / trend : Line graph / Bar graph / Histogram / Pie graph / Triangular graph / Radar chart (II) Showing relationship between two variables : Scattergram Correlation (III) Showing spatial pattern : Dot map Choropleth map Isoline map 45  Line graph - Upward sloping indicates increasing trend - Downward sloping indicates decreasing trend Histogram - Skewness 偏態 : Asymmetric(unevenly) distribution - Positive skewness : Higher value in lower class - Negative skewness : Higher value in larger class - Normal distribution : Symmetric distribution 46  Triangular graph - Comparison among data sets can be made by reading the percentages of three components Pie graph - Comparison among sub-groups can be made by reading the size of the pie on the graph - The larger size of the pie, the higher the relative importance of the sub-group 47  Radar chart - Comparison among sub-groups can be made by reading the number in each category Scattergram 48 - Observe the spread of data points on the graph - In general, the larger the spread, the weaker the correlation - Draw a best fit-line - Identify the orientation of the best-fit line - Upward sloping trend indicate positive correlation - Downward sloping trend indicate negative correlation - Data points close to best-fit line : Strong correlation - Data points far away from best-fit line : Weak correlation Correlation - Positive number : Positive correlation - Negative number : Negative correlation - The closer the value to +1 or -1, the strong the correlation - The closer to the value to 0, the weaker the correlation 49 Limitation : - Extreme value may cause inaccurate interpretation (We should first ignore the extreme value before we draw the best-fit line and interpret scatter diagram) - Correlation does not necessarily imply causation à X causes Y à Y causes X ****** à A third factor influencing both X and Y Mapping Step 4 : Conclusion Data interpretation and conclusion Setting up hypothesis Fieldwork Topic Aim-setting 50  Setting up hypothesis To predict the relationship between two variable (e.g.) Alternative Hypothesis : - Two variables contains (positive / negative) relationship : (A increase ; B increase) (A decrease ; B decrease) Null Hypothesis : No relationship between two variables Aim-setting A clear fieldwork topic should be set before data collection at field sites - Hypothesis can be : Valid Invalid Partly Valid * Before arriving a conclusion, extreme value should first be identified and ignored Question for discussion 1. 51 2. 52 (a) (b) Refer to Tables 1a and 1b, 53 3. (a) 54 (b) Topic 4 : Evaluation Step 5 : Evaluation - Extension - Limitation and improvement Limitation and improvement 題⽬字眼 : Limitation and improvement Improving the validity - Improving the data collection method 有效性 (同 8 diSerent data collecting methods 有關) Improving the reliability (accuracy) - To improve the accuracy and have consistent 可靠性 results over repeated testing period, (e.g) Improving the choice of time and site, sampling method etc. (同 8 diSerent data collecting methods 無關， 其他講乜都得) 55 Improving the validity - Improving the data collection method 有效性 (同 8 diSerent data collecting methods 有關) 8 di%erent data collecting methods 1. Measurement 2. Counting 3. Observation 4. Sketching/field notes(observation) 5. Assessment form/ scoring(observation) 6. mapping (observation) 7. Questionnaire survey 8. Interview To improve the validity, we can choose another data collection method, use an additional data collection method to aid the existing data collection method or improve the existing data collection method à 轉、加、改 Existing data collection 轉⽅法 choose another data collection method method is not suSicient to (e.g) Using interview instead of questionnaire achieve the aim of study when more in-depth study is needed (e.g) Using instruments instead of observation in measuring light intensity 加⽅法 use an additional data collection method to aid the existing data collection method (e.g) Use qualitative data to aid the collected the quantitative data (e.g) Use secondary data to aid the collected primary data Drawbacks of data 改善 improve the existing data collection method collection method (e.g) Using the qualitative data : Disadvantage Suggestion for improvement - Subjective and - Divide students into descriptive , thus, groups and collect the diEicult to do statistical data analysis, prone to - Reach consensus human bias among students when disagreement occurs 56 Question for discussion 57 Refer to the figures, describe, and explain how to redesign the data collection method to raise the validity of the field study. To raise the ( validity / reliability ) of the field study Current collection data method : 1. Measurement 2. Counting 3. Observation 4. Sketching/field notes(observation) 5. Assessment form/ 6. mapping (observation) scoring(observation) 7. Questionnaire survey 8. Interview Existing data collection method is not suSicient to achieve the aim of study : 1. Choose another collection method 1. Measurement 2. Counting 3. Observation 4. Sketching/field notes(observation) 5. Assessment form/ 6. mapping (observation) scoring(observation) 7. Questionnaire survey 8. Interview 2. Use an additional data collection method to aid the existing data collection method Drawbacks of data collection method : 3. Improve the existing data collection method 58  Improving the reliability (accuracy) - To improve the accuracy and have consistent 可靠性 results over repeated testing period, (e.g) Improving the choice of time and site, sampling method etc. (同 8 diSerent data collecting methods 無關， 其他講乜都得) Time of field trip Choosing an inappropriate time - Choose the right time to ensure that it is safe, it can achieve the aim of the field trip, it can avoid collecting extreme data - If necessary, conduct the study again in another season/ day/ time (e.g.) collecting data in both summer and winter For example : A group of students conducted a geography fieldwork in Tsuen Wan in Hong Kong. Table 1a shows some fieldwork instructions. Aim of study To compare the light intensity at site A and B. Fieldwork schedule Sites for data collection KEY : ----(Tsuen Wan) Site A Site B Key : (Sites for data collection) 59  To compare the light intensity at site A and site B, students can be divided into two groups to collect data simultaneously(at the same time 同⼀時間), as intensity of insolation may be diSerent at diSerent time of the day. As light intensity may change over seasons, the studys can conduct the field trips four times (one trip in each season) Field site Inappropriate choice of field site - Choose another site (e.g. Use secondary data like Google map to make sure that the site selected is the most suitable one) - Carrying out control test Heat island eSect is caused by - Nature of ground surface - Lack of vegetation - Vehicular emission - High rise building Data collected at that site is not suSicient to achieve the aim of the study - We should enlarge the study area The error associated with operators Involving subjective judgment - In assessment form/ questionnaire or interview questions, consensus should be reached among group members - Quantification of qualitative data Involving human interference - in studies entirely about physical landscape, sample sites with human inference should be avoided 60  For example, Value judgment is involved, and consensus on valuing is needed before collecting the data. Sampling 6 di%erent types of sampling methods 1. Random sampling 2. Systematic sampling 3. Stratified sampling 4. Convenience sampling 5. Quota sampling 6. Purposive sampling Inappropriate choice of sampling method - Use the most appropriate method according to the objective of the study The sample size is too small - Increase the number of sample points 61 Question for discussion 62 Refer to the figures, describe, and explain how to redesign the data collection method to raise the reliability of the field study. To raise the ( validity / reliability ) of the field study Field study time : Field study site : The error associated with operators Sampling 63 Question for discussion 64 (a) Refer to Figure 1b, and draw a conclusion for the fieldwork. (1 mark) 65 (b) Refer to Table 1a and Figure 1b. Evaluate the data collection methods used in the fieldwork and suggest ways for further improvement. (6 marks) The current data collection method : To increase the validity : To increase the reliability : 66 Limitation and improvement Improving the validity 轉、加、改 有效性 Improving the reliability (accuracy) 時、地、⼈、抽樣 可靠性 Extension DSE19: Suggest another field study topic to be carried out in the area shown in Figure 1b. Describe and explain the method(s) of collecting data. DSE21: How can the collection of secondary data help test this hypothesis? DSE24: Suggest other primary data to be collected to enrich the wind speed study at the existing sampling points. Describe and explain how the data could be collected 67 DSE 2019 68 69 DSE2022 70 71