LEC 7 Continue Research Hypotheses PDF

LEC 7 Continue Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 1  ▪4: Research Hypotheses The importance of hypotheses lies in their ability to: Bring direction, Specificity, and: Focus to a research study. In most studies the hypothesis will be based upon: either...

LEC 7 Continue Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 1  ▪4: Research Hypotheses The importance of hypotheses lies in their ability to: Bring direction, Specificity, and: Focus to a research study. In most studies the hypothesis will be based upon: either previous studies or your own or someone else’s observations. Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 2  Formulation of Hypothesis The word hypothesis consists of two words – Hypo + Thesis. ‘Hypo’ means: tentative or subject to the verification. ‘Thesis’ means: statement about solution of the problem. Thus the literal meaning of the term hypothesis is: a tentative statement about the solution of the problem. Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 3 ’hypo’ means: the composition of two or more variables which are to be verified, and: ‘thesis’ means: position of these variables in the specific frame of reference. Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 4  The Types of Hypothesis: - Research Hypothesis: The Research Hypothesis could be understood in terms of Simple Research hypothesis, and: Complex Research Hypothesis. - A simple research hypothesis predicts the relationship between a single independent variable and a single dependent variable. Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 5  A Complex hypothesis predicts the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 6  Directional Hypotheses : These are usually derived from theory. They may imply that the researcher is intellectually committed to a particular outcome. They specify the expected direction of the relationship between variables i.e. the researcher predicts not only the existence of a relationship but also its nature. (- or +) Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 7  Non-directional Hypotheses: Used when there is little or no theory, or when findings of previous studies are contradictory. They may imply impartiality. Do not stipulate the direction of the relationship Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 8  Associative Hypotheses: Associative Hypotheses: - Propose relationships between variables when one variable changes, the other changes. Do not indicate cause and effect. Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 9  Causal Hypotheses: Propose a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables. The independent variable is manipulated to cause effect on the dependent variable. The dependent variable is measured to examine the effect created by the independent variable. Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 10  Statistical Hypothesis: To test whether the data support or refute the research hypothesis, it needs to be translated into a statistical hypothesis. It is given in statistical terms. To use inferential statistics, we need to translate the research hypothesis into a testable form, which is called the null hypothesis. Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 11  Null Hypothesis:H0 These are used when the researcher believes there is no relationship between two variables or when there is inadequate theoretical or empirical information to state a research hypothesis. Null hypotheses can be: - simple or complex; Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 12  The Alternative Hypothesis: The alternative hypothesis is a statement of what a hypothesis test is set up to establish. Designated by: H1 or Ha. It is opposite of Null Hypothesis. It is only reached if H0is rejected. Frequently “alternative” is actual desired conclusion of the researcher. Sides Prepared By: Prof. Dr. Abdel-Mohsen Mostafa 13