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Questions and Answers
Associative hypotheses indicate a cause and effect relationship between variables.
Associative hypotheses indicate a cause and effect relationship between variables.
False
The independent variable in causal hypotheses is manipulated to measure the effect on the dependent variable.
The independent variable in causal hypotheses is manipulated to measure the effect on the dependent variable.
True
Null hypotheses can only be simple and cannot be complex.
Null hypotheses can only be simple and cannot be complex.
False
The alternative hypothesis is represented as H0 or Ha, and is the opposite of the null hypothesis.
The alternative hypothesis is represented as H0 or Ha, and is the opposite of the null hypothesis.
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To establish a statistical hypothesis, the research hypothesis must first be translated into a testable form.
To establish a statistical hypothesis, the research hypothesis must first be translated into a testable form.
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The literal meaning of the term hypothesis is: a conclusive statement about the solution of the problem.
The literal meaning of the term hypothesis is: a conclusive statement about the solution of the problem.
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A complex research hypothesis predicts the relationship between a single independent variable and multiple dependent variables.
A complex research hypothesis predicts the relationship between a single independent variable and multiple dependent variables.
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Directional hypotheses predict not only the existence of a relationship but also its nature, implying an expected outcome.
Directional hypotheses predict not only the existence of a relationship but also its nature, implying an expected outcome.
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Non-directional hypotheses are typically used when previous studies show a consistent outcome.
Non-directional hypotheses are typically used when previous studies show a consistent outcome.
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The prefix 'hypo' in the word hypothesis suggests that the statement is definite and final.
The prefix 'hypo' in the word hypothesis suggests that the statement is definite and final.
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Study Notes
Research Hypotheses
- Hypotheses provide direction, specificity, and focus for research studies.
- Most hypotheses are based on previous studies or personal/others' observations.
Formulation of Hypothesis
- Hypothesis is derived from "hypo" (tentative/subject to verification) and "thesis" (statement about problem solution).
- The literal meaning of a hypothesis is a tentative statement about the solution to a problem.
Types of Variables
- "Hypo" refers to the composition of two or more variables to be verified.
- "Thesis" refers to the position of these variables in a specific frame of reference.
Types of Hypothesis
- Research hypotheses can be simple or complex.
- A simple hypothesis predicts the relationship between a single independent and a single dependent variable.
- A complex hypothesis predicts the relationship between two or more independent and two or more dependent variables.
Directional Hypotheses
- These hypotheses are derived from theory and imply the researcher is committed to a particular outcome.
- They specify the expected direction of the relationship between variables (e.g., positive or negative).
Non-directional Hypotheses
- Used when there is little or no theory, or previous studies' findings are contradictory.
- These hypotheses imply impartiality, not specifying the direction of the relationship.
Associative Hypotheses
- Propose relationships between variables where one variable changes, and the other changes as well.
- Associative hypotheses do not indicate cause and effect.
Causal Hypotheses
- Propose a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables.
- The independent variable is manipulated to cause an effect on the dependent variable.
- The dependent variable is measured to examine the effect of the manipulated independent variable.
Statistical Hypothesis
- To test a research hypothesis, it needs to be translated into a statistical hypothesis.
- Statistical hypotheses are stated in statistical terms.
- Translating a research hypothesis into a testable form is called a null hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis (H0)
- Used when a researcher believes there is no relationship between variables or when there isn't sufficient theoretical/empirical information to state a research hypothesis.
- Null hypotheses can be simple or complex.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha)
- A statement about what a hypothesis test aims to establish.
- The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis.
- It is reached only if the null hypothesis is rejected.
- It frequently represents the researcher's desired conclusion.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of statistical hypotheses, including associative, null, and alternative hypotheses. It discusses the roles of independent and dependent variables, and the characteristics of directional and non-directional hypotheses. Test your understanding of how hypotheses are formulated and their implications in research.
