The Research Process PDF

INSET 2024 The Research Process NORMAN T. MANGAHAS Special Science Teacher I 00 Steps of the Research Process Research process consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired sequenc...

INSET 2024 The Research Process NORMAN T. MANGAHAS Special Science Teacher I 00 Steps of the Research Process Research process consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired sequencing of these steps. The chart shown in Figure well illustrates a research process. The chart indicates that the research process consists of a number of closely related activities.  Steps of Research Process Step 1 Identify Research Problem Step 2 Broad Literature Survey Step 3 Hypothesis Formulation Step 4 Research Design and Identifying Samples Step 5 Data Collection Step 6 Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing Generalization, Interpretation and Step 7 Reporting 01 Identifying Research Problem  The first step in the process is to identify a problem or develop a research question. The research problem maybe something the agency identifies as a problem, some knowledge or information that is needed by the agency or the desire to identify a recreation trend nationally. However, the research problem comes up with the ongoing phenomenon or issues. Formulate your question: ▪ Your research may start as a general idea or a specific question, statement or thesis. ▪ Know what you want to focus on before you begin.  Research Problem A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. In some social science disciplines, the research problem is typically posed in the form of a question. A research problem does not state how to do something, offer a vague or broad proposition, or present a value question. 02 Broad Literature Review  Once the research problem is identified and defined, the next step is to review the existing research. The researcher must learn more about the topic under investigation. To do this, the researcher must review the literature related to the research problem. This step provides foundational knowledge about the problem area. The review of literature also educates the researcher about what studies have been conducted in the past, how these studies were conducted, and the conclusions in the problem area. Get Background Information ❑ Read about your topic using websites or encyclopedias. ❑ It introduces you to the topic, helps you to focus on its key elements and can help you decide to broaden or narrow your focus. ❑ These sources often include bibliographies that you can “piggyback” to find more sources on your topic.  The researcher may review two types of literature first is the conceptual literature which is related to the concepts and theories, and second is the empirical literature which consisting of previous studies similar to the proposed research problem. The researcher should undertake vast literature survey concerned with the problem. For this purpose, the abstracting and indexing journals and published or unpublished bibliographies are the first place where researcher can get the information or knowledge. Academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports, books etc., must be hit depending on the nature of the problem. After this the researcher revise the problem into analytical or operational terms i.e., to put the problem in as specific terms as possible. 03 Formulating Research Hypotheses  Hypothesis After the literature survey, researcher should make a hypothesis or working hypothesis. Working hypothesis is a guess made to test the logical or empirical outcome of a research. A hypothesis assists to explain the research problem and objective into a comprehensive explanation or prediction of the expected results of the study. Hypothesis is derived from the research problem, literature review and conceptual framework. Since Hypothesis is to be tested therefore it should be very specific and limited to the piece of research. It sharpens the researcher’s thinking and focus on the important facts of the problem.  Hypothesis Formulation Hypothesis formulation could be done by using the following approaches: a. Discussions with colleagues and experts about the research problem, its source, cause and the objectives in search of a solution; b. Assessment of data and records, c. Evaluation of similar previous studies in the area similar problems; and d. Personal investigation which involves original field survey Thus, any hypotheses take place as a result of a-prior thinking about the subject, assessment of the available data and material including related previous studies. Formulation of working hypotheses is a basic step of any research process. 04 Research Design and Samples  Preparation of Research Design A good research design will be prepared if a research problem should be stated clearly. In other words, the purpose of research design is referring as general procedure that you choose to combine the various components of the study in a consistent and logical way. It comprises the outline for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. A flexible research design which offers the opportunity for allowing the different aspects of a problem is considered suitable if the purpose of the research study is to be clear.  Preparation of Research Design There are several research designs, such as, Descriptive (e.g., case-study, naturalistic observation, survey), Correlational (e.g., case-control study, observational study), Semi-experimental (e.g., field experiment, quasi-experiment), Experimental (experiment with random assignment), Review (literature review, systematic review) and Meta-analytic (meta-analysis) out of which the researcher should select one for his task.  Determining Sample Design Every object that involve in any type of inquiry constitute a ‘universe’ or ‘population’. A complete detail of any object in the ‘population’ is known as a census inquiry. It can be supposed that in such type of inquiry all the items are covered and not a single element is left, and highest accuracy is obtained. But in practical way this may not be true because a single element of bias in such inquiry will get larger the number of observations increases. Moreover, there is no way of scrutiny the element of bias or its level except through a resurvey or use of sample checks.  Determining Sample Design The researcher must decide the way of selecting a sample or choose a sample design for his study. In other words, a sample design is a exact sketch determined prior to any type of data collection for obtaining a sample from a given universe. There are two types of sampling: non-probability and probability sampling. Non-probability sampling uses a subjective method of selecting units from a universe, and is generally easy, quick, and economical. Therefore, it is useful to perform preliminary studies, focus groups or follow-up studies. 05 Data Collection  While the research design is decided, then the researcher collects data, records information. The researcher proceeds with the research. Practical difficulties may arise in this stage. For example, the research method may not suit properly. The interviewer might be unwilling to let carry out the research as planned. Moreover, a false interpretation could potentially bias the result of the study. So, when you collect data, you need to know the effective techniques of data collection in order to gather necessary and relevant information with regard to research. 06 Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing  This step in the process involves the use of statistical techniques to summarize and interpret relevant research results. Descriptive Statistics: ❑ Measure of central tendency ❑ Measure of dispersion Inferential Statistics: ❑ Hypothesis testing ❑ Non-Parametric tests The main objective of data analysis is to answer the research questions or test the hypothesis. Based on the results, conclusions are drawn and interpreted in the context of previous studies. 07 Generalization, Interpretation, and Reporting  The final step of the research process outline is to report the research findings. Describe the significance of the research study. Work out how do they relate to the previous research findings. Usually, the research report published as a journal article or book. This is the last stage in terms of the individual research project. Mostly, a research report discusses questions that remained unanswered & suggest further research in the future in general.  “Research must continue to be the centerpiece of intellectual life, and our commitment to research must grow, because our problems are growing.” —Ernest L. Boyer  Thanks! Do you have any questions? 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