Exam Review - Psych PDF

Exam Review - Psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gfuzko 1. develop a research question 2. explore alternate perspectives...

Exam Review - Psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gfuzko 1. develop a research question 2. explore alternate perspectives 3. forming a hypothesis inquiry model 4. data collection 5. assessing the hypothesis 6. arriving at conclusion 7. evaluation of conclusion. large groups of people who quickly gather, perform, and disperse flash mobs in a public setting flash robs people organize over social media, and either hurt/rob bystanders. theorized that ideas, products, and behaviours spread through malcolm gladwell- the tipping point society the same way a virus does. success of epidemics relies on talent of a small group of motivated law of the few individuals the stickiness factor presentation of ideas where the audience remembers it epidemics linked to conditions and circumstances of place they power of context occur in qualitative data open ended, words/actions, descriptions quantitative data numerical results, closed-ended, objective acculturation process of contact, exposure and exchange of ideas. diffusion spread of a cultural trait from one society to another physical materials and conditions of an environment cultural materialism -> marvin harris determines how ideas and ideology of a culture develop function of beliefs and institutions in a society is to meet the needs functionalism -> bronislaw malinowski of majority of it's members. rites of passage rituals marking initiation into adulthood certain behaviours are based on childhood experiences learning theory -> john, b watson. + b.f skinner learning alters the way an individual views the world around them. understanding the conscious and unconscious to change behav- psychoanalytic theory -> freud iours. inability to balance both parts of the mind. economic production and material wealth constitute real power in marxism - karl marx society and are the basis for most relationships in society identifies + explains the systems that govern society and assess structural functionalism -> emile durkheim, talcott parsons how the needs of individuals are met by society. cognitive dissonance -> festinger + carlsmith state of having inconsistent thoughts , beliefs and attitudes we seek stimuli that are consistent with who we are. cognitive consistency forces us to change actions and behaviours to avoid conflicts. social encounters, roles, experiences, and interactions of society micro sociology in small groups macro sociology the study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems. when a new set of ideas, beliefs and values become strong social paradigm shift enough to affect and change the way individuals see and perceive reality societies evolve from simple beginnings and become more com- evolutionary theory of change plex over time trends, traditions, beliefs and values are cyclical, in fashion in one cyclical theory of change period and falling out of favor in another every society faces initial challenges posed by its physical envi- challenge and response theory of change ronment and by internal and external forces aimed at its destruc- tion 1/5  Exam Review - Psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gfuzko functionalist theory of change studies how society maintains stability and social order conflict theory of change - marx concerned with the inequality that plagues society adolescence is the immaturity of thinking process david elkind -> theory of adolescent egocentrism think they are "invincible" belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and imaginary audience concern personal fable believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given socialization society and learn to function as members of that society primary agent of socialization family secondary agents of socialization peers, media, leaders, events, school adolescnece is the stage of development of lasting values or eduard spranger -> dominant values dominant value direction. lasting values that shape the world view an individual carries dominant value direction forward into adulthood contrasted to stanley hall's idea of storm + stress, and viewed life leta stetter -> gradual change to adulthood as a fluid journey in increments adolescence is the time in life when individual must alter and kurt lewin -> field theory of adolescence change their social group membership helps to clarify views held by generational groups in society and to explain relationships between the generations. strauss-howe -> generation theory involves taking a macro-sociological approach to study how and why people + societies change claimed that young people learn important social values from karl manheimm -> fresh contacts parents and local communities fresh contacts the personal interpretation of the world by a young person milennials 1980-2000 strauss-howe archetypes prophet, nomad, hero, artist generations g.i gen hero, optimist, 1901-1924 silent gen artist, passive, 1925-1942 baby boom gen prophet, idealistic, 1943-1960 gen x nomad, disillusioned, 1961-1981 milennial/ gen y hero, resillient, 1980-2000 mental activities associated with knowing, remembering, commu- piaget's cognitive development nicating 1. Sensorimotor 0-18 months: hearing, seeing, touching 2. Preoperational 18 mo-7years:words/images piaget's cognitive development stages 3. Concrete Operations 7-11:logic 4. Formal Operations 11-18:hypotheticals primary motivation for human behaviour is social affiliation with others. erik erikson -> psychosocial development theory emphasizes continual development of personality and be- haviour through life - Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1): needs physical comfort - Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3): autonomy from parents - Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5): taught responsibility erik erikson psychosocial development stages - Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12): intellectual curiosity - Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18): self discovery - Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40): intimacy - Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65): how relationships affect oth- 2/5  Exam Review - Psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gfuzko ers - Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+): remember past events + value maturity is ability to exhibit moral behaviour lawrence kohlberg moral development used children as subjects and presented them with moral dilem- mas lawrence kohlberg moral development stages preconventional, conventional, postconventional preconventional reasoning focused on getting rewards and avoiding punishments conventional reasoning a child looks for approval from peers and society. post conventional reasoning a child bases decisions on his or her conscience. prosocial behaviour any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person the mindset of individuals who take a personal stand against heroic imagination wrongdoings around them nuclear family a couple and their dependent children extended family household made up of several generations of family members someone who has a child or children, but no partner living with lone parent them blended family divorced parents, married or not, with or without children same sex family two same sex parents and their children individuals compare themselves with others when unable to judge leon festinger social comparison their own status or ability. theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by com- social comparison theory paring them with those of others upward comparison comparing oneself with those who are better off downward comparison comparing oneself with those who are worse off competitive emulation keeping pace with others in material goods and lifestyle. motivation towards self-improvement drives an individual's need maslow's hierarchy of needs to belong. physiological: food, water, etc safety: security maslow's hierarchy of needs stages love/belonging: friends, intimacy esteem: prestige self-actualization: full potential tries to define 1/4 maslow's fundamental needs of social belong- ing. in and out group dynamic -> muzafer sherif examines social group that individual's belong to and how that reflects attitudes in group group structure with hierarchy and roles for a shared goal a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition out group or opposition deviance and robert merton's social strain typology deviant behaviour, with no criminal intent, can be postive typography system of classification to understand his types of deviance accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving those conformists goals individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's ap- ritualists proved goals but still operate according to society's approved means individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's innovators approved means to achieve them 3/5 Exam Review - Psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gfuzko individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means retreatists entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and rebels instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolution- ary) goals using new means society is in a state of conflict due to competition for limited resources marx conflict theory --where idea of class conflict comes into play members of property owning class who also own means of pro- bourgeoisie duction proletariat poorest class of people, lower working class petty bourgeoisie middle class a troubled economy means inhabitants are also in trouble begin to worry about job security marx labor theory of value and alienation bourgeoisie use this tactic to keep proletariat grounded creates alienation marxist theorist who challenged ruling class antonio gramsci and change believed capitalists ruled society said education is key to change future society dominated by one ruling class and those ideas are con- cultural hegemony sidered the norm looked at values + expectation created by society, associated with emile durkheim organic specialization understanding of what is right + wrong. all societies are governed by rules, when people are confused over anomie what the expectations are a set of specialized entities working together to create a larger organic specialization functioning organism id pleasure seeking, reduces stress superego conscience, focuses on what is socially acceptable ego mediator between id and superego eros creative life force, sexual drive thanatos death instinct, destructive the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women (or certain races) glass ceiling from advancing to the top levels at work demography the scientific study of population characteristics. reverting back to an earlier life stage and showing childlike behav- repression iour displacement redirecting emotions into substitute target sublimation redirecting "incorrect" urges into socially acceptable actions denial defense mechanism by which people refuse to accept reality. disguising their own threatening impulses by attributing them to projection others self-justifying explanations in place of the real reasons for one's rationalization actions reaction formation converting anxious thoughts into opposites 4/5 Exam Review - Psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gfuzko suppresion pushign uncomfortable thoughts into unconscious how we view ourselves in social situations and people observe george herbet's i and me from others and react to what they present "i" true self, subject/knower, impulses, response to "me" "me" cannot exist without "i" mind "i" needs experience to shape it the self as perceived as an object by the "I"; the self as one "me" imagines others perceive one a person's sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions charles cooley looking glass self with others in society and the perceptions of others. - we envision how we appear to others 3 main components of LGS -we envision the judgement of that appearance -our sense of self develops through this albert bandura researched behaviour and how people learn through observation when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the violence on screen, performed the bobo doll experiment same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively conformity; showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect ; in a famous study in which solomon asch participants were shown cards with lines of different lengths and were asked to say which line matched the line on the first card in length desensitization to violence reduced emotional response to violent stimuli. global village describing impact communication has on modern world normalization social phenomenon becomes accepted as "normal" 5/5