Psychology 160 Exam 3 Review Sheet Fall 2024 PDF

PSYCHOLOGY 160 Prof. Chen REVIEW SHEET for EXAM #3: Concepts & Terms Exam information: Date: Monday, Dec. 16th – 9-10 am (you will have 50 minutes to complete the exam) Material covered: All lecture...

PSYCHOLOGY 160 Prof. Chen REVIEW SHEET for EXAM #3: Concepts & Terms Exam information: Date: Monday, Dec. 16th – 9-10 am (you will have 50 minutes to complete the exam) Material covered: All lectures & sections (up to 12/6), Chapters 9, 10, 11 (SEE REQUIRED PAGES BELOW), 12, & 14 in your textbook, 2 empirical articles (Aron et al., Johns et al.) For Chapter 11, you can read the ENTIRE chapter, but you are only responsible for the sections listed below. Exam will be approximately ~27-28 multiple-choice questions (2 points each, so worth ~73% of overall grade) and 2 short answer questions (10 points each, so worth ~27% of overall). Locations: o For LEC-001 students: 9-10 am in 100 Lewis. o For LEC-002 students (online-lecture): 9-10 am in Hearst Memorial Mining Building 390. For DSP students, the exam will be held on the same day from 8:30-10:30 am in Moffitt 102. If this accommodation does not work for you, please contact DSP directly to set up your own proctoring arrangements. You will take the exam via bCourses. The exam will be under the Assignments tab. If you are not able to bring a device to take the exam via bCourses, we will provide you with a paper exam. Review session (Q&A format, so bring your questions; 2 GSIs will be there to field them): Dec. 12th from 9-10 am via Zoom (the Zoom link will be sent as an announcement on bCourses, along with request to submit questions ahead of time). The review session will be recorded. Things to note about taking exams on bCourses: o The exam is closed book. No other tabs/browsers/websites should be open. Any attempt or actual use of ChatGPT or equivalent results in a 0 score for the exam. o You'll be able to go back over your answers and review/change them while you take the exam—bCourses will keep all of your multiple choice answers saved. When you're done, submit your exam by clicking through to the end. o If your internet connection gets dropped, this is not an issue. You can just log back into bCourses and pick up where you left off. Please note that bCourses will auto-submit whatever questions you did answer at the end of the time limit. FROM READINGS Note: If I do not mention a “Box” from the textbook, you are not responsible for the information in them. Feel free to read these Boxes, of course, as they may help you remember or understand a concept that you do need to know, but I will not ask any questions directly about these Boxes. CHAPTER 12 Groups Group decision-making Nature and purpose of group living (definition of group Groupthink according to Cartwright & Zander) Symptoms & sources of groupthink Social facilitation Self-censorship Initial research Preventing groupthink Zajonc’s theory Group polarization Dominant response Persuasive arguments account Coacting vs. mere presence Social comparison interpretation (social comparison Mere presence or evaluation apprehension? theory) Tests of these alternative accounts Power and social hierarchy Social loafing Definition of power and social hierarchy  Gaining power – different pathways How does power shape thought and action? CHAPTER 14 Morality, Altruism, and Cooperation Approach/inhibition theory Morality Power and empathy failures Social intuitionist model of moral judgment Power and disinhibited behavior Five foundations of moral foundations theory Deindividuation and the psychology of mobs (care/harm, fairness/reciprocity, ingroup Deindividuation and the group mind loyalty, authority/respect, Theoretical model of deindividuation (Figure purity/sanctity) 12.7) Moral foundations and political divisions Conduct of war Altruism Halloween mayhem Social rewards Self-awareness theory and individuation Personal distress Self-consciousness and the spotlight effect Empathic concern Empathy versus Personal Distress (Batson’s CHAPTER 9 Relationships and Attraction theory) Need to belong Anonymous altruism Communal vs. exchange relationships Evolution and physiology of empathic concern Reward and social exchange theories Empathic concern and volunteerism Social exchange theory (comparison level, Situational determinants of altruism comparison level of alternatives) Presence of other people Equity theory Bystander intervention Attachment theory Diffusion of responsibility The Strange Situation Victim characteristics Attachment styles (3-category scheme, 2 dimensions of Construal processes and altruism attachment) Helping in ambiguous situations Attachment and the quality of relationships Combating pluralistic ignorance Determinants of attraction Culture and altruism Proximity and functional distance Altruism in urban and rural settings Explanations of proximity effect (mere exposure Social class and altruism effect) Religion, ethics, and altruism Similarity and complementarity Evolution and altruism Why does similarity promote attraction? Kin selection Status exchange hypothesis Reciprocity Physical attractiveness Cooperation Benefits of being attractive Reciprocal altruism Halo effect Prisoner’s dilemma game Gender and the impact of physical attractiveness Situational determinants Universality of physical attractiveness Reputation Evolution and attraction Construal processes and cooperation Reproductive fitness Culture and cooperation Averageness and attractiveness Evolution and cooperation Gender differences in mate preferences Tit-for-tat strategy Investment in offspring What do men and women want? CHAPTER 10 Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Critiques of evolutionary theorizing on sex Discrimination differences Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination Romantic relationships Modern racism What is love? Different varieties of love Benevolent racism and sexism Investment model of commitment (satisfaction, Measuring attitudes about groups alternatives, investments) Implicit association test (IAT) Perceived partner responsiveness Priming and implicit prejudice Relationship dissatisfaction Affect misattribution procedure Neuroticism, SES, age as predictors Economic perspective Four especially harmful behaviors Realistic group conflict theory Dangerous attributions Ethnocentrism Creating stronger romantic bonds Robbers Cave experiment Capitalizing on the good Competition and intergroup conflict Being playful Reducing intergroup conflict through Finding the good in partners superordinate goals Love and marriage across cultures Jigsaw classroom (Box 10.2) Motivational perspective Deindividuation and adherence to group norms (Johnson & Minimal group paradigm Downing (1979) study; KKK vs. nurse uniform) Social identity theory Boosting status of ingroup ATTRACTION Basking in reflected glory What determines attraction? Denigrating outgroups to bolster Physical appearance/physical attractiveness (“beauty”) self-esteem What is considered beautiful? Cognitive perspective Walster study Stereotypes and conservation of mental resources Why are we biased toward beauty? Construal processes and biased assessments Inherently rewarding Distinctiveness and illusory correlations "What-is-beautiful-is-good" schema Paired distinctiveness Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977): Expectations and biased information Self-fulfilling prophecy of physical processing attractiveness. Self-fulfilling prophecies Similarity & possible reasons it breeds attraction Explaining away exceptions/subtyping More and likely pleasant interactions Accentuation of ingroup similarity and outgroup Assume similar others will like us and reciprocal difference liking Outgroup homogeneity effect Validation Own-race identification bias Propinquity (but really functional distance) Automatic and controlled processes Festinger, Schacter, & Back – Westgate Study Reducing stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination (1950) Individual approaches Why does propinquity work? Intergroup approaches (contact hypothesis) Greater availability/accessibility Diversity ideologies (multiculturalism vs. Propinquity often implies similarity color-blindness) Mere exposure effect Diversity training Zajonc (1968) Turkish words, faces, and Chinese ideographs CHAPTER 11 Living in a Prejudiced World Taste Test Study You are welcome and encouraged to read the whole chapter, but Exam #3 will only include questions based on CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS the following chapter sections and sub-sections. Attachment-theoretical approach 3 attachment styles (Secure, avoidant, & The Effects of Stereotypes and Prejudice on the Individual anxious-ambivalent) (textbook Individual discrimination and direct mistreatment distinguishes between 2 kinds of (pp. 396-400) avoidant attachment) The inner life of members of stereotyped groups Internal Working Models of Self and Others (pp. 405-409) Hazan & Shaver (1987): link between infant & adult attachment; implications for The Effects of Stereotypes and Prejudice on Social relationship behaviors Interaction (pp. 410-419) Inclusion-of-other-in-self approach FROM LECTURES Closeness involves incorporating others into the self-concept GROUPS “We-ness” Nonsocial groups (i.e., collectives) vs. social groups Including others means including their resources, Social facilitation perspectives, and personality Norman Triplett's work characteristics (be sure to know the When does it occur & why? Zajonc's "solution" logic and general findings of Study 3 in Some reasons why the presence of others causes arousal the Aron et al. article, described in detail Evaluation apprehension in lecture) Distraction-conflict Social loafing Social exchange approach Max Ringelmann's work Rewards & costs When does it occur & why? Motivation to maximize rewards & minimize The destructive influence of the collective costs Contagion Rewards always important, costs increasingly Deindividuation & factors influencing it important Accountability Thibaut & Kelley's relationship Self-awareness expectations/standards  Comparison Level (CL) Interpreting the event as an emergency Comparison Level for Alternatives Informational social influence (CLalt) Pluralistic ignorance Assuming responsibility Relationship-enhancing vs. distress-maintaining Diffusion of responsibility attributions & implications for relationship satisfaction STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE, & PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR DISCRIMINATION Prosocial behavior vs. altruism Defining stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination When & why do people help? What is a social group? Learning principles Roots of stereotyping, prejudice, & discrimination Modeling Social categorization—functional, though Sprafkin (1975) "Lassie" study potentially harmful Reinforcement Learning (socialization, media/culture) Concern about overjustification Stereotype activation and use Dispositional vs. behavioral Automatic vs. controlled processes praise underlying stereotyping Social norms (Devine’s studies) Norm of social responsibility Implications for change? Reciprocity norm (Burger et al., 2009 Ingroup vs. outgroup categorization study suggesting this norm is Ingroup favoritism effect internalized) Minimal group paradigm Empathy-altruism hypothesis Overestimators vs. Toi & Batson's "Carol" study underestimators study (Tajfel) Two points of controversy Social identity theory Negative-state-relief hypothesis Oakes & Turner, 1980 Self-concept as a helpful person Reducing stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination & avoiding dissonance Socialization Bystander effect Contact theory & conditions under which it might Latane & Darley's (1968) "epileptic work (Israeli vs. Palestinian real-world seizure" study study) Bystander intervention decision tree (1st 3 steps) Re-categorization Noticing the event Confronting prejudice Distracted bystanders For the Aron et al. (1991) and Johns et al. (2005) empirical articles, you should focus on the central arguments and ideas, and consider how they relate to material covered in lectures and the textbook.