Exam 4 Review Sheet PDF

Exam 4 Review Sheet CH 13 Altruism When we feel empathy, we help not to serve our own needs but rather to serve the needs of the other. When you do something good for others without expecting anything in return simply because it benefits the other. Helping someone with homework. Donating, holding do...

Exam 4 Review Sheet CH 13 Altruism When we feel empathy, we help not to serve our own needs but rather to serve the needs of the other. When you do something good for others without expecting anything in return simply because it benefits the other. Helping someone with homework. Donating, holding door, Risking lives to help. Norm of reciprocity “If I help you today, you might be more likely you help me tomorrow” “You scratch my back, I scratch yours” When someone does something nice for you, you feel a natural urge to return the favor. It’s like a rule of social behavior where if someone helps you, you’re expected to help them back Empathy Empathy allows people to truly understand someone else’s distress and motivates a desire to help, regardless of their own selfish interests. Empathy will encourage helping even when the costs to the helper are high. You have to watch a person get shocked and are told they are scared of it. You have the option to trade places. Empathy gap The underestimation of other people’s experience of physical pain as well as the pain of social rejection. People often fail to give help when its needed. Asking people to experience pain or rejection can help close the gap. Different types of attributions 1. Guilt: We may offer help because we feel personally responsible for another persons plight. When we treated someone bad, feelings of guilt elicit a need to repair that damaged social relationship. 2. Communal Feeling: Making scarifies for your partner and not distinguishing between what’s their and someone else’s. 3. Gratitude: when people we help express gratitude, we are more likely to help again and anyone in need. It enhances our social value and makes us feel communal.  4. Feeling socially secure: People who suffer from feelings of insecurity in their social relationships find it difficult to feel compassion for someone in distress and are less likely to come to aid. Bystander effect A phenomenon in which a person who witnesses another in need is less likely to help when there are other bystanders present to witness the event. Stages of learning prosocial behavior Influenced by both genes and environment. 1. Children learn to be helpful to get things they want (charts that award stars every time a child does something good) 2. Later, people learn to help because social rewards come from the approval they receive from others. A child will learn that kids are more likely to play with her when she has helped them in the past. 3. Finally, People help because they adhere to internalized values. They are listening to the voice of their moral conscience rather than pursuant material goodies or approval from others. Social exchange theory Focuses on egoistic motivations. People help someone else when the benefits of helping and the costs of not helping outweigh the potential costs of helping and benefits of not helping. Stranger collapsed in subway, you may help if he has a cane but if he’s bleeding or drunk, its likely you wont help him. People weigh the costs and rewards of their relationships and make decisions based on whether they’re getting a good "return" for what they put in. Pluralistic ignorance A situation in which individuals rely on others to identify a norm but falsely interpret others’ beliefs and feelings, resulting in inaction Urban overload The idea that city dwellers avoid being overwhelmed by stimulation by narrowing their attention, making it more likely that they overlook legitimate situations where help is needed. Personality and prosocial behavior Altruistic Personality: A collection of personality traits, such as empathy that render some people more helpful than others. People may choose to live in places that best reflect their personality. New Yorkers are more mean and less helpful where in Tennessee, people are kind and helpful because it’s a small state. Empathy-altruism model People might provide help to get psychological payoffs, but it applies when one feels no real connection to another person. Your neighbor is stressed about moving and you might help depending on your empathy for her. If shes moving out bc of breakup like one I had, I can feel her sadness and want to help to reduce suffering. According to this model, when we feel empathy for someone, we’re more likely to help them out, even if we don’t get anything in return. Egoistic Peoples actions are motivated by some degree of self interest. People act out of self-interest. When someone is egoistic, they do things mainly because it benefits them, not because they want to help others or because of any sense of duty. It’s all about what's in it for you. CH 14 Reward model of liking A model which proposes that people like other people whom they associate with positive feelings and dislike people whom they associate with negative feelings. The reward model suggests that we could come to like or dislike people not because of any quality of theirs but because they happened to be around us when we were feeling good or bad. Transference A tendency to map on, or transfer, feelings for a person who is known onto someone new who resembles that person in some way I like her because she reminds me of Gardina. Compliment hypothesis The nicer things someone says about us, the more we like that person. Spouses’ compliments have less impact, but criticisms have more impact. Attractive people Attractive defendants are less likely than unattractive defendants to be found guilty when accused of crime. Earn 2k more for each point increase on scale. Many people believe that they have a greater sense of entitlement and expect good things to happen to them. They are more outgoing, popular, and socially skilled. Halo effect A tendency to assume that people with one positive attribute (who are physically attractive) also have other positive traits. People evaluated an essay supposedly written by an attractive person more positively than the same essay when it was supposedly written by unattractive person. Effects of internet and technology on children and adults As women gain more equal footing with men in terms of economic and social power, and because technology has potentially reduced the burdens of infant care (formula as a substitute for milk, pump and store milk), women may benefit from a less selective approach. Determinants of attraction One of the strongest determinants of attraction is perceived similarity. People who together tend to be similar in several dimensions. Opposites attract but it’s mostly short term. Need for belonging Feeling connected to others promotes an individuals mental and physical health. They have higher self esteem and feel happier and better mental health. Loneliness: The feeling that one is deprived of human social connections 1. The motive to belong is universal 2. Affiliation behaviors are innate 3. Rejection hurts 4. Reproductive success is fostered in relationships. Technology & relationships People are less afraid of rejection online and willing to contact more people. Men tend to lie about height while women lie about weight online. Men are more likely to present themselves as king and emotionally stable partners. Attributes in a romantic partner For men it was signs of fertility. Men are attracted to youth fertility and physical attractiveness. For women it is signs of masculinity and power. Income is important, height, older Individualistic cultures rated humor and kindness higher and dependability lower than participants from more collectivistic nations. Gain-loss theory Theory of attraction which posits that liking is highest for others when they increase their positivity towards you over time. Compliments from someone who criticized you in the past is more surprising and more potent than compliment from friend. Motives of having sex Among college students and community samples, most frequent motives were physical or emotional pleasure, to foster intimacy, to affirm one’s sense of self-worth, to cope with negative emotions, and to gain partner or peer approval. Proximity effect Proximity: The physical nearness of others. people tend to form relationships or bond with others who are physically close to them. In other words, the more time you spend around someone, the more likely you are to develop a connection or friendship with them. The Proximity effect is about physical closeness or how being physically near someone increases the likelihood of forming a relationship or bond. Mere exposure effect People tend to develop a preference for things they are exposed to repeatedly. In other words, the more you see or experience something, the more likely you are to like it, even if you didn't have any strong feelings about it at first. psychological phenomenon where repeated exposure to a person, object, or stimulus leads to an increase in liking for it, regardless of whether that exposure is due to physical proximity or not. CH 15 Types of attachments Secure Attachment Style: child is stressed until mom comes back Anxious-ambivalent attachment style: Clingy with mom but are still stressed when she comes back. When mom returns, they seem angry and resistant (ambivalent) Avoidant attachment style: Children are not very affectionate with mom. When mom leaves, they show little distress and when she returns, they avoid her. Closeness in parasocial relationships Fans believe that they know the media personalities They care what happens to them They are committed to following and supporting them. Sternberg’s model of love relationship The triangular model of love relationships posits three basic components of love relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment. Passion is the excitement about, sexual attraction to, and longing for partner. Intimacy involves liking, sharing and knowing, and emotional support. Commitment is the extent to which the individual is invested in maintaining relationship. High on all 3 is consummate love. Matching phenomenon The idea that people seek romantic relationships with others who are like themselves in physical attractiveness Psychological function of love Theories involved in attachment theory (elaborate) Attachment theory: Posits that the prototypical experience of love is the young child’s bond with the primary caretaker, typically the child’s mother. Explains how we form emotional bonds with other people, especially in childhood, and how those bonds affect our relationships later in life. We seek and maintain love for significant others to garner a sense of support, comfort, relief, trust, and security, particularly when we are confronted with threats from the outside world or distressing thoughts and emotions. Terror Management Theory: Romantic partners help each other manage the threat of mortality by giving life meaning and reinforcing self-worth. Different types of attachment Securely attached: low in attachment anxiety and avoidance. Report the longest lasing most satisfying romantic relationships. Self- confident and trusting. Anxious-ambivalent: low avoidance high anxiety. tend to have negative views of themselves but positive view of others. Short intense relationships but with many emotional highs and lows. Frequent feelings of passion, jealousy, anger, and smothering. Avoidantly attached: high avoidance high or low anxiety. Tend to have short relationships that lack intimacy. Mothers were cold and rejecting. Fearful of closeness and have lack of trust. Tend to ignore their partners needs for care and intimacy. Model of relational turbulence The idea that partners make the transition from casual dating to more serious involvement in the relationship, they go through a turbulent period of adjustment. Breakups Those who are high in attachment anxiety cling more tightly to the relationship. More secure attached people generally are better able to accept the breakup and recover quicker. Interdependence theory Idea that satisfaction, investments, and perceived alternatives are critical in determining commitment to a particular relationship. relationships work based on the mutual influence that people have on each other. used to understand romantic relationships, but it can also apply to friendships, family, and even work relationships. The basic idea is that the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of each person in a relationship affect the other person, and this influence shapes the overall quality of the relationship. EVLN The exit, voice, loyalty, neglect model is a framework that describes how people respond to dissatisfying situation. Exit: Resigning and seeking new opportunity Voice: Expressing disapproval and trying to bring about change Loyalty: Passively waiting for conditions to improve. Neglect: Staying in the situation but allowing it to get worse. Divorce rates Divorce rates are higher in individualistic cultures due to emphasis on personal fulfillment, whereas collectivistic cultures prioritize family cohesion and social harmony. Marital satisfaction tends to decline after the first year of marriage and after the eighth year of marriage. Divorce rate in U.S is at 50% and 65-75% for second marriages. Divorced people are ay 23% risk for mortality. Love and brain When people in love contemplate their beloved, there is increased activation of the dopamine rich ventral tegmental area and the caudate nucleus area of the brain associated with reward, motivation, and pleasure. Positive illusions Idealized perceptions of romantic partners that highlight their positive qualities and downplay their faults.