Exam One Review PH 144 PDF

Exam One Review Health Belief Model (HBM): 1. Perceived Susceptibility: The individual's belief about the likelihood of getting a disease or condition. 2. Perceived Severity: The belief regarding the seriousness of the disease or condition and its potential consequences. 3. Perceiv...

Exam One Review Health Belief Model (HBM): 1. Perceived Susceptibility: The individual's belief about the likelihood of getting a disease or condition. 2. Perceived Severity: The belief regarding the seriousness of the disease or condition and its potential consequences. 3. Perceived Benefits: The individual's belief in the effectiveness of taking action to reduce the risk or seriousness of the disease. 4. Perceived Barriers: The individual's perception of the obstacles or costs (both physical and psychological) to taking a particular health action. 5. Cues to Action: Triggers that prompt the individual to take action, such as reminders, advice, or symptoms. 6. Self-Efficacy: The confidence in one's ability to take the desired health action or behavior successfully. 7. Modifying Factors: Demographic, psychosocial, or structural variables that influence perceptions (e.g., age, income, knowledge, education). Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): 1. Attitude Toward the Behavior: The individual's positive or negative evaluation of performing the behavior. 2. Subjective Norms: The perceived social pressure to perform or not perform the behavior, based on the beliefs of others (e.g., family, peers). 3. Perceived Behavioral Control: The perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior, which reflects past experiences and anticipated obstacles. 4. Behavioral Intention: The individual's motivation or intention to perform the behavior, influenced by attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control. 5. Actual Behavioral Control: The real control the individual has over performing the behavior, which may include resources and skills. Conformity: 1. Normative Social Influence: The influence of others that leads individuals to conform in order to be liked or accepted by the group. 2. Informational Social Influence: Conforming because one believes the group’s behavior or opinions are correct, especially in ambiguous situations. 3. Compliance: Publicly conforming to others' expectations or requests while privately disagreeing.  4. Private Acceptance: Conforming by internally agreeing with the group’s behavior or attitudes, even without external pressure. 5. Social Norms: The accepted behavior patterns or rules within a social group that influence how individuals behave. 6. Peer Pressure: The direct or indirect pressure from peers to conform to certain behaviors, values, or norms. 7. Asch Conformity Experiment: A classic experiment by Solomon Asch that demonstrated how individuals could conform to a group's incorrect answers in a visual judgment task. 8. Ally: In the context of conformity, an ally is someone who shares or supports the non-conforming position, reducing the pressure to conform. Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model): 1. Precontemplation: The stage where the individual is not considering change and may be unaware of the problem. 2. Contemplation: The stage where the individual is aware of the problem and is considering taking action but has not yet made a decision. 3. Preparation: The stage where the individual intends to take action soon and may be making small steps toward change. 4. Action: The stage where the individual has made specific, overt modifications in behavior to address the issue. 5. Maintenance: The stage where the individual works to sustain the behavior change over time and prevent relapse. 6. Relapse: A return to old behaviors after initial efforts to change, which can occur during or after the maintenance stage. 7. Termination: The stage where the individual no longer feels tempted by the old behavior and has complete self-control over it. 8. Decisional Balance: Weighing the pros and cons of changing a behavior, which affects motivation to change. 9. Self-Efficacy: Confidence in the ability to maintain behavior change in difficult situations. 10. Processes of Change: The cognitive and behavioral activities used to progress through the stages of change. Processes of Change: 1. Consciousness Raising: Increasing awareness about the causes, consequences, and solutions to a problem behavior. 2. Dramatic Relief: Emotional arousal about the behavior and relief from reducing or eliminating it. 3. Self-Reevaluation: Reflecting on one’s self-image with and without the problem behavior. 4. Environmental Reevaluation: Recognizing how the behavior affects one's social and physical environment. 5. Self-Liberation: Committing to act or believing in the ability to change. 6. Social Liberation: Awareness and acceptance of new alternatives in the external environment that support change. 7. Counterconditioning: Replacing the problem behavior with a healthier alternative. 8. Stimulus Control: Managing the environment to remove triggers that promote the problem behavior and introducing cues that support change. 9. Reinforcement Management: Using rewards and punishments to reinforce behavior change. 10. Helping Relationships: Seeking and using social support for the behavior change.