Exam 4 Review PDF

LAST EXAM REVIEW WOOHOOOOOO! Chapters 12, 14, and 15  Proactive aggression: aggression that is planned and purposeful. Tends to be directed at a relevant target Tends to occur when the aggressor I NT ER...

LAST EXAM REVIEW WOOHOOOOOO! Chapters 12, 14, and 15  Proactive aggression: aggression that is planned and purposeful. Tends to be directed at a relevant target Tends to occur when the aggressor I NT ER PER SO NAL believes that benefits > costs B E H AV I O R : NOT associated with heightened arousal T WO T YP E S O F Reactive aggression: aggression that AGG R ESSI ON occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state Strongly associated with feelings of anger Not always towards relevant target  L E T ’ S P R AC T I C E : Proactive aggression: aggression that is  planned and purposeful. Tends to be directed at a relevant target Tends to occur when the aggressor  believes that benefits > costs  NOT associated with heightened arousal  Reactive aggression: aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state  Strongly associated with feelings of anger  Not always towards relevant target  THE CONSEQUENCES 3/3 Bystander effect: the tendency for people to be less likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when other bystanders are present Largely due to diffusion of responsibility https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZgIYGaeWy0 More likely to help someone when you are the only person around than if you are in a crowd. “Someone else has probably called 911.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZgIYGaeWy0 THE ASCH LINE S T U DY T H E A S C H L I N E S T U DY Researcher: Solomon Asch Research question: How does the presence of others impact conformity? Experiment: Participants completed a visual judgement task among researchers pretending to be participants. Undercover participants said the wrong answer, and participants had a dilemma: The desire to be correct vs. the desire to conform to the group ATT R AC TI O N — S I TUAT I O N A L FAC T O R S Situational: PROXIMITY!! The Mere exposure effect: the closer by someone is to us, the tendency for liking of a stimulus more likely we are to encounter to increase with the frequency them. of exposure to that stimulus This matters!!! We even believe this about ourselves: Inverted filter “____ is growing on me.” ATT R AC TI O N — P SYC H O L O G I C A L FAC TO RS  Psychological: The Believe it or not: We don't qualities you get to know look for the smartest, about someone by coolest, most driven, angel interacting with them. of a human being. Personality, point of view, We look for someone attitudes, beliefs, values, who is SIMILAR to us in ambitions, and abilities our inner qualities.  R E L AT I O N S H I P S Humans have the Why? → Human When it comes to longest infants are some mating, humans relationships out of the most tend to COMMIT of all the species helpless creatures because babies on earth! on the planet. take a long time to raise!  IMP RESSION FORMATION Impression formation: the process where individuals form either a positive or negative perception about people or groups. Make a quick judgement based on one interaction Confirmation bias: tendency to interpret, seek, & create info in ways that verify existing beliefs Information inconsistent with prior beliefs will be attended to less. Information consistent with prior beliefs will be attended to more.  I MPR ESSI ON F OR MAT IO N EXA MPL ES Impression formation: the process where individuals form either a positive or negative perception about people or groups. That girl wouldn’t talk to me when I met her. She’s stuck up. Team plays well first game. They’re going to win the championship. Confirmation bias: tendency to interpret, seek, & create info in ways that verify existing beliefs When that girl is nice = ignored. When she is not nice = noted. Team plays well = noted. Team plays bad = ignored.  TA R G E T - B A S E D I N F E R E N C E S : D I S P O S I T I O N V S. S I T U AT I O N Trying to guess if something is a one-off situation Attribution: an (Disposition = or a good inference about that person’s example of the cause of a qualities & someone’s person’s character) character: behavior. making an attribution Hint: (Attribution = what you’re putting the blame on)  TYP ES OF ATTRIBUT IONS Situational attribution: Dispositional attribution: deciding a person’s behavior deciding a person’s behavior was caused by a temporary was caused by a relatively aspect of the situation in which permanent tendency to think, it happened feel, or act in a particular way "The basketball player is "The basketball player can't having a bad night." shoot." "The student didn't study & “The student is a bad test slept badly the night before." taker.” “That pass was horrible!!!” “I need to work on my skills.” “My _____ isn’t working “Eh, I’m not the best at this right!” game.”  APP ROVAL MOTIV E Approval motive: to be accepted & avoid being rejected This motive gives power to the NORMATIVE INFLUENCE! → doing what we think is appropriate based on others’ behavior Norms: customary standards for behavior If a new student comes in on exam day that are widely shared by and wants to fit in, what might they do? members of a culture A PP ROVA L MO TI VE: CON FO RMI TY    ACCURACY MOTIV E: CONSI STEN CY Because of our accuracy motive: We believe in what we do! What happens when we learn something new that doesn’t align with what we believe? Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, or beliefs. How you can remember: Cognitive dissonance is the FEELING when information is “dissing on” what you believe. Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders PSYC-121-07 How do we diagnose mental disorders? Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM): Basically: authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders. A classification system Describes the symptoms used to diagnose EACH recognized mental disorder Indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems. Anxiety Disorders—Phobic Disorders Phobic Disorders: characterized by MARKED, PERSISTENT, and EXCESSIVE fear and avoidance of SPECIFIC objects, activities, or situations. Specific Phobia: an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function. 5 categories: (1) Animals, (2) natural environments, (3) situations, (4) blood, injections, injury, & (5) other phobias (choking & vomiting) Social Phobia: irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning Repetitive, intrusive thoughts: obsessions Ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off those thoughts: compulsions Anxiety’s role: The obsessions bring ANXIETY → the compulsions reduce the anxiety OCD Compulsions can be connected to obsessive thoughts (excessive handwashing due to contamination fear) They can also be completely unrelated (touch the door 10 times or someone will die) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): chronic physiological arousal recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind. Depressive Disorders Major Depressive Disorder: characterized by: a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure lasts 2 or more weeks Accompanied by feelings of: worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder: a condition characterized by cycles of: Mania: abnormal, persistent high mood and Depression: abnormal, persistent low mood (Depressive phase of bipolar often looks the same as regular depression ) Bipolar Disorder: Manic Phase (must last at least one week) Other symptoms may Mood can be: include: Elevated Decreased need for sleep Expansive (grandiose or Talkativeness superior attitude, Racing thoughts flamboyant, extremely Distractibility friendly, ignore boundaries, Reckless behavior etc.) MAYBE: hallucinations or Irritable delusions  Schizophrenia: A psychotic disorder characterized by… Profound disruption of basic psychological processes Concentration, memory, organization A distorted perception of reality Seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, or feeling things that ARE NOT THERE Altered or blunted emotion Difficulty expressing emotion, feeling disconnected Disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior Bizarre & repetitive behaviors/thoughts, unpredictable Schizophrenia What can the distorted perceptions of reality look like? Believing that you are being harassed, persecuted, or in danger Believing there are hidden messages in things Believing that people on tv are sending special messages to you Misremembering something in the past Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-5) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows: 1) Persistent communication difficulties 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. No two children with ASD will present with these symptoms in the EXACT same way. The next slide will give examples of what this could look like. **READ TO UNDERSTAND, NOT MEMORIZE!** Persistent communication difficulties. Some children with ASD… are nonverbal or have difficulties using nonverbal communication have difficulties engaging in conversations outside of their own interests act in ways that are inappropriate for circumstances Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Behave in a uniform or repetitive way (echoing others’ words, repeating actions, etc.) Have difficulties with changes in routine, environment, or the way they think something should be Have interests that are very important to them & may take up a lot of their time Be sensitive to the way certain things feel, look, sound, taste, or smell (sensory) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD: persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning Inattention difficulties: sustaining attention, organization, memory, following instructions, etc. Hyperactive-impulsiveness: remaining still, waiting for turn, interrupting, etc. Must be present in two or more settings, present for 6 months, and impact functioning Conduct Disorder Conduct Disorder: child or There are 15 symptoms of adolescent engages in conduct disorder—only 3 persistent pattern of deviant required for diagnosis. behavior involving: Aggression towards people 32,000 possible or animals combinations Destruction of property 9% of people in the U.S. Deceitfulness or theft 12% of boys, 7% of girls. Serious rule violations  Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD): a pervasive pattern of: 1. disregard for and violation of the rights of others 2. begins in childhood and early adolescence 3. continues into adulthood Often commit crimes & often get caught because their crimes are frequent and VERY obvious Treatment of Psychological Disorders Chapter 15 PSYC-121-07 Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (psychological treatment): an interaction between a clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem Different forms with varying goals, aims, and methods Eclecticism draws on techniques from different psychological theories and therapeutic methods depending on the client & the problem. Used by 1/4th of psychotherapists Mixes different psychological theories & therapeutic methods Psychodynamic Therapies Psychodynamic Therapy: explore childhood events → encourage individuals to use the understanding they gain to understand their psychological problems. Unconscious motives and desires are brought to awareness Limited evidence for its effectiveness. Client-Centered Therapy Client-Centered Therapy: 1) Assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth & 2) This growth can be facilitated by acceptance by and genuine reactions from the therapist (UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD) 3) Clients can determine their own goals for therapy 4) Therapists do not provide advice & instead provide understanding. Psychodynamic Therapy Today (Most) psychodynamic therapies still foster insight into unconscious processes. Most common: Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT): focuses on helping clients improve current relationships. IPT assumes: Interpersonal relations improve = symptoms subside Behavior Therapy: Changing Maladaptive Behavior Patterns Behavior therapy: assumes that disordered behavior is learned & that changing maladaptive behaviors into more useful behaviors relieve symptoms Techniques: 1) Eliminating unwanted behaviors—Punishment 2) Promoting Desired Behaviors—Reinforcement 3) Reducing Unwanted Emotional Responses—Exposure Therapy Behavior Therapy: Exposure Therapy Reducing Unwanted Emotional Responses Systematic Desensitization: confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus DIRECTLY and REPEATEDLY, which decreases the emotional response over time. Cockroaches Exposure Therapy Cognitive Therapy: Changing Distorted Thoughts Cognitive Therapy: focuses on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world… Using a technique called cognitive restructuring: teaches clients to question their automatic, negative thinking and replace it with more realistic beliefs. Examples of Cognitive Restructuring Original of Examples Thought cognitive restructuring: Restructured Thought: “I failed this test, so I am a “I didn’t do well on this test, but complete failure at everything.” that doesn’t define my abilities. I can study differently and improve next time.” “If I make one mistake at work, I’ll “Making a mistake is a normal part get fired and lose everything.” of work, and one mistake doesn’t mean I’ll lose my job. I can learn from it and improve.” “I didn’t get the job I applied for. I’ll “Not getting this job doesn’t mean never find a job.” I won’t find another opportunity.” Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies. CBT is problem-focused skill-building. It uses the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to give people ACTIONS they can do to help themselves. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT for anxiety with 5 th graders examples: Detective work Best, worst, most likely scenario Breathing techniques Breathing wheel & five-finger breathing In vs. Out of Control Play-doh vs rock Group Treatments: Couple and Family Therapy No individuals Treatment in therapy have strategies to have a It could be that target changes mental the in both parties disorder or relationship to break even itself has current SYMPTOMS problems. patterns of of a mental behavior. disorder.  Combining Medication and Psychotherapy Some mental disorders require medication to be part of treatment (schizophrenia & bipolar) For other disorders, medication & psychotherapy are roughly equally effective. Combination often leads to best results. Antidepressants: How do they work? Serotonin is involved in controlling mood. Low levels are linked to depression. SSRI Antidepressants block the reuptake of SEROTONIN so that it stays in the synapse longer. SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) drugs: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, etc. Biological Treatments Beyond Medication Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): (shock therapy) a treatment that involves inducing a brief seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain. The shock is applied to the scalp for less than a second. It effectively treats severe depression that does not respond to medication. Muscle relaxants and general anesthesia are used. Side effects: impaired short-term memory, head aches, and muscle aches. Treatment Illusions—3 types It can seem like treatment is working when really… 1) Natural improvement—When you think the treatment made you better when you would have gotten better anyway. Symptoms tend to return to their average level. 2) Placebo Effects—A substance that cannot heal is given with the expectation that it will heal. You think something will make you better…so you feel better. 3) Reconstructive Memory—Misremembering that symptoms used to be worse than they were, which gives the illusion of improvement. "You think it's bad now...you should have seen it before!"  Which Treatments DON’T Work According to Evidence? Why D.A.R.E. Failed Did you know scared straight was not just a T.V. show? (est. 1970s)