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UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER UCSP study of past human culture ANTHROPOLOGY through the recovery and...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER UCSP study of past human culture ANTHROPOLOGY through the recovery and analysis of artifacts. WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? 4. Biological Anthropology - The - A branch of Social Science that study of humans as biological deals with all aspects of human organisms, including their beings including their biological evolution and contemporary evolution and social and variation. cultural features that definitively 5. Applied Anthropology - They distinguish humans from other analyze social, political, and animal species. economic problems and - “Science of humanity” develop solutions to respond to present problems “Anthropos” - Man “Logos” - Study SOCIOLOGY BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 1. Cultural Anthropology - The - A scientific study of society, study of people with their including patterns of social variations and progress in terms relationship, social interaction of culture. It also deals with the and culture. description and analysis of the - Defined by Anthony Giddens as forms and styles of social life of “The study of human social life, past and present ages. groups and society.” 2. Linguistic Anthropology - The study of language mainly but “Socius” - Companion or not exclusively among humans. associate It also deals with the study of “Logos” - Study communication's origins, history, and contemporary variation. 1. Society 3. Archaeology - The study of past - Group of individuals sharing a human cultures through their common culture, geographical material remains. It is also the location and government. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER - Product of human interaction. - Social structure is the 2. Social Interaction foundation of every society just - Ways and means by which like the pillar and foundation of humans interact with each other a building. within the confines of society. - Agency is defined as individuals 3. Social Organization or groups who aim to empower - Interrelationship of parts of and transform themselves. society. Social Disciplines of Sociology Categories: 1. Social Organization a. Status - position 2. Social Psychology prescribed as a set of 3. Population and Demography behaviors that defines an 4. Human Ecology individual. The set of 5. Applied Sociology behaviors are called 6. Social Change Roles. POLITICAL SCIENCE Ascribed : Given to an individual regardless of Political Science - It is the systematic ability. study of politics which Andrew Achieved : Gain through Heywood described as “The activity the individual's talent. through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under b. Group - it is the basic unit which they live.” of organization. c. Institution - it is the Focuses on three fundamental values building blocks of a of Equality, Freedom & Justice. society. through these, norms are produced. Concept of Political Science a. Politics 4. Social Structure and Agency - The interaction between the civil society and the government. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER - The exercise of power within a mutually interdependent of state authoritative allocation of each other, and following a scarce value such as power, certain way of life. prestige, etc. - Derived from the Latin term “societas”, from socius, which b. Power means companion or associate. (Max Weber) - Power is the ability of person A DEFINITION OF SOCIETY HAS TWO to make person B do what TYPES: person B would not otherwise 1. FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION (POINT do. OF VIEW) - The ability of an individual to - Society is a complex of groups achieve their own goals or aims. in reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another, c. State enabling human organisms to - State is a political entity that carry on their life-activities and consist of four elements; helping each person to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his a. Territory interests in association with his b. Government fellows. c. People 2. STRUCTURAL DEFINITION (POINT d. Sovereignty OF VIEW) - Society is the total social heritage of folkways, mores and institutions; of habits, sentiments 2: CULTURE AND SOCIETY and ideals. - The important aspect of WHAT IS A SOCIETY? society is the system of - A group of people with common relationships, the pattern of the territory, interaction, and culture. norms of interaction between - A group of people living together the members of the society in a definite territory, having a maintain themselves. sense of belongingness, UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER TYPES OF SOCIETIES ACCORDING TO: The reasons people live together as a ECONOMIC AND MATERIAL SYSTEM society (Ariola, 2012): For Survival Pre-Class They are characterized by communal ownership Feeling of gregariousness of property and division Specialization of labor. Characteristics of Society Asiatic The people are 1. It is a social system economic self-sufficient but their leaders are 2. It is relatively large despotic and powerful. 3. It socializes its members and those from without. Ancient Wealth is limited to a few 4. It endures, produces and individuals due to private land ownership, sustains its members for with the rich owning generations. large tracts and the poor 5. It holds its members through a working as laborers. common culture. 6. It has a clearly-defined Feudal Aristocrats owned vast lands, while peasants geographical territory. worked on their lands, receiving minimal MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SOCIETY benefits. Societies 1. It provides a system of collapsed due to socialization. urbanization and 2. It provides the basic needs of its industrial growth. members. Capitalists Societies were divided 3. It regulates and controls into two classes: the people’s behavior. bourgeoise, who owned 4. It provides the means of social capital and production participation. means, and the proletariat, who either 5. It provides mutual support to the worked for capitalists or members. sold their properties.  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER Democratic Free societies allow had taken place. individuals to engage in lawful business for profit Militant These are characterized or gain, while still by: adhering to the law's a) the existence of mandates for their military organization and livelihood. ranks; b) individual lives and private possessions are at the disposal of the State; and EVOLUTIONARY VIEW c) any recreation, Simple These societies were movements, satisfaction predominantly small, of biological needs, and nomadic, and leadership production of goods are is unstable. The people totally regulated by the had no specialization of State. skills, thus they lived a Industrial These are characterized simple life. by: Compound The merging of two or a) people elect their more simple societies representatives to led to the formation of a protect their initiatives; larger, predominantly b) freedom of belief, settled agricultural religion, production of society with a division of industrial goods exist; four or five social c) disputes and classes. grievances are settled through peaceful Doubly These are completely arbitration; and Compound integrated, more definite d) business in political and religious organizations appear on structure, and more contractual agreement. complex division of labor. Considerable Post These are characterized progress in infrastructure Industrial by: and knowledge in arts a) spread of computer  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER machines and existence Agricultural Plow farming improved of information and aeration and fertilization, communication; leading to better yields. b) inventions and Irrigation farming discoveries in medicines, introduced larger yields, agriculture, business feeding a larger number whether in physical and of people. natural sciences emerged; and Industrial The Industrial Revolution c) pollution, diseases, in the 18th century led to calamities are prevalent the development of as a result of advanced machines for food technology. production, guns and steel, steam locomotives, and a PEOPLE’S SUBSTINENCE well-coordinated labor force. Food The people survived Gathering through hunting, Post Information and collecting shellfish, and Industrial communication vegetable gathering. technology is Tools were made of characterized by stones, wood, and bones. advancements by computer specialists. Horticultural The people planted This also led to issues like seeds as a mean of pollution and lung illness. production for substinence. Dissolution of a society; Pastoral People in nomadic 1. When people kill each other societies seek animals through civil revolution. for food, clothing, milk, 2. When an outside force fur, and protein. These exterminates the members of small, wandering communities are society. male-centered kinship 3. When the members become groups. apathetic among themselves or UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER have no more sense of 2. Shared and may be challenged belongingness. 3. Learned through socialization or 4. When a small society is enculturation absorbed by a larger society by 4. Patterned social interactions means of conquest or territorial 5. Transmitted through absorption. socialization or enculturation 5. When an existing society is 6. Requires language and other submerged in water killing all forms of communication the people and other living things in it. Or when people living According to Anthropologists: in such a society voluntarily 1. Learned attach themselves to another 2. Symbolic existing society. 3. Systemic and integrated WHAT IS CULTURE? 4. Shared - E.B. Taylor, in the 1860s, defined 5. Encompassing culture as a complex interconnected set of IMPORTANCE OR FUNCTIONS OF knowledge, beliefs, and CULTURE behaviors, which are socially - Culture is a crucial concept in transmitted through language sociology, as it shapes social and societal interactions relationships, maintains and (Arcinas, 2016). challenges social order, and - Encompasses all aspects of determines our sense of the human experience beyond world. physical fact, including stories, - It also plays a significant role in religion, media, rituals, and producing social order, which language. It is a way of life, with refers to the stability of society morality being a part of culture. based on collective agreement on rules and norms. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE - David and Macaraeg According to Sociologists: emphasized culture's functions 1. Dynamic, flexible, and adaptive as a societal trademark, UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER providing meaning, direction, 4. VALUES defines what is good predictor of social behavior, and desirable. These values unifying diverse behaviors, influence people's behavior and establishing social personality, serve as a benchmark for and developing attitudes and evaluating others. values. 5. BELIEFS are an individual's beliefs about their environment, life, and its value, often based on common sense, folk wisdom, ELEMENTS OF CULTURE religion, science, or a 1. SYMBOLS are objects, gestures, combination of these, and their sounds, or images that give relationship with others and the meaning to a culture. People world. share a culture's understanding 6. NORMS are societal of certain events, colors, and expectations that dictate graphic symbols. appropriate behavior in specific 2. LANGUAGE known as storehouse situations. Violations can result of culture, which in the in social deviance. Philippines because of its diverse dialects, serves as a TYPES OF NORMS means of communication and a. PROSCRIPTIVE defines transmit culture to future and tells us things not to generations through learning. do. 3. TECHNOLOGY refers to the b. PRESCRIPTIVE defines and application of knowledge and tells us things to do. equipment to ease the task of living and maintaining the FORMS OF NORMS environment; it includes a. FOLKWAYS are norms for artifacts, methods and devices everyday behavior, created and used by people passed down through (Arcinas, 2016). generations. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER b. MORES are moral norms personality and behavioral controlling ethical patterns. behavior, based on right 2. INDOCTRINATION. Formal and wrong. training involves learning from c. LAWS are morally agreed, school, while informal teaching written, and enforced involves acquiring behaviors norms established by the through listening, watching, state to ensure stricter reading, attending training punishment and societal activities, or through interaction. standards. 3. CONDITIONING. The acquisition of values, beliefs, and attitudes COMPONENTS OF CULTURE is influenced by conditioning, 1. MATERIAL consists of tangible which can be reinforced through objects, resources, and spaces rewards and punishments. used by individuals to define their culture, including homes, neighborhoods, schools, ADAPTATION OF CULTURE churches, and factories. 1. PARALLELISM means that the 2. NON-MATERIAL includes same culture may take place in intangible ideas, beliefs, values, two or more different places rules, norms, morals, language, have semblance in other places and institutions. It can be 2. DIFFUSION refers to those categorized into cognitive and behavioral patterns that pass normative cultures, influenced back and forth from one culture by symbols, language, values, to another. This is the transfer or and norms. spread of culture traits from one another brought about by MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE change agents such as people 1. IMITATION. Children and adults or media. often imitate social environment 3. CONVERGENCE takes place values, attitudes, and language, when two or more cultures are which can internalize into their fused or merged into one UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER culture making it different from 2. INVENTION implies a creative the original culture. mental process of devising, 4. FISSION takes place when creating and producing people break away from their something new, novel or original culture and start original; and also the utilization developing a different culture of and combination of previously their own. known elements to produce that 5. ACCULTURATION refers to the an original or novel product. process wherein individuals 3. DIFFUSION is the spread of incorporate the behavioral cultural traits or social practices patterns of other cultures into from a society or group to their own either voluntarily or by another belonging to the same force. society or to another through 6. ASSIMILATION occurs when the direct contact with each other culture of a larger society is and exposure to new forms. It adopted by a smaller society, involves the following social that smaller society assumes processes: some of the culture of the larger a. Acculturation – cultural society or cost society. borrowing and cultural 7. ACCOMMODATION occurs when imitation. the larger society and smaller b. Assimilation – the society are able to respect and blending or fusion of two tolerate each other’s culture distinct cultures through even if there is already a long periods of prolonged contact of each interaction. other’s culture. c. Amalgamation – the biological or hereditary CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE fusion of members of 1. DISCOVERY is the process of different societies. finding a new place or an object, d. Enculturation – the artifact or anything that deliberate infusion of a previously existed. new culture to another. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER 4. COLONIZATION refers to the can lead to preference for their political, social, and political ideas and products. policy of establishing a colony which would be subject to the WHAT IS CULTURAL RELATIVISM? rule or governance of the - is a principle that judges colonizing state. behavior based on its cultural 5. REBELLION AND REVOLUTIONARY context, emphasizing that no MOVEMENTS aim to change the culture is superior to another. It whole social order and replace asserts that different societies the leadership. The challenge have different moral codes, the existing folkways and mores, which determine what is right or and propose a new scheme of wrong within the society. norms, values and organization. OTHER TERMS RELATED TO CULTURE Culture lag is experienced when WHAT IS ETHNOCENTRISM? some parts of the society do not - is a perception based on change as fast as with other cultural differences and the parts and they are left behind. belief that one's own culture is Ideal culture refers to the social superior. It involves judging patterns mandated by cultural another culture solely based on values and norms. one's own values and standards, Real culture refers to the actual often leading to a biased view of patterns that only approximate reality. cultural expectations. WHAT IS XENOCENTRISM? 3: CULTURAL DIVERSITY - is the belief that one's culture is WHAT IS CULTURAL VARIATION? inferior compared to others. It is - It arises as different groups influenced by cultural practices adapt to their environments, outside one's society, potentially leading to distinct practices in due to globalization, where music, dance, cuisine, and more. exposure to different cultures UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER - As people encounter different cultures, they become aware of WHAT IS ETHNOCENTRISM? both differences and similarities. - It is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others. Cultural variation or diversity - This often leads to does not only occur between people’s discrimination, culture coming from different misunderstandings, and culture countries, but also between people shock. with different practices within the same country. CULTURE SHOCK is the feeling of disorientation or fear when WHAT IS CULTURAL UNIVERSAL? encountering an unfamiliar - These are the traits or patterns culture. common to all societies. - All cultures share common WHAT IS CULTURAL RELATIVISM? elements. - It involves evaluating a culture by its own standards rather than VARIATION BETWEEN CULTURE through the lens of one’s own SUBCULTURE is a segment of culture. society with distinct mores, - This requires an open mind and folkways, and values that differ a willingness to adapt to new from dominant culture. values and norms. COUNTER CULTURE is a group - According to Ferraro and whose values and norms Andretta, this helps build oppose those of mainstream emotional resilience by society. respecting cultural norms. HIGH CULTURE is practices that are favored by society’s upper ADVANTAGES OF CULTURAL class. RELATIVISM POPULAR CULTURE are practices 1. Promotes cooperation that are being favored by the 2. Encourage respect and equality middle and working class. 3. Preserves culture UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER 4. Reduces judgement a. Power grip b. Precision grip WHAT IS CULTURAL CHANGE? 3. Our speaking capacity - This is observed when a culture 4. Our walking/standing capacity opens up new ways of living and when new ideas enter a culture CULTURAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL as a result of globalization. DEVELOPMENT PALEOLITHIC PERIOD 4: HUMAN CAPACITY FOR CULTURE (OLD STONE AGE) - Use of simple pebble tools. EVOLUTION - Learned to live in caves - is a natural process of biological - Discovered the use of fire changes occurring in a - Developed small sculptures; and population across successive monumental painting, incised generations. designs, and reliefs on the wall - It helps us identify and analyze of caves. man's physiological - “Food collecting culture” development and eventually the emergence of different societies. NEOLITHIC PERIOD (NEW STONE AGE) DIFFERENT SPECIES OF EARLY HUMANS - Stone tools were shaped by HOMINIDS - “MANLIKE PRIMATES” polishing or grinding HOMO HABILIS - “HANDY MAN” - Settlements in permanent HOMO ERECTUS - “THE UPRIGHT MAN” villages HOMO SAPIENS - “THE THINKING MAN” - Dependence on domesticated - SUBSPECIES OF HOMO SAPIENS plants and animals A. NEANDERTHAL MAN - Appearance of such crafts as B. CRO-MAGNON MAN pottery and weaving - “Food-processing cultures” FOUR BIOLOGICAL CAPACITY OF HUMAN TO DEVELOP CULTURE AGE OF METALS 1. Our thinking capacity 2. Our gripping capacity UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER - The use of metal such as bronze, essential link between the copper, and iron produced a individual and society. In fact, new historical development socialization allows the from the cradle civilization of individual to learn the norms, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, values, languages, skills, beliefs, including India and China which and other patterns of thought later on spread throughout Asia. and action that are essential for - The civilization which defines to social living. (Robertson, 1987:115) a more developed social, cultural, political, and economic THREE KEY PARTS: system 1. CONTEXT - It already had direct contacts - refers to the culture, language, through tribes, kingdom, empire social structures and one’s and later on states which the position within that particular constant political activities were society. It also includes history through conquest wars and and the roles people and trade. institutions around them 5: SOCIALIZATION performed in the past. One's life context will significantly affect WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION? the socialization process. For - a process that introduces example, a family's economic people to social norms and class may have a huge impact customs. This process helps on how parents associate or individuals function well in deal with their children. society, and, in turn, helps - Research has found that society run smoothly. Family parents emphasize the values members, teachers, religious and conducts most likely to help leaders, and peers all play roles children succeed given their in a person's socialization. condition in life. Parents who - a form of interaction by which expect their children to work people acquire personality and blue-collar jobs are more likely learn the way of life of their to emphasize correspondence society. It is considered the UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER and high regards for authority, assign chores or tell their while those who expect their children to interact with police children to pursue artistic, are examples of content and managerial, or entrepreneurial process, which are also defined professions are more likely by the span of socialization, the highlights creativity and methods used, the people competence. involved, and the type of Gender stereotypes - Cultural experience. expectations for gender roles and gendered behavior are conveyed to 3. RESULTS children through color-coded clothes - the outcome of socialization and sorts of game. Girls usually receive and refer to the way a person toys such as dolls or dollhouses that conceives and conducts after stresses physical appearance and undergoing this process. For domesticity while boys receive example, with small children, playthings such as legos, toy soldiers, socialization exhibits focus on or race cars that involve thinking skills control of biological and or manly type of sports. emotional impulses, such as Race - also plays a factor in drinking eating with bare hands socialization. Since white people bear a rather than eating with spoon disproportionate experience of police and fork or asking permission violence, they can encourage their before picking something up. children to defend and know their rights when the authorities try to 6: FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL violate them. In contrast, parents of ORGANIZATIONS color must instruct their children to Social groups are fundamental parts remain calm, compliant and secure in of human life. They are a multitude of the presence of law enforcement. people who see each other often and think of themselves as part of a group. 2. CONTENT AND PROCESS There appears to be groups of people - comprise the work of this everywhere. We could be a member of undertaking. How parents a church group, college class, UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER workplace, sports team, club, and Hebert Spencer (1820–1903), who saw others. similarities between society and the human body. He argued that just as SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND the various organs of the body work PERSPECTIVES together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work A. Structural Functionalism together to keep society functioning Macro (Spencer 1898). The parts of society The way each part of society that Spencer referred to were the functions together to contribute social institutions, or patterns of beliefs to the whole. and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, B. Conflict Theory education, family, healthcare, religion, Macro and the economy. The way inequalities contribute Émile Durkheim, another early to social differences and sociologist, applied Spencer’s theory perpetuate differences in power. to explain how societies change and survive over time. Durkheim believed C. Symbolic Interactionism that society is a complex system of Macro interrelated and interdependent parts One-to-one interactions and that work together to maintain stability communications. (Durkheim 1893), and that society is held together by shared values, Structural-functional theory, also languages, and symbols. Durkheim called functionalism, sees society as believed that individuals may make up as structure with interrelated parts society, but in order to study society, designed to meet the biological and sociologists have to look beyond social needs of the individuals in that individuals to social facts. society. Social facts are the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, Functionalism grew out of the writings customs, fashions, rituals, and of English philosopher and biologist, all of the cultural rules that UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER govern social life (Durkheim A Marx term for a PROLETARIANS 1895). Each of these social facts unable to see his/her status serves one or more functions within the class system. within a society. Class Consciousness Conflict Theory The group identify as the By Karl Max (1818-1883) exploited proletarians and society is in a state of perpetual potential revolutionaries. These conflict because of competition are also some of the structural for limited resources. constrain that prevent workers Conflict theory holds that social from joining together. order is maintained by domination and power, rather Feminist than by consensus and Examine competition by Ida B. conformity. Wells, it is a movement as a competition among groups women fought for the right to within society over limited vote, however the presumably resources. egalitarian mainstream TWO MAIN CLASSES IN CONFLICT : suffragist movements we’re 1. Bourgeoisie (Capital) headed by a white women wo The bourgeoisie owns and excluded black women from controls the means of suffrage. production, which leads to exploitation due to the profit Symbolic Interaction Theory motiv is a micro-level theory that 2. Proletariat (Worker) focuses on the meanings proletarians have only their connected to verbal and labor to sell, and do not own or non-verbal human interactions control capital. and symbols. False Consciousness Communication, the exchange of meaning through language UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER and symbols, is considered to - humans interact with be the way in which people things based on make sense of their social meanings ascribed to worlds. those things - the ascribed meaning of Charles Horton Cooley introduced the things comes from our looking-glass self (1902) interactions with others to describe how a person's self of self and society grows out of interactions with others, - the meanings of things and he proposed a threefold process are interpreted by a for this development: person when dealing with 1. We see how others react to us. things in specific 2. We interpret that reaction. circumstances (Blumer (Typically as positive or 1969). negative) This sounds close to Cooley's 3. We develop a sense of self looking-glass self, but Mead's based on those interpretations. contribution was really to the “Looking-glass" is an archaic development of self, especially term for a mirror, so Cooley in childhood. theorized that we "see" ourselves when we interact Social Scientist with others. who apply symbolic-interactionist thinking George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) look for patterns of interaction is considered a founder of symbolic between individuals. interactionism, though he never Their studies often involve published his work on this subject observation of one-on-one (LaRossa and Reitzes 1993). interactions. Mead's student, Herbert Blumer For example, while a conflict actually coined the term theorist studying a political "symbolic interactionism and protest might focus on class outlined these basic premises: difference, a symbolic UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER interactionist would be more - Groups are formed as an interested in how individuals in assemblage of people who the protesting group interact, as often interact with each other well as the signs and symbols on the basis of a common protesters use to communicate outlook concerning behavior their message and to negotiate and a sense of common and thus develop shared identity. A social group may meanings. consist of two or more individuals who do things Erving Goffman together with a common goal The focus on the importance of and interest. interaction in building a society led sociologists like Erving - Examples are family, friends, Goffman (1922-1982) to develop churchmate, schoolmate, clubs, a technique called organization, etc. dramaturgical analysis. Goffman used theater as an Group analogy for social interaction is any collection of people who and recognized that people's interact on the basis of shared interactions showed patterns of expectations regarding one cultural "scripts" Since it can be another’s behavior (Kornblum, unclear what part a person may 2003). play in a given situation, as we is consists of two or more all occupy multiple roles in a people who are bound together given day (ie., student, friend, in relatively stable patterns of son/daughter, employee, etc.), social interaction and who share one has to improvise his or her a feeling of unity (Hughes and role as the situation unfolds Kroeler, 2009. (Goffman 1958). is comprised of two or more persons who are in social Forms of Social Groups interaction, who are guided by similar norms, values and UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER expectations, and who maintain General Characteristics of a Group a stable pattern of relationship 1. A group has identity identifiable over a period of time. by both its members and is specified number of outsiders. individuals where each 2. A group has a social structure in recognizes members from the sense that each part or non-member. member has a position related it is a collection of individuals to other positions. characterized by: 3. Each member in a group has a) Communication roles to play. b) Recognition 4. There is mutual reciprocity c) Specialized roles among members in a group. Group as distinguished from other Three Requirements for a Group: Collection of people like: 1. There must be two or more people. 1. Aggregate 2. There must be interaction. A simple collection of people who 3. The members must be together are in the same place at the same physically. time without interacting with each other. Factors that influence Groups For example: People inside the 1. Motivational base shared by moviehouse and people riding in an individuals (based on needs, LRT/MRT. interests, desires,noble activities, insecurities, or problems). 2. Category 2. Size of the group A simple collection of people who 3. Type of group goals share distinctive characteristics(age, 4. The kind of a group sex, race, income/social class, cohesion/unity (the capability to occupation, religion, political beliefs, function and interact collectively and ethnicity. in the direction of their goals.) For example: Males/females in the society; the infants; children; youth; UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER adults; the middle class; the personal and intimate millionaires relationship face to face communication 3. Collectivity permanence duration Collection of people in a given place a strong sense of loyalty or "we" and time. feeling For example: crowds, masses, public small in size and social movements are temporary informal structure groups traditional or non-rational decision making Importance of a Group: B. Secondary Group 1. A group is a major source of large solidarity and cohesion. Impersonal, aloof relationship 2. 2. A group reinforces and indirect communication strengthens our integration. temporary duration 3. A group shares basic survival weak group cohesiveness based and problem-solving on self-interest techniques to satisfy personal rational decision making and emotional needs. formal structure 4. A group gives meaning and support to an individual. Group Boundaries A. In-group How is a group formed? A group with which the 1. The desire to achieve an individual identifies and which objective. gives him sense of belonging, 2. To meet the needs of an solidarities, camaraderie, esprit individual member. de corps and a protective 3. People are treated alike by attitude toward the other others. members. The members are loyal to each Classifications of a Group other and share common A. Primary Group UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER norms, activities, goals and and expectations are background. prescribed, independent of the person who happens to occupy B. Out-group a given position Viewed as outsiders by the Individual roles are explicitly in-group; designed as president, Any member of the in-group v-president, secretary, and has insufficient contract with the treasurer members of the out-group With constitution or set of Members of the in-group have by-laws. feelings of strangeness, dislikes, avoidance, antagonism, B. Informal Group Boundaries indifference and hatred toward Arises spontaneously out of the the out-group. interactions of two or more people C. Reference Group They are unplanned, have no Group that is significant to us as explicit rules for membership, models even though we and do not have specific ourselves may not be a part of objectives to be attained the group. The members exchange Is one which an individual does confidences, share a feeling of not only have a high regard for intimacy and acquire a sense of but one after which he or she belongingness. patterns his/her life Its central aspect is Consequences of group boundaries: self-identification rather than 1. people gain a clearer sense of actual membership. their diversity 2. ethnocentrism may grow Types of group boundaries: 3. serious personal and social A. Formal Group Boundaries problems may arise groups in which duties and privileges are clearly defined Functions of Social Group UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER A. Primary Group group of people who can - The primary group plays a vital connect with each other part in the socialization process. because of their sense of It forms the social nature and identity and belongingness. ideals of individuals especially in - Out-group functions as a shaping the culture and competitor or rival group that an personality where a person individual is opposed to. learns social norms, beliefs, morals, and values. D. Reference Group - Reference group provides a Ex. Family, friends, siblings standard of measurement. This B. Secondary Group group has a strong impact on - Secondary group members how a person thinks and acts as tend to relate to others only in it may serve as guide to specific roles and for practical member’s behaviour and social reasons. This group helps in norms. Thus, networks function fulfilling various types of human as a social media influencer. needs and brings about social awareness and social change. E. Social Networks Also, this group helps fulfill - Social networks are influential in various special interests in such a wide range of online platforms fields as sports, dance, music, used for building social and others. relationships with other people including sharing of political Ex. Sports team, co-workers, opinions, likes and dislikes, and schoolmates can even show trending societal issues or personalities. C. In-group and Out-group - An in-group may form within our 7: FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF STATE secondary group such as our AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS workmates, group mates, or STATE assembly which functions as a UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER A state is an organized political 2. Territory- There can be no state community acting under a without a fixed territory. People need government and united by territory to live and organize common set of laws. themselves socially and politically. It Market exchange is the primary may be remembered that the territory form of economic subsistence of the states includes land, water and of a state wherein standardized airspace. currencies are being used to 3. Government- It is the organization exchange commodities. or machinery or agency of the State The concept of the state is which makes, implements, enforces, different from the concept of and adjudicates the laws of the state. government. A government is 4. Sovereignty - It is the most exclusive the particular group of people elements of State. Without sovereignty that controls the state at a given no state can exist. State has the time. exclusive title and prerogative to The concept of the state is also exercise supreme different from the concept of a power over all its people and territory. nation, which refers to a large It is the basis which the State geographical area and the regulates all aspects of the life of the people therein who perceives people living in its territory. themselves as having a common identity. The state is a FORMS OF STATES political geopolitical entity; the a. Authoritarian Government differ in nation is a cultural or ethnic who holds power and in how control entity. they assume over those who govern. Monarchy is a form of ELEMENTS OF THE STATES government in which supreme 1. Population- It is the people who power is absolutely lodged with make the state. Population is essential an individual, who is the head of for the state. the state, often for life or until Without population there can be no abdication. The person who State. heads a monarchy is called a UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER monarch. Some monarchs hold theocracies include Saudi unlimited political powers while Arabia, Iran, and the Vatican. monarchies, such as the United c. Democratic Government Kingdom and Thailand. is a form of government in which the Currently, 44 nations in the world right to governs is held by the majority have monarchs as head of of citizens within a country or a state. state. The two principles of democracy are Totalitarianism is a political that all citizens have equal access to system that strives to regulate power and that all citizens enjoy nearly every aspect of public universally recognized freedoms and and private life. It theoretically liberties. People can either become permits no individual freedom country leaders through electoral and that seeks to subordinate process or elect leaders who represent all aspects of individual life to the core values and beliefs. There are the authority of the state. 99 democratic nations globally. Examples of democratic nations b. Oligarchic Government is a form of are Philippines, Norway, New Zealand, government in which power effectively United States of America, Canada, rests with a small-elite segment of Columbia, Italy, and South Africa. society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious ROLES OF THE STATES hegemony. An oligarchy does not have 1. State provides security against one clear ruler, but several powerful external aggressions and war. For this people who rule. purpose, the state maintains an army. Theocracy is a government by 2. State ensures security against divine guidance or by official internal disturbances disorders and who are regarded as divinely crimes. For this purpose, the state guided. Leaders are members of maintains police. the clergy, and the state’s legal 3. State legally grants and guarantees system is based on religious law. the rights of the people. Contemporary examples of 4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER 5. State undertakes steps for the 2. Investment Banks creation of necessary conditions for the socio-economic-politico-cultural b. Corporations is a form of business development of the people. operation that declares the business 6. State grants citizenship and protects as a separate entity guided by a group their interests and rights. of officers known as the Board of 7. State conducts foreign relations, Directors. They were created by foreign trade and economic relations. individuals, stockholders or 8. State secures the goals of national shareholders, with the purpose of interest in international relations. operating for profit. NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS TYPES OF CORPORATIONS are people and/or organization 1. For-profit entities that participate in international 2. Not-for-profit entities affairs and relations but are not affiliated with any state or Multinational Corporations nation. (MNCs) are business These nonstate institutions are organization that extends equally capable of influencing ownership, management, policy formation and production, and sales activities implementation. into several or more countries. MNCs are boon to the economic a. Banks are a financial institution growth and development of the licensed to provide several financial states. services to different types of customers. Banks are in operation c. Cooperatives are people-centers mainly for their deposits and lending enterprises owned, controlled and run functions. by and for their members to realize their common economic, social, and MAJOR FORMS OF BANKS cultural needs and aspirations. 1. Commercial Banks Cooperatives are businesses governed UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER on the principle of one member, one Among these trade unions that exist in vote. the Philippines are the Federation of Free Workers (FFW), Kilusang Mayo Uno There are several common types of (KMU) and the Trade Union Congress co-ops, including cooperatives owned of the Philippines (TUCP). and operated by: a. The people working there (worker e. Transnational Advocacy Groups cooperatives); (TAGs) play an increasingly important b. The people buying the co-op’s role in international and regional goods or services (consumer politics and have contributed to cooperatives) changing policies of multilateral c. The people collaborating to process organizations and states. They are and market their products particularly visible in contentious areas (producer cooperatives); and as human rights, environmental issues, d. Groups uniting to enhance their international peace, and women’s purchasing power (purchasing rights. cooperatives) f. Development Agencies have been d. Trade Unions/Labor Unions are established to develop the organizations formed by workers from cooperation between the public sector, related fields that work for common private sector, and civil society. These interest of its members. They help are organizations with specific aims workers in issues like fairness of pay, and goals. The common denominator good working environment, hours of among these organizations is the term work and benefits. They represent a development. These agencies cluster of workers and provide a link concentrate on the growth, between the management and progression, and advancement of workers. The purpose of these unions is specific concerns, which can be to look into the grievances of wagers infrastructure or social institutions. and present a collective voice in front of the management. 8: FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIETY UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER DEFINITION AND ROLE OF EDUCATION elementary level and expanding it to Education is the social institution include learning of employable, gainful providing knowledge, skills, and skills. cultural norms to society. Tertiary education: Institutions of It involves systematic training of higher education classified as either moral and intellectual faculties. public or private colleges or Education transmits the vital cultural universities. heritage of a group to the young. Non-formal education: Any organized educational activity outside EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES the established formal system to The Department of Education provide selected types of learning to a (DepEd) manages and regulates the segment of the population. Philippine educational system. Informal education: A lifelong The system was patterned after the process whereby every individual educational systems of Spain and the acquires from daily experiences, United States before the Philippines' attitudes, values, facts, skills, and independence in 1946. knowledge from resources in their The education system was influenced higher environment. by their culture and ideologies, with education serving the upper classes SPECIAL EDUCATION and symbolizing "social standing and Education of persons who are prestige." physically, mentally, emotionally, Post-independence, the education socially, or culturally different from system changed radically. so-called "normal" individuals. Special education provides distinct TYPES OF EDUCATION services, curricula, and instructional Formal education: Hierarchically materials geared to pupils or students structured, chronologically graded who are significantly higher or lower education system from primary school than the average or norm. to university. Secondary education: Concerned FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN THE with continuing basic education of the SOCIETY UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER 1. Productive Citizenry: Education equips individuals with the PRIMARY EDUCATION AS A HUMAN knowledge and skills necessary RIGHT to contribute to societal - Primary education is a development. It fosters critical fundamental human right, as thinking, awareness of concepts declared by UNESCO, and is like democracy and inequality, essential for personal freedom, and encourages active empowerment, and societal participation in society. development. 2. Self-actualization: Education plays a major role in personal growth by helping individuals recognize their strengths and weaknesses, aiding in self-improvement. It aligns with Maslow's concept of self-actualization, the highest human need, which involves becoming the best version of oneself by fulfilling one's potential. Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER PERDEV - Know Thyself is an old maxim or SELF-DEVELOPMENT aphorism which in time has been used in varied literature - is a process of discovering and consequently gained oneself by realizing ones different meanings. One of its potentials and capabilities that meanings is recorded in the are shaped over time either by Greek encyclopaedia of studying in a formal school or knowledge called "The Suda”. through environmental factors. - Thomas Hobbes also discussed Along this realization, an his own views about the maxim individual encounters gradual from which he used the phrase changes deep within him/her "read thyself" in his famous work that may help him/her The Leviathan. He stressed that overcome unacceptable an individual could learn more practices or traits which by studying others and that - lead him towards positive he/she can do this by engaging change for his growth or himself/herself to reading books. self-fulfillment. It is also called However, Hobbes emphasized personal development. that a person learns more by studying oneself. KNOW THYSELF - He further elaborated his views about know thyself from which - According to the philosophical he stated that a man who point of view, "An unexamined investigates himself/herself and life is not worth living", this is considers contemplating on one of the famous lines once what he/she did or what he/she uttered by one of the greatest thinks, reasons, hopes and/or philosophers of Ancient Greek, fears and to what grounds Socrates. he/she feels all these can consequently learn how to read and learn others' thoughts and passions in similar occasions. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER - Thus, this statement leads us to mind is the seat of the realization that knowing consciousness. oneself is the open door that - This means that it is in the mind leads us to knowing others that we know everything about better. ourselves like our identity, - Authors of other materials passion, interest, feelings, related to this idea believe that and/or intellect, thus everything 'know thyself' is a moral that we are comes from the epistemological injunction. This mind. suggests that the philosophy is SELF-CONCEPT THEORY (Sincero): acquiring the skills of way of questioning or challenging the - Self-concept is learned. This person to gain careful explains that no individual is understanding of oneself. It is a born with self- concept. A form of self-concern. person will soon develop this as he/she grows old. This means SELF CONCEPT that self- concept can only be acquired as soon as the person - is one's abstract and general learns how to mingle with idea about him/herself others. particularly toward his/her - Self-concept is organized. This unique personality and his/her stresses out that one's own perception about his/her perception towards him/her is set of values, point of view, and firm. This means that a person behavior. may hear other people's point of - This theory began as Rene view regarding him/her but will Descartes, the Father of Modern keep on believing that what Philosophy, proposed his theory he/she thinks of himself/herself that a person's existence is always the right one. Change depends on his/her perception. on one's perceptions towards Rene Descartes stated that him/her, however, may also be possible but it takes time. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER - Self-concept is dynamic. As an infants do grab things and individual grows older, he/she would want to get things on continues to encounter their hands not minding if they problems or challenges that hurt or if they are important or may reveal his/her self-concept not. All they want is to get them in that particular time or for they want them. This is the situation. A person will definitely nature of Id, when the Id wants it, respond to the scenario based the rest are no longer important. on his/her own insights and how However, this instinct is he/she perceives himself/herself controlled by the ego and in the situation. Thus, superego as these aspects are self-concept undergoes developed in man's life later on. development as the person - The Ego. This is the second goes through different component of the personality experiences. that is developed at approximately the age of three. 3 COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY This operates according to WITHIN US (SIGMUND FREUD): reality which makes it possible - The Id. Freud explained that for the Id to work in a more man's personality is driven by proper and satisfactory ways. pleasure principle. This means The ego will give a more socially that the nature of Id is to satisfy accepted means of getting the man's desire without thinking desires and wants of a person much of the situation. This without getting to hurt others nature is being developed at a feelings. In other words, it is the young age or present from birth. job of the ego to provide a man To illustrate this idea let us take some guidelines on how to this as an example. An infant will behave accordingly while he cry if he/she wants to be fed to fulfilled his pleasure. This satisfy his/her hunger. Definitely, component of our personality is an infant cannot exactly explain manifested whenever we try to what he/she really wants. Also, satisfy our cravings without PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER compromising our self-image to particularly as young and late others. adolescent. - The Superego. Freud believed - Adolescence is the period when that this aspect of man begins a young individual develops to manifest as a child turns 5. from a child into an adult. There This is the last component of are many changes that can personality which holds our happen to an adolescent like moral judgments or concept of you and some of those are: how right and wrong that are you look, how you take your role believed to be acquired from in the community, how other the family and the environment. people expect you in making decisions on your own, and how KNOWING ONE SELF you perceive yourself. Although the "Self" is one of the factors of - Self-awareness is an what we thought about understanding of oneself as ourselves, it is also the result of unique from others. As an what we think and/or do. individual, we commonly - Self-esteem is your evaluation observe, and undeniably, judge of your own worth. It may be other people's manners, beliefs, positive or negative. Positive and lifestyle. However, it can be self-esteem is the valuation that perceived, though, that most is pleasing and acceptable people find it hard to make according to your standard and good and sound evaluation that of others, while negative toward their own behavior, traits, self-esteem is the opposite and personality. In this lesson, which is feeling distraught or we will try to know ourselves down and unaccepted by better by having careful others. Our self- concept will reflections on how we see contain many positive thoughts ourselves as an individual and and we will have high understanding our characters self-esteem if we have completed an important task, PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER done something that we believe decent and worthwhile person. is valuable or important, or if we Self-efficacy, on the other hand, feel accepted and respected by refers to your belief in your others. Thus, self-esteem does ability to succeed and perform not imply that one believes that well in various areas of life, such he or she is better than others, as education, work, and only that he or she is a person of relationships. worth (Diener & Lucas 2017). 5 DIFFERENT WAYS THAT INFLUENCED SELF-EFFICACY (from the ideas of SELF - EFFICACY Albert Badura, a professor, and a - Efficacy has a specific impact psychologist.) on behavior and emotions, A. Performance Experiences - if allowing people to effectively you are good at achieving your manage problems and achieve specific goal, then you probably desired outcomes. It is your think that you will achieve it desire to influence something again. When the opposite specific. It's a self-confidence in happens, if you fail, you will often your ability to attain your most think that you will fail again. significant goal. The greater the B. Vicarious Performances - if likelihood of achieving a positive others achieved their goal or outcome, the stronger the belief. specific task, then you'll come to For example, if you want to get a believe that you will also better grade and are secure in achieve your goal. your belief, it will happen. C. Verbal Persuasion - it is when - Self-efficacy may sound like a people tell you whether they term you're already familiar believe or not on what you can with—self-esteem— but they're do or cannot do. The effect of not the same thing. Self-esteem your self-efficacy will depend on is the measure of how much you how that person matters to you. like or "esteem" yourself, or how much you believe you are a PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER D. Imaginal Performances - When 3 WAYS ON HOW WE REFLECT TO you imagine yourself doing well, IMPROVE OURSELVES (Dan McAdam, a then it will happen. psychologist): E. The Affective States & Physical 1. Self as Social Actor Sensations - if your mood or emotion (e.g. shame) and We are portraying different roles physical state (e.g. shaking) and behaving for every type/set come together, it will affect your of people in front of us since we self- efficacy. If negative mood all care about what people think connects with negative physical about us. It is practically for sensation, the result will be social acceptance. negative. And if it is positive, most likely the result will be 2. Self as Motivated Agent positive. People act based on their purpose. They do things based SELF IDENTITY on their own dreams, desires, - According to William James, a and planned goals for the psychologist, "the self is what future. This, though, is not easily happens when I reflect upon identifiable since it is ME". Taylor described the self as self-conceptualized, unless it a Reflective Project. How we see was shared with us. ourselves is geared toward 3. Self as Autobiographical improving ourselves depending Author on a lot of factors. He/she as the creator of his/her own entire life story. It is about how oneself is developed from his/her past, up to the present, and what he/she will become in the future. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 1ST QUARTER – 1ST SEMESTER | 12 ABM - COMMISSIONER also potentially lead to JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING self-harm. - As an individual, you are - To know oneself is also quite expected to act and decide on challenging. To start picking the your own. Most people tend to pieces of ourselves and decide based on the intuitions subsequently develop our and available information that individuality completely to be could be a hindrance in making like an "ideal" pers